In 2014, a total of 16 riverterrapins (Batagur affinis), locally calledtuntung sungai, died due to variouscauses and a post mortem was carriedout. Complete diagnostic evaluationof parasitological and bacteriologicalfindings were recorded. Significantparasitological findings consisted of seventerrapins showing presence of Ascarid(Sulcascaris sulcata) and Strongyle(Oesophagostomum sp.) worms in the gutcontents. Strongyle and strongyloides eggswere detected using McMaster’s method onfaeces of 12 terrapins. Bacterial culturesfrom organs indicated the presence ofE. Coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis,Staphylococcus chromogenes, Aeromonashydrophila (4+) dan E.Coli (4+). Thisindicates that common parasites andbacteria are important in the conservationprogrammes for river terrapins andmeasures to curb the infection is highlyrecommended. Continuous data collectionwill enable its management and assessmentin control programmes for a more effectiveconservation programmes.

This study was conducted to investigate whether dietary enzymes alter the caecal microbial profile of broilers fed sorghum-based diets. Four sorghum-based diets (918 g sorghum/kg diet) were prepared. One was the control diet and three had enzymes (xylanase, phytase andprotease) added. Broilers, 35-day-old, were reared (8 birds/cage) in an environmentally controlled shed and randomly allocated to replicated (n=4) assay diets and free access to feed and water all time. On day-42, birds were euthanized and caecal contents collected, pooled on a per/pen basis and frozen (-20 °C). The DNA was extracted from caecal samples using a bead-beating protocol and the V2V3 regionof the bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplified by PCR. Amplicons were separated on sequence difference using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) and microbial profiles generated and compared.The DGGE profiles, when analysed, indicated that there was approximately 80% similarity between caecal microflora in all types of the diet treatments. This suggests that there was no overalldifference between any of the profiles and therefore the addition of different types of feed enzymes in a sorghum-based diet had no impact on the overall composition of the broiler caecal microflora.

Nematode eggs in liver tissues of two wild rats were recorded atthe Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Kota Bharu from 2014 to 2015. A total of 15 (2014) and 48 (2015) wild rats were examined by the laboratory for routine screening of zoonotic pathogens such as Leptospira sp. and others. On histological examination of the haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained liver tissues, masses of parasitic nematode eggs were observed. The shell of the eggsis striated with shallow polar prominences at either end. Numerous mini-pores can be seen on the outer shell as well. The eggswere identified as Capillaria hepatica (C. hepatica) nematode eggs, which causes hepatic capillariasis in rodents and numerous other mammal species, including humans. The wild rats were alsoshown to harbour Salmonella enteritidis from the intestine, E. coli from the lung and liver but none had leptospirosis by PCR. The purpose of this report is to highlight a common nematode of wildrats that is Capillaria hepatica infection in wild rats in Kelantan diagnosed by the Kota Bharu Regional Laboratory, in orderto create the awareness on concurrent parasitic infections which may cause reduced immunity thereby creating higher risk for other zoonotic pathogens such as leptospirosis.

A descriptive study was conducted to identify the different strains of Echinococcus granulosus occurring in livestock in Moroto district, Uganda.Echinococcus cysts from 104 domestic animals, including cattle, sheep, goats and camels, were taken and examined by microscopy, polymerase chain reaction with restriction fragment length polymorphism and Sanger DNA sequencing. Echinococcus granulosus genotypes or strains were identified through use of Bioinformatics tools: BioEdit, BLAST and MEGA6. The major finding of this study was the existence of a limited number of E. granulosusgenotypes from cattle, goats, sheep and camels. The most predominant genotype was G1 (96.05%), corresponding to the common sheep strain. To a limited extent (3.95%), the study revealed the existence of Echinococcus canadensis G6/7 in three (n = 3) of the E. granulosus-positive samples. No other strains of E. granulosus were identified. It was concluded that the common sheep strain of Echinococcus sensu stricto and G6/7 of E. canadensiswere responsible for echinococcal disease in Moroto district, Uganda.

