This experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of dietary inclusion of probiotic mixture (B. subtilis and B. lieniformis), Coconut oil (CO) and Nigella sativa oil (NSO) or Black cumin oil (BCO) on productive performance, economic efficiency indicators and carcass characteristics of broiler chicks. For this purpose, 140 day-old broiler chicks (Cobb500) were weighed individually and assigned randomly into four treatments (T) 35 chicks in each, divided into five replicates of 7 chicks in each. (T1) control fed a basal diet, (T2) fed a basal diet + Coconut oil (10 ml/kg feed); (T3) fed a basal diet + Nigella sativa oil (1ml/kg feed) and (T4) fed a basal diet + bacillus probiotics (1g/kg of diet). Results clarified that CO, NSO and probiotic mixture groups improved significantly (P>0.05) the productive parameters (final body weight (FBW), body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR)) compared to control group. CO-based diet group recorded the highest BW and BWG, while probiotics mixture group was superior in feed intake value. The lowest FCR value was recorded in CO and NSO-based diet groups. The best economic efficiency measures were scored in CO followed by NSO then bacillus probiotics. Also, there are significant differences (P<0.05) among dietary treatments on relative weight of carcass, inner organs and immune organs. Diet containing NSO acquired the highest dressing percent (73.50%), while the highest relative weight of (heart, proventriculus, thymus, spleen %) was registered in broilers fed probiotics mixture diet. In conclusion CO, NSO, probiotics mixture-based diet has a beneficial influence on productive performance and economic indicators, thus highly recommended utilizing those supplements as natural feed additives.

It has been indicated that bamboo leaf extract (BLE) displays physiological activities in mammals. The goal of this research was to evaluate the effects of different doses of dietary supplementation of BLE on behavior, inflammation and antioxidant activity of bill trimmed (BT) mule ducks. One hundred- and twenty-one-day-old mule ducklings were randomly divided on 24 floor pens (5 birds per pen), each pen was assigned at random to one of four dietary treatments that each contained the following: a BLE at 0 (Control), 0 (BT-control), 1.0 (BT-BLE1), and 2.0 (BT-BLE2). At 21 d, all birds were exposed to bill trimming except control group. There was a significant rise in TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-6, MDA and homocysteine levels while there was a significant drop in the level of TAC in BT- control group as opposed to the control. Both doses of bamboo leaf extracts significantly decreased TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-6, MDA and homocysteine while significantly enhanced TAC activities in comparison with BT- control group, moreover, BT-BLE2 was more efficient in repairing all blood parameters measured than that of BT-BLE1 group. However, there were no significant differences in the gait score, tonic immobility and stride length tests between all groups. These results suggest that the BLE could inhibit the negative effects of bill trimming on mule ducks health through improvement of immunity and antioxidant status, regulation of inflammatory reactions with a reduction in homocysteine level.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a worldwide food flavour enhancer commonly used by the food industry. This feed additive may cause male infertility. Nigella sativa seeds (NSS) is a widely used in herbal medicine as it has many biological benefits and could provide a solution. This work was designed to investigate the histological effects of NSS on rats ingesting MSG. To achieve this aim, adult male albino rats (2- 3 months old) were randomly and equally assigned into three experimental groups. For a period of 21 days, control group received no treatment, MSG group received MSG as 30 g/kg feed, and MSG + NSS group received MSG as 30 g/kg feed and NSS as 30 g/kg feed. Seminal vesicle histopathology in MSG group showed mild seminal vesiculitis with degeneration of smooth muscle fibers in tunica muscularis. In addition, there was an increase in the amount of connective tissue and apoptotic cells count. Periodic Acid Schiff stain indicated irregular and interrupted epithelial basement membranes. Glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), and caspase-3 immuno-expressions increased in MSG group. It was found that there was an increase in the number of apoptotic cells, intraepithelial lymphocytes and dendritic cells in MSG group. However, treatment with NSS ameliorated these disturbances. NSS mitigated MSG-induced seminal vesicle damage by its histoprotective, cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic activities.

