The appearance of the udder varies greatly depending on maturity and functionstatus as well as on individual and breed characteristic sometimes weighing as much as60 Kg in many dairy cows it is extremely large in particular the size, shape and positionof the teats do have a practical importance in determining the suitability of the udder tohand or machine milking , five udder of cattle were taken , aged between (2-5) yearsfrom a local slaughterhouse , the skin was removed , we examined and described theouter anatomy ,these sample were fixed in 10% formalin solution , and processed by theroutine histological technique then studies under light microscope .The udder consists of four separated glands suspended of medial and lateralcollagens lamina, the medial lamina is more elastic than lateral lamina, the medial laminaare more collagenous and originate from the sub pelvic tendon. The lateral lamina ismultiple, the teat is long and cylindrical in shape and the wall is thick.The anatomical study showed that the udder was divided into four identicalquarters with the four main nipples and the additional nipples sometimes associated withthe glandular tissue, the glandular tissue covered by connective tissue that extends insideand covers the whole gland and is described as the hanging system. It consists from themedial and the lateral ligaments, The aim of histological study of the udder in cattle tounderstand the comparative nomenclature and to know the surgical anatomy of thebovine teat , the layers of the wall ,the vascular patron , the distribution of smooth muscles , the annular fold , the vascular patron and the venous circle surrounding thebase of the teat to appreciate the protective function of the teat canal as well as thepattern of intra udder duct system were studies to obtain more details information aboutthe udder value in production of milk and healthy udder are essential to the secretion ofmilk that wholesome to drink and sufficient in quantity to be profitable to dairymen , Thesubstance of the udder consist of gland parenchyma and connective tissue intermingled inproportion that can sometimes be estimated by palpation through the skin, annular fold aconstriction between glandular and teat parts of the milk sinus, it consist of muscularfibers, connective tissue and circular venous channels (Furstenberg’s rosette) fold of teatcanal mucosa that extends into the teat sinus .

This study is the first in southern Iraq, which shows the diagnosis ofParvovirus disease in young puppies, where the samples were collected fromsmall dogs, and this was done from April 2018 to April 2019 it was conductedon 50 dogs with different breeds ranging between (2-18) months aged of bothsexes. fecal samples were collected from infected dogs from veterinary clinics in(Basrah, Dhi Qar, Maysan and AL-Muthanna provinces) .After the autopsy ofthe dead carcass which died soon during the period (24-72) hours, bleeding inthe intestines and congestion was observed as well as the water content andadhesions, hypertrophy of the heart and necrosis in areas of pale color ofdifferent size focci are surrounded by hyperemic zone. The microscopical resultof enteric CPV lesion showed sever infiltration of inflammatory cells in themucosal layer of intestine ,hypertrophy of goblet cells in the villi andnecrotizing area in the tip of villi as well to hyperplasia of goblet cells alsoedematous fluid in mucosal layer. cardiac CPV lesion showed infiltration ofinflammatory cells in myocardial cell fibers ,also there was an area ofvacculation of some myocardial cells in addition to edematous fluid in themyocardial interstitiaum .significant increases of biochemical cardiacmarkers(cTi-1,AST,LDH and CPK) showed cardiac troponin I (cTnI), aspartatetransaminase AST, creatinine phosphatkinase (CPK), and lactate dehydrogenaseLDH which showed (0.024 ± 0.003),( 50.5±4.49),( 327.9 ± 55.01) and (467.9 ±49.1) respectively when it is compared to healthy group which showed cardiactroponin I (cTnI), aspartate transaminase AST, creatinine phosphatkinase(CPK), and lactate dehydrogenase LDH were (0.004± 0.0003),( 24.2±1.74),(90± 13.58) and (289 ±15.5), the Parvovirus contains 400 bp of matrimonialbases after being diagnosed using the polymerase chain reaction PCR and thistechnical method widely applied to provide rapid diagnosis The current studyconducts that the CPV-2 is endemic in south of Iraq ,the disease shows veryimportant clinical ,pathological and biochemical feature that lead to increasemorbidity and mortality rate.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease involving improperly high blood glucose level, hyperlipidemia and hypoinsulinemia. The aim of current study is to assess and compare the influence of Quercus infectoria galls (QIg) extract and glimepiride on pancreatic β-cells secretory function and serum lipid profile in diabetic rats. In the present study, thirty six male rats were used and divided into six groups (n=6), including negative control, STZ induced diabetic control, treated diabetic rats with glimepiride (200mg/Kg Bw), and treated diabetic rats with different concentrations QIg extract, 200 mg, 400 mg and 800 mg/Kg Bw for 42 days, respectively. At the end of the experiment, all rats were fasted overnight, blood samples were collected for measuring fasting blood glucose, insulin hormone and lipid profile. All rats were then scarified by using chloroform in order to take part of the pancreatic tissue. The results show a significant decrease in blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, HbA1c% with obvious elevation in serum insulin hormone and high-density lipoprotein in diabetic rats treated with QIg extract and glimepiride compared with diabetic untreated group. In addition, high atherogenic index in diabetic rats was significantly reduced by different concentrations of QIg extract and glimepiride. Histopathogical results revealed that there was a significant and dose-dependent morphological restoration in the pancreatic structure damages especially at high dose of the extract. These findings provide a new insight into the role of QIg methanolic extract in maintaining normal blood glucose and adequate pancreatic insulin hormone secretion in diabetic rats, amelioration of dyslipidemia and associated cardiovascular alterations with subsequent improvement in pancreatic structural damages in diabetic rats.

