Objective: The escalating prevalence of canine oral tumors has emerged as a considerable health concern. This study examined the prevalence, types, and distributions of lesions linked to canine oral tumors. Material and Methods: The medical records of 526 dogs diagnosed with oral tumors were analyzed to determine the prevalence, types, and distributions. Tumor stages were classified into four categories using the tumor node metastasis system. Results: Among the 526 dogs, there were 118 cases of benign tumors and 408 cases of malignant tumors. Acanthomatous ameloblastoma was the most common benign tumor (43.22%), while melanoma was the most common malignant tumor (51.23%). The gingiva was the most common site for both benign and malignant lesions, accounting for 89.83% and 63.73% of cases, respectively. Melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and fibrosarcoma were primarily located in the gin¬giva, whereas osteosarcoma was commonly found in the mandible. Most tumors were classified as stage III (ranging from 46.84% to 74.58%). Of the reported cases, 56.08% were males and 43.92% were females, and the most common breed was mixed at 30.41%, followed by Poodle at 14.25% and Shih Tzu at 11.40%. Moreover, patients with malignant oral tumors (11.6 ± 3.1 years) were significantly older than those with benign tumors (8.9 ± 3.4 years, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Gingiva was the primary site for oral tumors, and mainly classified as stage III. These findings emphasize the increasing occurrence of oral tumors in senior and geriatric dogs and provide insights into the prevalent types and distribution.

Objective: The objective of this study was to associate the 1016G > A variant of the melanocortin-4 receptor gene with lamb's weight, growth, and meat quality in the Colombian hair sheep breed. Materials and Methods: A total of 168 lambs, weights were measured at birth weight (BW), at weaning adjusted weaning weight (AWW), at 6 months [adjusted weight (AW180)], at slaughter adjusted slaughter weight (ASW), daily weight gain preweaning daily gain (preWDG), and postweaning daily gain (postWDG) weaning, and after slaughter, pH, texture, and cook-loss (CL) in the longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle according to the American Meat Science Association methodology. The 1016G > A genotypes were obtained by sequencing. Genotypic and allele frequencies, heterozygosities, and Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) were estimated. Using a generalized linear model, the genotype and the allelic substitution effect were associated with the evaluated traits. Results: The heterozygous genotype (0.48) and G allele (0.61) were the most frequent. Heterozygosities were similar (0.47), indicating HWE. The genotype affected the BW (p < 0.05), with a higher value for the GG genotype (2.69 kg). AWW (12.75 kg), AW180 (19.67 kg), and ASW (31.21 kg) weights and daily weight gain (preWDG = 115.41 gm; postWDG = 96.16 gm) were not associated. Average pH, Warner-Bratzler shear force, and CL were 5.75 units, 49.46 N, and 32.02%, with no genotype effect. The G > A substitution only affected BW at −388 gm (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The 1016G > A variant is polymorphic and affects the BW but not other growth traits or the meat quality of the LTL muscle.

Objective: This study sought to determine the occurrence, molecular identification, antimicrobi¬al-resistant trends, and gene distribution of Staphylococcus aureus in pet cats and their owners' hand swabs. Materials and Methods: From different places and clinics in Mymensingh and Dhaka, 168 pet cat samples and 42 hand swab samples from cat owners were obtained. The organisms were scruti¬nized by assessing the outcomes using conventional and molecular techniques. The disc diffusion technique was applied to find the resistance pattern against 12 antibiotics, and genes were dis¬covered by targeting specific genes using PCR. Results: The occurrence of pathogenic S. aureus in pet cats was 7.74%, while it was 9.50% in pet owners' hand swabs, and 25.0% of the pet owner's hand swabs contained these genes. Staphylococcus aureus was utterly resistant to amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefixime, erythromycin, and imipenem in both pet cat and hand swabs of pet owner samples. All S. aureus isolates had a multi¬drug-resistant phenotype, and 1 from pet cats (O19) and 1 from pet owner hand swabs (H9) were resistant to all 12 antibiotics in the 7 antimicrobial classes. Several antibiotic-resistance genes were detected by PCR. Conclusion: The study confirmed multidrug-resistant pathogenic S. aureus in pet cats and their owners in Bangladesh, indicating a major health risk to both people and cats. Thus, a holistic and integrated one-health approach between veterinary and medical specialists is needed to mitigate the global distribution of these zoonotic antibiotic-resistant S. aureus strains.