Cadmium (Cd) is a well-known industrial and environmental pollutant having hazardous and poisonous properties in various forms of kidney impairment. Consequently, this study aimed to evaluate the nephroprotective effect of palm dates extract (PDE) and olive leaves extract (OLE) against cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-induced nephrotoxicity. A total of 36 adult male albino rats were divided into six equal groups. Group 1: control group injected with physiological saline, group 2: oral gavage with PDE, group 3: orally administrated with OLE, group 4: injected daily with CdCl2 (3 mg/kg, i.p.). Groups 5 and 6: were orally treated with either PDE or OLE, respectively one hour prior to ip administration of CdCl2. After one-week samples were collected from all groups for serum biochemical analysis of kidney function as well as investigation of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Kidney tissue specimens were obtained for histopathological examination. CdCl2 exposure caused a significant elevation (P<0.05) in serum creatinine, urea, uric acid and MDA levels with marked reduction in CAT, SOD and GPx indicating renal damage. CdCl2 induced severe congestion and vasculitis with marked perivascular edema, inflammation, hemorrhage, glomerular shrinkage, massive degeneration, necrosis and apoptosis in the renal tubular epithelium. PDE and OLE treatment resulted in significant improvement in kidney function and oxidative markers with a marked reduction of MDA level. Histopathological changes were also ameliorated. In conclusion, PDE or OLE treatment significantly reduced the deleterious effects of acute CdCl2 renal damage by reducing oxidative stress as a protective mechanism.

The most prevalent component of the volatile oil found in Nigella sativa seeds is thymoquinone (TQ). As well as being used as food supplements, the seeds and oil are also utilized in traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether TQ could protect rats from acute nephrotoxicity caused by diazinon (DZN). Six equal groups of thirty six adult’s male Wistar rats were created at random. Group 1 (G1) was maintained in typical control circumstances and given saline daily intragastric (IG) for 4 weeks; G2 was administered 0.1 mL olive oil IG for 4 weeks; G3 was administered 0.1 mL DMSO IG for 4 weeks; G4 was administered IG TQ at a dose of 10 mg/kg B.W. daily for 4 weeks; G5 was administered IG DZN at a dose of 15 mg/kg B.W. daily for 4 weeks; G6 was administered IG TQ daily one hour before DZN at the same dose in G4 and G5 for 4 weeks. The findings shown that TQ reduces the renal dysfunctions brought on by DZN by restoring urea and creatinine levels as well as oxidative indicators. Although the expression of Keap-1 was also elevated, overexpression of Nrf2 also enhanced the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NFκB in renal tissue. Also, TQ increased antiapoptotic (BCL2) factors and decrease proapoptotic (BAX) factors. As a result, it is hypothesized that TQ may be helpful in the prevention and management of acute nephrotoxicity brought on by DZN.

A total of 5844 normal lactation records on 1483 Holstein-Friesian cows were collected from El-Alamiah dairy farm in Egypt through the period from 1996 to 2018 to study the effect of the length of dry period on the subsequent lactation performance by evaluating the performance of milk production traits, lifetime traits and some welfare factors of Holstein-Friesian cows, raised in Egypt, to determine the best length of dry period. The milk production traits studied were total milk yield (TMY, kg), 305 days milk yield (305-d MY, kg) and lactation length (LL, day). The lifetime performance traits under study were complete lactation number (CLN, no.), productive life length (PL, month), longevity length (Lon, month), lifetime total milk yield (LTY, kg) and lifetime daily milk yield (LDY, kg). Welfare factors studied were mastitis and lameness scores.  TMY, 305 d-MY and LL tended to increase with increasing DP length up to 90 d then decreased thereafter. While the lowest TMY and 305 d-MY (6470.76 and 5435.25 kg, respectively) and the shortest LL (305.81 d) were obtained when DP was below 31. Cows had DP category of 61 to 75d produced the largest amount of milk (34506.39 kg) in a longest Lon and PL (90.56 and 62.65 mo., respectively) and attained the biggest number of CLN (4.474 lactations). All lifetime traits tended to increase with increasing DP up to 61 to 75d then decreased thereafter. The 61 to 75 d DP had the largest mastitis number (0.3532), while DP category of 76 to 90d was associated with the highest lameness number (0.7976). However, no trends were observed in these traits with different DP length categories. The correlation coefficients between DP and all productive traits were significantly negative and ranged between -0.064 to -0.038. DP had no significant correlations with the health traits. Generally, the dry period of 61-75 days is the most optimum for Holstein Cows raised under subtropical warm climate. However, more studies to confirm these results under the Egyptian conditions are required.

Paramphistomum sp. infection in buffalo of Solo Raya region has not been reported previously. This study aims to estimate the infection rate of Paramphistomum sp. infection in buffalo in Solo Raya and identify the risk factor using prospective approach and cross-sectional pilot study. A total of 59 buffalo faecal samples from 44 small scale farms in Solo Raya were subjected for sedimentation examination. The result was interpreted descriptively, and the risk factors variable were analysed using bivariate and multivariate analysis in R software ver.4.3.1. Paramphistomum sp. egg was found in 20.34% of buffalo faecal samples in Solo Raya Region. Bivariate analysis showed grass feeding and farmers knowledge related to helminthiasis clinical sign and treatment have significant association to Paramphistomum sp. infection. Based on final logistic regression model, Paramphistomum sp. infection was increased by additional grass in feed (OR 5.9, [95% CI: 1.05-32.98] (OR 0.16, [95% CI: 0.04-0.68]) but the risk was decreased by a good farmer knowledge in helminthiasis treatment OR 0.16, [95% CI: 0.04-0.68]. The results indicate that feed management and farmer knowledge should be improved. Further study to explore the parasitic disease in buffalo in Solo Raya Region is suggested.

