The suitability of present and future climates for 30 Rhipicephalus species in Africa are predicted using a simple climate envelope model as well as a Division of Atmospheric Research Limited-Area Model (DARLAM). DARLAM's predictions are compared with the mean outcome from two global circulation models. East Africa and South Africa are considered the most vulnerable regions on the continent to climate-induced changes in tick distributions and tick-borne diseases. More than 50% of the species examined show potential range expansion and more than 70% of this range expansion is found in economically important tick species. More than 20% of the species experienced range shifts of between 50 and 100%. There is also an increase in tick species richness in the south-western regions of the sub-continent. Actual range alterations due to climate change may be even greater since factors like land degradation and human population increase have not been included in this modelling process. However, these predictions are also subject to the effect that climate change may have on the hosts of the ticks, particularly those that favour a restricted range of hosts. Where possible, the anticipated biological implications of the predicted changes are explored.

The length of the antibiotic withdrawal period after intramammary treatment was influenced by the milk yield of dairy goats during this trial. Shorter withdrawal periods were seen in relatively high yielding dairy goats (production above 1.5 ℓ per day) compared to low producers (less than 1.3 ℓ per day). High yielding goats treated with Curaclox LC (Norbrook [Pharmacia AH]) had a withdrawal period of 42 h, while low yielding goats, treated with the same product, had a withdrawal period of 74 h. The recommended withdrawal period for Curaclox LC for use in cattle is 72 h. Relatively high yielding goats treated with Rilexine 200 LC (Logos Agvet [Virbac]) had a significantly shorter withdrawal period (37 h) than that recommended for use in cattle (96 h). Low yielding goats treated with Spectrazol Milking Cow (Schering-Plough Animal Health) had a significantly longer (95 h) withdrawal period than that recommended for use in cattle (60 h). Withdrawal periods were also influenced by stage of lactation and parity. There was a moderate positive correlation between lactation number and withdrawal period, as measured by TRIS (R2 = 0.621), and a moderate negative correlation between stage of lactation and withdrawal period (R2 = -0.669). In Trials 1, 2 and 3 combined there was a moderate negative correlation between withdrawal period and volume (R2 = -0.511) and a strong positive correlation between withdrawal period and lactation number (R2 = 0.720). The differences in percentage milk fat, protein and lactose before, during and after treatment were not statistically significant except in Trial 3 (Curaclox LC and Rilexine 200 LC) where protein and lactose differed significantly. In Trial 2 (Spectrazol Milking Cow) milk fat percentages differed significantly between treatment and control groups as did protein percentages in Trial 3. These differences are however, not biologically meaningful.

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), caused by Mycoplasma mycoides var. mycoides small colony (MmmSC), is one of the most important diseases of cattle in Africa. The role of innate or acquired cell mediated and humoral immunity in conferring protection against MmmSC infection has not yet been elucidated. On the other hand, the pathological lesions caused by the aetiological agent have been considered indicative of an immunopathological process. In this study ten naïve cattle were exposed to in-contact infection with animals infected by intubation with a strain of MmmSC. Clinical signs, antibody response, IFNg release and pathological changes at necropsy were analysed and compared with the events following in-contact infection of an equal number of animals kept under daily treatment with cyclosporine for the entire observation period of 84 days. Cyclosporine is a suppressor of the immune response related to the T-cell system. Under the conditions of the experiment, cyclosporine appeared to condition the pathogenesis of CBPP by delaying the events that follow infection, bringing further support to the possibility that the immune response may have an impact on the disease outcome.

The efficacy of oil extract of the seeds of Loranthus europeus on wound healing was investigated. After the preparation of the oil extract, the oil ointment of L. europeus was prepared. A preliminary biochemical analysis were carried out to find out the chemical contents of L. europeus oil extract. The study involved 18 male rabbits, they were divided equally and randomly into 3 groups depending on post wounding biopsy: p(3'd,7Ih and l4‘hday post wounding). Two full thickness cut wounds were done on the both sides of shoulder regions( the left wound as control and the left as treated wound) of each group of animals. The treated and control wounds were treated continuously with (0.5mg) oil ointment and Vaseline base respectively, for 14”‘ day twice a day. All wounds were evaluate macroscopically which included "measurement of contraction rate, daily wound contraction, hyperemia, exudation and scab formation." and microscopically for "neutrophil, macrophage infiltration, re-epithelization, fibroblast proliferation with collagen production and new blood capillary formation". A Both macroscopic and microscopic results showed the efficacy of L europeus seeds in promoting the healing process significantly as compared with control wounds (P

This study was achieved on 75 cross breed cows ( Jarubi X fresian) , The PH of vagina and its secretion was measured for all cows during the different oesturs phases ( proestrus estrus and l:uring different stages of pregnancy ) PH was measured by using PH paper. Results revealed that aginal PH of cows tends to be alkaline during proestrus; estrus and during luteal phase but in case of pregnancy the vaginal PH becomes acidic on the contrary to that of ewes. Results also indicated that there is no significant effect of neither cows age nor pregnancy frequency on PH Values of cows vagina and its secretion; results also showed that vaginal PH and its secretion had no signification effect on correlation between them. Results cleared that it is possible to diagnose pregnancy by means of PH values during this stages of pregnancy in an accuracy of 100% in pregnant cows confirmed by rectal