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of composting on the count of Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens, and New Castle virus (NDV) isolated from broilers' litter. Moreover, to verify the impact of compost thermal stress on the expression of thermal genes harbored in the isolated bacteria. Materials and Methods: The prevalence of enteric aerobic and anaerobic infections by Salmonella spp., C. perfringens, and viral infections by NDV were investigated in litter samples collected from 100 broiler flocks by conventional methods and polymerase chain reaction. Results: The samples were positive for Salmonella spp., C. perfringens, and NDV, with prevalence rates of 60%, 55%, and 30%, respectively. An experiment to study the effect of compost on the microbiological quality of litter was applied using five compost heaps with an initial average count of Salmonella typhimurium (3.2 × 105CFU CFU/gm), C. perfringens (6.4 × 105 CFU/gm), and an average titer NDV (105.5 embryo infectious dose50/gm). The microbiological count of heaps after 15 days of composting revealed a reduction in the count of S. typhimurium and C. perfringens by 4 log10 CFU/gm and 3 log10 CFU/gm, respectively. Moreover, the hemagglutinating test revealed no detection of NDV after 15 days of composting. A high degree of downregulation of expression of the thermal genes, dnaK in S. typhimurium isolates and cpe gene in C. perfringens isolates, was detected by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Conclusion: The reduction of pathogen counts, the simplicity, and the low cost associated with composting for only 15 days advocate the recommendation for raising awareness of composting as a routine biosecurity measure to prevent the spreading of infection and promote its safe use in agribusiness.

Objective: This study was designed to show the effect of adding different levels of microbial (lab-produced) and commercial xanthan (CX) for 30 days on the sensory, chemical, and microbiological parameters of mozzarella cheese (MC). Materials and Methods: The production of xanthan was done in Garcia–Ochoa's medium. The sensory evaluation of the examined MC was achieved through a tabulated scorecard. The Gerber method was used for the determination of MC fat%. The mean counts of staphylococci [colony forming unit (CFU)/gm], coliforms (most probable number/gm), fungi (CFU/gm), and mesophilic bacteria (CFU/gm) were estimated in different fortified cheeses. Also, mean counts of Escherichia coli O157 and Staphylococcus aureus in artificially contaminated MC were determined. Results: The microbial xanthan (MX) had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the sensory parameters of the examined samples with its concentration (0.0007%) after 20 days of storage. The MX (0.0005%) and CX (0.0002%) had a significant effect on moisture, fat in dry matter, and protein percentage of MC throughout the storage period. The high meltability degree of MC was observed in samples with both types of xanthan (0.0002%) at the end of storage. Conclusion: Both types of xanthan at all concentrations had a significant reducing effect on E. coli O157 and S. aureus in all samples from 10 to 30 days of storage. Xanthan has accepted attentiveness and offers beneficial and safe characteristics that improve its adaptability in MC. In the Middle East, this survival trial of E. coli O157 and S. aureus in the MC supplemented by xanthan is considered a scarce exploratory investigation.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate a new drug combination for small ruminant respiratory diseases to find a better treatment protocol for the potential replacement of older methods. Materials and Methods: A total of 6,886 animals received common respiratory disease therapies out of 15,845 animals that had respiratory disorders. The new combination therapy technique treated the remaining animals (8,968). The animals were given an oral suspension of triclabendazole or levamisole at an initial dosage of 0.2 ml/kg body weight (BW). The following day, 0.2 mg/kg of 1% ivermectin was subcutaneously administered. Then, on the third and fifth days of treatment, a subcutaneous injection of 30 mg/kg BW of florfenicol (30%) was administered. The survival and recovery rates for both groups were tracked throughout a 6-month period of observation. Postmortem and histopathological signs were also assessed. Results: In the group of the novel combination therapy, group A, clinical, postmortem, and his¬topathological signs were significantly reduced compared to group B. Clinical signs and mortality in group A were 90% and 93% lower than in group B, respectively. Animals that received the new combination therapy were healed of their disease and stayed immune for 6 months. Conclusion: This novel therapy demonstrated significant efficacy against respiratory diseases in a 10-year field study. The paper proved that the protocol introduced could be a new therapeutic approach.

Objectives: The use of dried star gooseberry leaf extract (DSGLE) in rations and its effects on the egg internal quality of local ducks were examined. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 9-month-old local ducks weighing 1,406.25 ± 211.32 gm were randomly allocated into 5 treatments and 5 replicates in a completely randomized design. The birds were reared in 25 battery cages (4 birds each) and fed rations containing 0, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% DSGLE. Results: Eggs of ducks fed DSGLE had significantly lower saturated fatty acid (SFA) (30.66%–32.53%) than those of control ducks (36.23%). Egg polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increased from 2.29% (control) to 2.61% (2.0% DSGLE) and 2.76% (1.5% DSGLE), while egg monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) contents were not significantly different. The fatty acids of the whole edible part of eggs (albumen + yolk) were composed mainly of MUFA (40.19%–44.34%), followed by SFA (30.66%–36.22%), and PUFA (2.29%–2.76%). Malondialdehyde contents were reduced from 6.07 to 4.92 μg/gm (19%) in egg yolk and from 1.50 to 0.62 μg/gm (59%) in egg white, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values of the eggs were reduced from 0.93 to 1.65 (77%). The egg cholesterol level of ducks fed 2% DSGLE (21.94 mg/gm) was about 28.5% lower than that of eggs from control ducks (30.67 mg/gm) of eggs of control ducks. The egg white and egg yolk protein contents (12.31% and 16.35%) of treated ducks were lower than those in the control group (13.58% and 17.47%). Conclusion: The inclusion of SGLE in rations could be used to produce healthy duck eggs with no oxidative damage.

