Objective: The study was conducted to assess the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows at Baghabari milk shed area of Sirajganj and Pabna districts in Bangladesh. Materials and methods: A total of 300 milk samples were collected from crossbred dairy cows, and the milk samples were subjected for using California Mastitis Test (CMT). Besides, data related to farm management were taken from 60 farmers through direct interviews. The CMT was compared with White Slide Test (WST) and Surf Field Mastitis Test (SFMT). The samples showing strong positive reaction to mastitis by CMT were used for the isolation of associated bacteria using conventional bacteriological examinations and biochemical properties. The isolated bacteria were subjected for antibiogram studies by disc diffusion method. Results: Out of 300 samples, 153 (51%) revealed positive reactions denoting that the cows were suffering from subclinical mastitis. Of the 153 samples, 39(13%) were trace-positive, 56(18.56%) were weak-positive, 33(11%) were distinct-positive, and the rest 25(8.3%) samples were strongly positive. In comparison economically among CMT, WST and SFMT, SFMT was found to be the cheapest and easiest. In this study, the cows were mostly infected with mixed infection with Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and some cows had single bacterial infection. It was observed that most of the microorganisms were sensitive to Gentamycin, Amoxicillin and Ceftriaxone, and were resistant to Penicillin, Ciprofloxacin and Colistin sulphate. Conclusion: Overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis in the crossbred dairy cows at Sirajganj and Pabna district is 51%. It indicates that subclinical mastitis is a major threat for dairy industry in the studied areas. Early detection and appropriate preventive measures are suggestive to successful control of the disease. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(3.000): 295-300]

Objective: This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of different types of gross testicular disorders in bulls, and to evaluate the associations with sampling year, age, and body condition. Materials and methods: In this study, a total of 398 apparently healthy bulls were randomly selected that were brought from different parts of eastern Ethiopia to the Haramaya University abattoir for slaughtering during the period from June 2014 to September 2016. Ante- and post-mortem examinations of the bulls were employed. Visual inspection, palpation, serial and systematic dissections into the parenchyma of the testes and scrotum were performed to determine the presence and the extent of gross pathological changes. Results: Out of 398 bulls, 209(52.5%) were affected by one or more gross testicular abnormalities of unidentified causes. Bilateral testicular hypoplasia was the most prevalent (9.8%; n=39/398) testicular abnormality, followed by unilateral testicular hypoplasia (9%; n=36/398), testicular hematoma (9%; n=36/398), orchitis (8.3%; n=33/398), testicular degeneration (6.5%; n=26/398), scrotal wound (6.3%; n=25/398) and epididymitis (2.5%; n=10/398). Unilateral cryptorchidism was the least prevalent (1%; n=4/398). Age and body condition did not affect the prevalence of any abnormality (P>0.05) except in scrotal wound which was significantly varied among body condition categories (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study reveals that the incidence of gross testicular abnormalities was 52.5% in bulls. Thus, attention should be given to reproductive management of bulls in Ethiopia. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(2.000): 200-206]

Objective: The present study was conducted for the purpose of setting forth the normal serum Hcy, vitamin B12 and folate levels in Van cats of varying ages and genders, and the age-dependent variations of these parameters. Materials and methods: The material of the study consisted of a total of 60 healthy Van cats including 30 female and 30 male cats. Cats from both genders were separated into 3 groups on the basis of their ages. While the cats of 6 - 12 months of age were included in the first group, cats of 12-24 months of age were included in the second and those of more than 24 months of age were included in the third group. Results: From the blood samples collected; serum normal homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folate levels were determined as 7.1&plusmn;2.2 nmol/mL, 850.7&plusmn;231.8 pg/mL and 16.7&plusmn;0.8 ng/mL, respectively. In the statistical comparison of the determined serum homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folate levels; some variations among different groups of age and genders were determined. However, none of these differences were determined to be statistically significant. Conclusion: The normal levels of serum Hcy, vitamin B12 and folate of healthy Van cats were set forth for the first time by the present study. It is believed that the normal values of these parameters in Van cats can be used in the diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases and particularly cardiovascular diseases, that they will be helpful for researchers and will serve as a guideline to the studies to be conducted in the future. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(1.000): 58-64]