The study included the evaluation of tire haematological effects resulting from intramuscular injection of ( 1 mg/kg ) of Li! ocaine (group A) , Diclofenac (group B) and Lidocaine — Diclofenac mixture (group in experimental mice , as a result there was a significant decrease in haemoglobin dpncentration and reached it's lowest value in group C ( 7.04 gm/100ml ) . There was also a significant increase in both total WBCS cpunt and eosinophils number reached it's highest number in group C ( 9.88 X 103/mm’ , ll.2 % ) respectively , while the highest number basophils appeared in group B and reached ( 8 % ) , the same group showed a significant decrease in neutrophils number which reached to ( 17.6 % ) . the a granulocytes ( lymphocytes and monocytes ) showed no changes in number in all groups .

This study was conducted on the genital tract of 214 ewes in Basrah province. The specimens were randomly collected from Basrah slaughter house within the period from ' December 2003 to April 2004. l The study aimed to evaluate and describe the different types of abnormalities affecting the genital tract of ewes both grossly and microscopically. - ‘ ' The gross examination of collected specimens was confirmed by histological examination. Pathological changes were found in 46% of the total cases. Uterine abnormalities comprised (70%) whereas ovarian abnormalities comprised (24%) and oviduct abnormalities were (6%).The commonest pathological conditions of the uterus was endometritislwhich comprised (24.76%) of pathological conditions. followed by endometrial hyperplasiai (2.33%) and pyometra (1:86 %). V I T The commonest abnormalities of the ovary are ovarian cysts (4.2%), followed by Para ovarian cysts (3.27%) and ovarobursal adhesion (2.8%). _ The abnormalities of the oviduct were less common and hydrosalpinx was the - commonest lesion (0.93 %). _ . 2 _ Neither congenital nor neoplastic abnormalities were detected in this study. . ' The study concluded that acquired pathological conditions are the major causes of abnormalities of the genital tract, of which endometritis is the most common. Thus,‘ the low reproductive rate of ewes may be attributed to that fact.

The study was aimed to evaluate the effect ofchitosan sheets on wound healing process and its activity as a wound dressing materials. Accordingly chitosan sheet was isolated and prepared from the exoskeleton of the native shrimps in Basrah Province. Twenty-four male rabbits were used and two full-thickness circular cuts (2cm in diameter) were made on the dorsal aspect of each rabbit. The healing process was evaluated macroscopically by evaluation of the properties of chitosan sheets on wound in terms of (adherence, absorption, and fluid accumulation) on different intervals (i.e.lSt,3’d,7‘h,and 15"‘ post wounding day). On the other hand the contraction rate in tested liand control wounds were evaluated during different intervals (i.e. at lS‘,3' ,7‘ ,and I5“ post wounding day).The healing process was evaluated microscopically in terms of (infiltration of neutrophils and macrophage infiltration, new blood vessels and fibroblast proliferation and Re—epithelialization). . The result of macroscopic evaluation showed that chitosan sheets were firmly adherent to ' . the wound with underlying mild fluid accumulation during the first three post wounding day. At , the same time the sheets started to disappear and completely absorbed at 7' day after wound breation. The result of the effect of the chitosan sheet on wound contraction demonstrated that the bontraction rate of tested wounds was significantly higher than in control wounds through the lperiod of experiment. In the treated group complete wound closure with contraction rate of 100% was reached at 103‘ post wounding day while the control wounds failed to close completely till the ’ lend of experiment at 15‘ day. The results of microscopic evaluation of wound healing process were demonstrated significant increase (p

Lactobacillus salivarus has been studied extensively as a probiotic in human . However the ability of an organism to survive passage through the intestinal tract and exert beneficial effects can not be directly extrapolated between species. This study evaluated the ability of L.salivarus to survive gastrointestinal transit in dogs and assessed whether oral administration of L.salivarus is safe in order to determine whether studies evaluating the efficacy of L.salivarus in the treatment of canine disease are indicated. Dogs were divided into 5 groups receiving doses of 0 (control group n=8),1 109 (group 1, n=8), 1 1010 ( group2 ,n=8) , 5 1010 (group3, n=8) and 5 1011 (group 4,n=8) colony forming unite per day orally for 5 days. L.salivarus was detected in the feces of 3/8 dogs in group 1 and 2, 4/8 dogs in group 3; 8/8 dogs in group 4 and 0/8 dogs in control group. Fecal colonization was significantly greater in group 4 than in any other groups (P> 0.01). Differences between groups 1,2 and 3 were not significant. No adverse effects were noted. Fecal colonization of L.salivarus in dogs is somewhat variable; however clinical studies are indicated to evaluated this organism in the treatment and prevention of canine disease.