Fasciolosis is disease caused by a liver worm called Fasciola  is one of the dangerous parasites that affects the livestock specially sheep are wide spread in many countries of the world including some Arab countries. This worm attacks animals such as cows, buffaloes, camels, horses, donkeys, sheep, goats and rabbits that feed on grass and plants. The worms inhabit the bile ducts in the liver of humans and animals and they multiply and spread in all tissues causing many damages and risks to public health and great losses in animal production Therefore we will present the detailed aspects of this disease its classification and description of species symptoms methods of infection life cycle, epidemiology pathological diagnosis of prevention

Grape seed extraction has many beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system and blood pressure and has also been proven to have anti-obesity effects and/or improve fatty acid oxidation and insulin responses. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of grape seed extract on some physiological parameters in multiple systems. To this end, male mice were injected intraperitoneally with (100 mg/kg B.W) for 7 days. Serum was collected to detect the concentration of ALT and TSB (liver functions). Urea and creatinine (a kidney function) concentration was measured. Testosterone, LH, and FSH (male reproductive function) concentration were evaluated. Our results revealed a significant reduction in ALT concentration in the grape seed extraction group compared with the control group. Total serum bilirubin was non-detectable in both the grape seed extraction group as well as the control group. Urea and creatinine concentrations appeared to have no significant change between both grape seed extraction and the control group. Testosterone, LH, and FSH hormone levels were significantly raised in the grape seed extraction group compared with the control group. Prolactin hormone results revealed no change in both the grape seed extraction group and the control group. Our study showed up that grape seed extract can improve male reproductive hormones without any toxic effect on the liver or kidney.

A common characteristic of Mycoplasma diseases is their chronicity, Mycoplasma spp. infection have been frequently associated with upper respiratory infections, chronic lung disease , asthma, meningeal encephalitis, mastitis, arthritis, heart problems, sterility, bone problems , oviduct dysfunctions and death in human and different animal species. In former years, changeable expression of membrane antigens has been detected in a number of Mycoplasma spp., resulting in the assumption that immune prevarication may be an important part of the their infection and pathogenesis. It has been determined how the attachment organelle, which mediates the complicated interactions between various adhesins and auxiliary adhesion proteins to mediate the critical first stage of cytoadherence to respiratory tract epithelium. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that inflammatory cytokines cause tissue damage by intracellular localization, direct cytotoxicity, and activation of the inflammatory cascade via Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and inflammosome activation, which causes air passage inflammation. All of these play crucial roles in the infectious process. This paper seeks to provide a thorough assessment of recent developments in our understanding of Mycoplasma pathogenesis with the understanding of its virulence mechanisms.