Objective: Chlamydiosis is of great global public health, veterinary and economic importance. This study aimed at determining the seroprevalence of chlamydiosis in Abu Dhabi camel (Camelus dromedarius) and its association with hematobiochemical responses towards the infection. Materials and methods: Blood samples (n=245) were collected from both housed and nomadic herds of camels. Anti-chlamydia antibodies were detected by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Camels had history of reproductive failure as abortion and repeat breeding. Besides, clinical reproductive examination was done with the camels. Results: Based on the results of ELISA, the overall seroprevalence of chlamydiosis was 19.59% (n=48/245). The hematological results revealed significant increase in the total hemoglobin concentration (15.65&plusmn;0.28 gm/dL), hematocrit % (36.65&plusmn;2.66%), mean corpuscular volume (37.35&plusmn;0.83 U) and neutrophils % (72.05&plusmn;0.89%) in the affected camels. The biochemical results revealed significant increase of the levels of alkaline phosphatase (61.50&plusmn;3.56 IU/I), creatinine kinase (184.00&plusmn;3.35 IU/I), and aspartate aminotransferase (64.50&plusmn;3.42 IU/I). Nevertheless, significant reduction in glucose (42.25&plusmn;1.97 mg/dL), choloride (107.03&plusmn;0.53 mmol/L), and zinc (43.00&plusmn;3.36 ug/dL) levels were observed in the affected camels. Conclusion: Chlamydiosis is prevailing among the Abu Dhabi camel. Chlamydiosis has great effect on the hematobiochemical parameters and reproductive performance of dromedary camels. Affected camels are suffered from reproductive failure manifested by abortion and/or repeat breeder. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(2.000): 175-180]

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Salmonella in milk (farm bulk milk, raw market milk) and cheese (kareish, white soft cheese) samples that were collected randomly from farms, supermarkets, small vendors and shops in different districts of Mansoura city, Egypt. Materials and methods: A total of 100 farm bulk milk, raw market milk, kareish cheese and white soft cheese samples (25 of each) were screened for the prevalence of Salmonella spp. The Salmonella isolates were isolated and identified by conventional bacteriological techniques, which were further confirmed genetically by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on the presence of invA gene. Finally, the isolates were serotyped. Results: Salmonella could be detected in 15%(n=15/100) samples with a prevalence of 12%(n=3/25), 24%(n=6/25), 20%(n=5/25) and 4%(n=1/25) in raw market milk, raw farm bulk milk, kareish cheese and white soft cheese, respectively. The Salmonella isolates were serotyped into S. enteritidis 33.3%(n=9/27) which was the most frequent, followed by S. typhimurium 25.9%(n=7/27), S. heidelberg 14.8%(n=4/27), S. infantis 11.11%(n=3/27), S. tsevie 11.11%(n=3/27) and S. haifa 3.7%(n=1/27). Conclusion: The present study confirms the presence of Salmonella in milk and cheese samples in Mansoura, Egypt, indicating that the dairy products can act as potential sources of Salmonella infection. Thus, appropriate hygienic measures are suggestive for combating Salmonellosis in Egypt. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(1.000): 45-51]

Objective: We aimed at determining the prevalence and characterizing the CaPV, determining the CaPV-PPRV coinfection prevalence and providing data about phylogenetic relationship between the fusion protein of PPRV and P32 gene of CaPV. Materials and methods: A total of 150 samples including animals swabs, tissues and blood were collected from unvaccinated goats in a PPR and/or Capripox outbreaks in South Kivu, Eastern of Democratic Republic of the Congo. Conventional PCR and reverse transcriptase (RT-PCR) were used respectively to amplify P32, RPO30, GPCR genes of Capripox virus and Fusion (F) protein of PPRV. Positive samples were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. Results: Out of 150 tested animals, 64.7% (n=97/150) were PPRV positive, 52.7% (n=79/150) were Capripox positive and 38.7% (n=58/150) were positive for both PPRV and CaPV. The pairwise comparison of P32 gene of CaPV and F gene of PPRV showed 99.75% of identity percentage among goatpox virus sequences, 96.95% among PPRV sequences and 47.91% between CaPV and PPRV sequences. Conclusion: The study has demonstrated high prevalence of CaP V-PPRV mixed infection in South Kivu. Lumpy skin virus disease (LSVD) is a lineage circulating which has a genetic relationship between its P32 gene and the F gene of PPRV giving the challenge to differentiate the two diseases at the clinical farm level. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(4.000): 348-355]