Objective: Hematological studies were carried out in cattle with tongue-rolling hyperactivity in order to establish the etiopathogenetic mechanisms of this behavioral disorder. Materials and Methods: Cattle were divided into two groups: Group 1 (n = 12), control animals that did not demonstrate the tongue-rolling orosthenic activity, and Group 2 (n = 12), cattle that manifested this stereotyped behavior. Blood samples were collected from all cattle twice at 10-day intervals from Vena jugularis for analysis of red blood cell counts, hemoglobin (HGB) content, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular HGB (MCH), mean corpuscular HGB con¬centration (MCHC), hematocrit (HCT), white blood cell counts (WBC), and differential white cell counts [lymphocytes (LYM), monocytes (MON), and granulocytes (GRAs)]. Some blood biochemi¬cal constituents were assayed: calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, plasma total protein, blood glucose, total bilirubin, urea, creatinine, chlorides, cholesterol, triglycerides, and albumin, as well as the enzyme activities of aspartate amino-transferase (AST), alanine amino-transfer¬ase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK). Blood concentrations of the hormones adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), dopamine, serotonin, free thyroxine, thyroid-stim¬ulating hormone, and trace elements manganese, copper, and iron were determined. Results: It was found out that the cattle with tongue-rolling hyperactivity did not demonstrate changes in red blood picture (HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC), white blood picture (WBC, LYM, MON, GRA), blood biochemistry (Ca, P, Mg, TP, Glu, TB, urea, creatine, Cl, Chole, TG, and Alb), AST, ALT, ALP, γ-GT, LDH, and CK activities, Cu, and Fe levels. In the study, increased concentrations of adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol, ACTH, and serotonin were established. Conclusion: The data demonstrating increased levels of adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol, and ACTH confirmed the etiological role of environmental stressors in the emergence of oral hyperac¬tivity. Increased serotonin concentrations in the blood suggest that cattle with the stereotype are probably "happy" with tongue rolling. The lack of changes in blood trace elements manganese, cop¬per, and iron allowed excluding their deficiency as a probable cause in the etiology of the disorder. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(2.000): 336-341]

Objective: This study aimed to establish and focus on the implications of precise energy and protein levels on reproductive performance. This study based on field facts showed that exces¬sive feed intake, especially protein intake, to increase productivity will lead to some decreased reproductive efficiency through disruption of reproductive hormonal compound biosynthesis or increasing blood urea nitrogen (BUN), which has rarely been studied. Materials and Methods: Healthy and mature Saanen crossbred goats raised by traditional farm¬ers (2–4 years old; ± 45 kg) were divided into three experimental groups [T0 = basal feed according to the feed provided by farmers, T1 = protein and energy balanced feed according to National Research Council (NRC) (±5%), T2 = feed >20% excess protein, and excess energy from NRC] (n = 75). The factorial method was used in the experimental design with a post-hoc least significant difference test. Results: The data showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the biochemical or hormonal parameters between the control and the treatment groups. Also, T1 showed leads in any blood profile and reproductive hormone parameters such as total protein (79.6 ± 5.3 gm/dl), cholesterol (3.26 ± 0.47 mmol/l), progesterone (1.79 ± 2.21 ng/ml), and estrogen (47.85 ± 5.51 pg/ml), as well as the lowest levels of BUN (11.6 ± 1.59 mmol/l) and cortisol (25.07 ± 14.85 ng/ml) levels. T1 had the highest reproductive potential after treatment. Conclusion: The adverse effects of high and low protein consumption on reproductive hormones seem to be related to the blood profile and ovarian function, as hormone concentrations change significantly and lead to reproductive impairment. The data showed that balanced nutrient levels (5%/T1) resulted in excellent blood and hormone parameters. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(2.000): 257-268]

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the impacts of the wide range of concentrations of glu¬cose and trehalose on the tris-citric acid-egg yolk-fructose (TCEF) extenders for cryopreservation of goat semen. Materials and Methods: The sperm sample was pooled, washed, and diluted in control (TCEF without glucose and trehalose), TCEF + glucose (75, 150, 450, and 900 mm), and TCEF + trehalose (75, 150, 450, and 900 mm). After equilibrations, the semen straws were frozen under LN2 in the LN2 tank. After LN2 storage, the straws were thawed at 37°C for 30 seconds. The sperm parame¬ters of all study groups were checked after equilibration and freezing. Results: After equilibration, the progressive motility (PM), total motility (TM), and viability of sperm in G-75, G-150, G-450, T-75, T-150, and T-450 were not significantly different (p < 0.05) from those in control. After cryopreservation and thawing, the PM, TM, and plasma membrane integrity (PMI) of T-150 were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in control, G-75, G-900, T-75, and T-900. The viability of sperm in T-150 was substantially higher (p < 0.05) than in the control, whereas there was no significant difference among the control, G-75, G-900, T-75, and T-900. However, the acrosome integrity (AI) of sperm in G-900 was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) compared to the control, G-75, G-150, G-450, T-75, T-150, and T-450. Conclusion: According to the findings, the supplementation of 150 mm trehalose in the TCEF dilu¬ent was more efficient for sperm cryopreservation in the buck as reflected by PM, TM, viability, PMI, and AI. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(2.000): 169-177]