Rosmarinus officinalis, L. (Lamiaceae) offers medicinal potential against hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity Due to its antioxidant and anti-toxicity properties. The objective, of this research is to explore into the ethanol extract of Rosmarinus officianalis leaves and its efficacy against  cypremethrin induce toxicity in The liver and  The kidney of male rabbits. Forty male rabbits were employed in this experience, group one ( without exposure); rabbits received corn oil ( 1 ml) group two; rabbits oral exposure to cypermethrin with dose (66.5 mg/kg/b.w ( 1/10 of LD50) dissolved in corn oil , group three( protective group) received rosemary extract with dose 100mg/kg plus cypermethrine with dose 66.5 mg/kg/b.w., group four received rosemary extract with dose 200mg/kg plus cypermethrine with dose 66.5 mg/kg/b.w. the above doses once per day for 6 weeks respectively.In accordance with the current study's findings, liver enzyme levels significantly increased. ALT,ALSand ALP),Lipid profile (TC,TG.LDL-cand VLDL_c) and  kidney function tests  (urea, a creatinine, uric acid and blood urea, nitrogen concentrations ) but significant decrease in (Total protein and HDL_ c value  ) in the treated group with cypermethrin , .whereas the animals received rosemary extract in both dose plus cypermethrin produced notable decrease in the  levels of the vital parameters of the liver and kidneys are with  the normal level. : the current study displayed that the Rosmarinus officinalis has antitoxicity activities as seen via decreasing liver enzymes, lipid profile and kidney function tests   is accompanied by elevated the levels of  total protein .            

Orf which is commonly referred to as contagious ecthyma is a viral infectious disease that infects small ruminants. Little is known about the disease status in our geographical region. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Orf virus in sheep in Basrah province, southern Iraq. Serum samples were randomly collected from 380 sheep of different age and sex groups from 4 different regions in Basrah province, which were Zubair, Abulkhasib, Shatt Al-Arab, and Qurnah. The samples were tested by ELISA for the presence of IgG antibodies to the Orf virus. Out of 380 animals screened, 98 animals were found positive for ELISA, which reveals an overall prevalence of 25.7%. There was no significant difference in the seropositivity between male and female animals. On the other hand, the seropositivity was significantly higher in lambs of the age group 1-6 months in comparison with the other age groups (6-12 months and more than 12 months). This finding indicates that the virus is highly prevalent in Basrah province as confirmed by the ELISA test.

     The present study aims to evaluate the effects of metformin in combination with vitamin B12 and folic acid on lipid profiles and serum homocysteine levels in male rabbits. The study included twenty-four male rabbits that weighed (1.5-2 kg), and were divided randomly into four groups (six rabbits/group). The control first group was administrated (5 ml) of distilled water; The second group was given metformin (125g/kg B.W) plus vitamin B12 (500 μg/kg B.W) daily, the third group was given metformin (125g/kg B.W) plus folic acid (5g/kg B.W) daily and the fourth group was given metformin (125g/kg B.W), folic acid (5g/kg B.W) and vitamin B12 (500 μg/kg B.W) daily, the rabbits were followed up for one month. The results revealed a decrease in the final body weight and body weight gain in all treated groups as compared to the control group.  The homocysteine parameter decreases significantly in the second group which was given metformin and B12 and the third group was given metformin in combination with folic acid as compared with the control group and group four. It showed a significant decrease in the fourth group (metformin + folic acid + vitamin B12) compared with the second and third groups also the glucose level increased significantly in group three compared to group second, fourth, and control group. The results showed that serum cholesterol and TG have decreased in G2 and G3 while an increase in G4 as compared with the control group, and the HDL was decreased in G2 and G4 compared with control and G3 groups. While the results of LDL and VLDL were increased in G3 and G4 compared with G2 and the control group

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common serious stirring disease of the pancreas characterized by strict abdominal twinge that lasts for days to weeks. Rats were injected with high dose of the amino acid L-arginine (500 mg/kg B.W.). The study has been done to induce acute pancreatitis (AP) by L-Arginine (Arg) and to investigate the effect of AP on body weight, body weight gain, serum amylase, lipase, oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokine parameters. In addition, some histopathological changes in pancreas and intestine were examination in male rats. Serum amylase, lipase, IL-6, and TNF-α levels, and MDA levels significantly increased in rats with L-Arginine induced AP.  However, the boy weight and body weight gain, serum GPx, SOD and CAT activity significantly reduced. In addition, some histological changes in pancreas and intestine were identified, reversed and improved with ALA treatment.