This work was designed to investigate effects of environmental enrichment during gestation on behaviour, physiology and brain histology of enriched and non-enriched offspring rats. A total of 30 female wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups; control and enriched groups. Offspring from prenatally enriched group were divided after weaning into two groups; one raised under standard condition (enriched group) and the other raised under enriched condition after weaning (E+EC group) from the day 23 to the day 35 postnatal. Observing neonates' behaviour, on the day 36 postnatal, rats subjected to behavioural tests. On the day 42 postnatal, blood samples were collected and brain samples were obtained for histopathology. Behavioural tests revealed significant (P<0.05) increased time spent in open arm, open arm entries and time in center in E+EC group and unprotected stretch attend posture (USAP) were significantly (P<0.01) increased in E+EC group. Freezing time in open field test was significantly (P<0.01) decreased in the enriched group, while grooming frequency was significantly (P<0.05) increased in prenatally and post weaning enriched rats group (E+EC). The corticosterone level was significantly (P<0.05) decreased in prenatally and post weaning enriched rats group (E+EC). The mean of tertiary processes of cytoplasmic processes in cross section of hippocampal region were significantly (P<0.05) increased in prenatally and post weaning enriched rats group (E+EC) group. In conclusion, providing experimental laboratory rats with physical enrichment tools in prenatal and postnatal life can improve their behavioural and physiological status reflecting on their welfare.

Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) is an acute, arthropod-borne disease of cattle. The disease is characterized by sudden onset of fever, high morbidity and very low mortality. Recovery occurs within three days of the onset of clinical signs. BEF is an important viral disease of cattle in Egypt so the live attenuated BEFV vaccine which is inactivated just before inoculation by reconstitute in PBS containing saponin. is extensive used for the prevention and control of the disease. Different assays were applied in the current study to quality control evaluate of that produce vaccine by detection of viral identity and viability before and after reconstitution by using real time quantitative reserve transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and clinical findings (Body temperature and clinical signs) and potency by measuring the humoral immune response by serum neutralization test (SNT) and ELISA and cellular immune response by interferon gamma (IFN-γ) using ELISA kit and Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and also by lymphocyte cell proliferation assay using tetrazolium salt(XTT).

Effect of age, sex and season were measured during and before sexual maturation of black local quail males and females .Meals erythrocytes count showed higher value compared with that of adult females 6 month .Haemoglobin and hematocrit of adult males were significantly higher than those of adult females. However total leukocyte count and Hetrophil/Lymphocytes(H/L) ratio of the adult female were higher than those of males. Body weight of both sexes increased with age. In the present study the result indicated that erythrocyte, Hemoglobin concentrations and PCV values affected by season. As well as many of the Haematological parameters differed significantly (P

Indirect ELISA test was used to detect specific antibodies against Coxiella burnetti in sheep in different regions of Basra province.184 local sheep breeds were randomly selected of different ages and of both sexes were used in this study, including 98 pregnant ewes, 55 non-pregnant ewes, 8 aborted ewes ,7 ewes of still births, moreover 112 lower than 2 years,more than 2 years 72and 13 rams. Results showed, that the percentage of infection detected by indirect ELISA were 41.84%. It have been concluded that C.burnetti were infected ewes of different status in Basra province, therefor periodic investigation of suspected animals must adviced. were a significant between, areas, age, groups pregnancy status and still birth ewes .incontrast non significant different were detected among gender , abortion .

This study was carried out to determine the effect of the herb and Urtica dioica of the vitality of the Eimeria tenella, it conducted on 150 Ross broiler chicks, divided randomly on the seventh days into six groups. The last two groups (five and six) were considered as a positive and negative control groups, the first five groups were experimentally infected by 1000 oocysts/bird of Eimeria tenella at 17 days old directly in to the crop. The first four groups were given Artemisia herba alba and Urtica dioica According to concentrations for each group. Results were indicated a higher significant differences ( P