Objective: The study was conducted to evaluate economic loss from liver condemnation due to Fasciolosis in slaughtered ruminants in Maiduguri abattoir, Borno State, Nigeria. Materials and methods: Three hundred (300) livers each of cattle, sheep and goats slaughtered were randomly selected and examined for the presence of Fasciola flukes. The infected livers were weighed and economic value in Nigerian Naira (&#8358;) and US Dollar (US$) were assessed. Results: An overall economic loss of &#8358;602,400.00 (1,882.50 US$) per annum was incurred during the period under study from a total of 753 kg of liver condemned. Total of 428 kg and 325 kg of liver were condemned during dry and rainy seasons respectively, resulting in higher economic loss of (&#8358;342,400.00; 1,070 US$) in dry season and (&#8358;260,000.00; 812.50 US$) during rainy season. More liver were condemned in the adult cattle (372 kg) than in adult sheep (117 kg) and goats (108 kg) during the period of this study. Conclusion: Ruminant fasciolosis is endemic in Maiduguri, and high economic loss for the farmers and butchers are reported in this study. Strengthening and developing better control methods of fasciolosis in ruminants in Borno State is suggested. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(1.000): 65-70]

Chikungunya fever, a serious global public health problem, is a mosquito-borne disease caused by Chikungunya virus belonging to the family Togaviridae. The virus was first detected in Tanzania in1953. At present, the virus has been detected over 60 countries across the globe. The virus is transmitted mainly through Aedes mosquitoes. Although not fatal, the affected persons suffer a lot from high fever, severe pain and other complications. Currently there is no effective treatment or vaccine for the Chikungunya virus. The situation is severe in developing countries that lack sufficient diagnostic facilities and control measures. Adequate coordinated efforts comprising active surveillance, early detection, vector control and public awareness at local, national and international level need to be adopted in endemic areas for the effective control of Chikungunya virus infection. This mini review highlights some of the advances recently have made in our understanding of Chikungunya virus. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(2.000): 125-131]

The livestock sector is making great contributions to the world economy. Many different diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, kidney and mineral substance insufficiency, cause huge losses in yield and production in the livestock sector. Early diagnosis is essential to combat these diseases. Today, homocysteine levels are used as biochemical markers in the diagnosis of the functions and diseases of many different organs in human medicine. Homocysteine is an amino acid that occurs in the process of methionine metabolism and does not enter the primary structure of proteins. Homocysteine is a biochemical marker used in the assessment of cardiovascular and renal diseases as well as other organ functions. In this review, homocysteine determination methods and detailed information about which organ and system diseases can be used in livestock sector will be given. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(4.000): 319-332]

Objective: The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of infectious diseases in Sonali chickens at Bogra Sadar Upazila, Bogra, Bangladesh. Materials and methods: A total of 258 sick and dead Sonali chickens were examined for the diagnosis of different infectious diseases based on history, clinical findings and postmortem lesions of dead and sacrificed birds. Results: Infectious Bursal disease (IBD) was recorded in 14.72% (n=38/258) cases. Similarly, Newcastle disease (ND), Coccidiosis, Colibacillosis and Mycoplasmosis were recorded in 11.24% (n=29/258), 13.95% (n=36/258), 14.72% (n=38/258), 12.79% (n=33/258) cases, respectively. Mixed infection of IBD, ND and Coccidiosis found in 16.67% (n=43/258) birds. On the other hand, mixed infection of IBD, ND and colibacillosis was recorded in 15.89% (n=41/258) cases. Conclusion: It is concluded that several infectious diseases are commonly present in Sonali chicken in the study area of Bangladesh. Mixed infections are more prevalent as compared to single infection. Proper hygienic management and appropriate vaccination should be taken in consideration for effective control the diseases. Further microbiological and molecular diagnoses are suggested for detail studies of these diseases and their pathogens. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(1.000): 39-44]