This research aimed to focus on the presence of ESBL-producing E. coli isolated from the small intestine of ducks in several traditional markets in Surabaya as there is still little information regarding cases of ESBL-producing E. coli in ducks in Indonesia. Samples from the small intestine of ducks were kept on Buffer Peptone Water (BPW) media and then streaked on Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMBA) media for isolation testing, while Gram staining and IMViC tests were used to continue the identification test. Kirby-bauer diffusion test for determining antibiotic sensitivity and confirmation of ESBL producing E. coli using the double disc synergy test (DDST). Molecular detection of TEM and CTX-M genes was carried out using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Based on morphological culture characteristics, Gram staining, and biochemical testing, the sample analysis results revealed that 32 samples (32%) of the 100 samples that were isolated were confirmed to be positive for E. coli. 10 from 32 E. coli isolates (31.25%) were confirmed to be multidrug resistance (MDR) because they were resistant to 3 to 4 antibiotic classes. Two out of ten E. coli isolates reported to be multidrug resistant were discovered to have positive DDST test findings after the ESBL identification of those isolates. Based on molecular examination, one isolate of E. coli was found containing TEM and CTX-M genes. Giving antibiotics to ducks must be considered in the dose or level so as not to cause antibiotic residues in the digestive tract of ducks. More farmer awareness of and public concern for the safety of food of animal origin is required, as is the use of antibiotics in poultry under the supervision of a veterinarian.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating and debilitating neurological brain disorder that has a multifactorial nature associated with complex pathophysiology. Thus, concerns directed to develop alternative therapies which possess multifaceted action for treatment of AD. This article was aimed to compare efficacy of Moringaolifera (MO), ginkgo biloba (GB) and green tea (GT) extracts in managing induced Alzheimer’s disease in albino rat using behavioural, biochemical, and pathological alterations. Eighty five male Wistar rats weighing 80-120g were randomly divided into five groups (17 rats for each). Control (administered with distilled water), Alzheimer disease model (ADM, administered with AlCl3), ADM + MO (administered with AlCl3 and ethanolic extract of MO), ADM + GB (administered with AlCl3 and ethanolic extract of GB), and ADM + GT (administered with AlCl3 and ethanolic extract of and ethanolic extract of MO), ADM + GB (administered with AlCl3 and ethanolic extract of GB), and ADM + GT (administered with AlCl3 and ethanolic extract of GT). All treatments were administered daily by oral gavage and persisted for seventy consecutive days. On the 60th day of the experiment, all memory tests were performed. Then the rats were humanely sacrificed using diethyl ether anesthesia, and brain samples were collected.  Treatments with MO, GB, or GT successfully rescue Neuro-therapeutic abilities against AD. In addition, the used treatments restore the rats’ memory and cognitive performances in the Y-maze, novel objective recognition and Morris Water maze testes. In Conclusion, MO, GB, or GT may provide a more effective strategy to lessen neurodegeneration in AD.

This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of two induced molting methods (The modified California method and the reduced nutrient method) and to determine the preferable method that achieves the main goals of post-molt in breeder hens. Twenty-four commercial Ross broiler breeder flocks (59 weeks old) were used. The birds were divided into two groups (12 flocks each). Group 1 (G1) was subjected to a modified California forced molting method, while Group 2 (G2) was subjected to a reduced-nutrient method (low-protein low-energy diet). Body weight (BW), weight loss, mortality, and egg production cease were determined before the molting period, while feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), mortality, egg production, fertility, and hatchability% were recorded after molting. The results of this study indicated that, although the California treatment ceased egg production earlier than the reduced nutrient molting method (day 8 and day 14) respectively, and the weight loss achieved after 28 d in the California method (28.7%) versus (30.4% after 36 days) in the reduced-nutrient system. The reduced nutrient system showed a lower mortality rate and a higher BW at the start and the end of the molting period. Additionally, the reduced nutrient system showed enhanced post-molt performance, as demonstrated by improved BWG, lower mortality%, higher egg production% (79.1%) versus (74.5%) in the California group, and better hatchability%. The FI and fertility% not significantly affected between the different groups.  In conclusion, forced molting by the reduced-nutrient method achieved the main goals of induced molting and recorded the best values in productive traits in the post-molt period. So, it can be used as a viable alternative to the feed withdrawal method for the successful induction of molting from both the economic and welfare points of view.