Objective: This study aimed to explore the phytochemical constituents and anthelmintic activities of four Cassia spp. leaves against Haemonchus contortus. Materials and Methods: The extracts were prepared from four species of Cassia spp. (C. siamea, C. fistula, C. surattensis, and C. spectabilis). Phytochemical screening of the extract was done based on the Harborne method. Evaluation of the anthelmintic activities against H. contortus was done in vitro using infective larvae (L3) migration inhibition assay (LMIA). Measurement of larvae migrating was conducted through a nylon filter with a pore size of 20 μm. The doses of Cassia spp. extract implemented were 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/ml. Results: Tannins, alkaloids, phenol hydroquinone, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, and sapo¬nins were present in all the extracts, whereas alkaloids were absent in C. fistula. No triterpenoids were found in C. surattensis and C. spectabilis. Movement of H. contortus larvae was significantly inhibited after exposure to Cassia extracts at various dosage levels (p < 0.05). The test results using LMIA on L3 H. contortus showed the lowest inhibition in the negative control. Among the species of Cassia, the C. surattensis (at 200 mg/ml) showed the highest (p < 0.05) inhibition level on the larvae. The latter result corresponded to the effect of albendazole. Conclusion: Compared to other Cassia spp., C. surattensis exhibited the highest inhibition against L3 H. contortus. However, the inhibition effect of C. surattensis was still lower as compared to albendazole. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(2.000): 236-240]

Objective: The objective of this study was to give detailed descriptions of the morphological and histological structures of the tongue of the Muscovy duck as it relates to their feeding habit. Materials and Methods: Ten adult Muscovy ducks weighing 24 kg were used. The ducks were slaughtered and their oral cavities were opened to detect in situ position of the tongues. Each tongue was dissected and examined grossly. Samples of various parts of the tongue were taken for routine histological examination. Results: The tongue of the Muscovy ducks was distinguished grossly as the apex, body, and root. A dorsal median sulcus, conical papillae, and lingual prominence were observed grossly. Microscopic observations showed the tongue of the Muscovy duck was covered by stratified squamous epithelium; keratinized and non-keratinized. The lamina propria of the tongue contained lingual glands, entoglossum cartilage, lymphoid nodules, as well as blood vessels and nerves. Conclusion: The morphological and histological variations of the tongue of the Muscovy duck may infer that its unique structures are related to their feeding habits. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(1.000): 74-81]

Objective: This study investigated the comparative morphological analysis of the vomeronasal organ and the accessory olfactory bulb in dogs and rabbits. Materials and Methods: A total of 15 heads obtained from each adult healthy Balady dog (Canis familiaris) and New Zealand rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) of both sexes. The animals were sedated and anesthetized. Then, the heads were removed for computing topography, gross, and cross-sectional anatomy and histological techniques. Results: The vomeronasal organ was blind bilateral tubes enclosed by J-shaped cartilage on each side of the nasal septum. In dogs, it extended from the level of the upper third premolar teeth to the third incisive teeth. While in rabbits, it had no relation with the upper teeth. In cross section, the vomeronasal organ was pear-shaped in dogs and oval in rabbits. The accessory olfactory bulb was a small oval-shaped in dogs, but larger and ovoid in rabbits with clear lamination in its struc¬ture. The vomeronasal epithelium in rabbits was higher in its thickness than that of the dog. The vomeronasal duct had medial sensory and lateral respiratory epithelium. The vomeronasal glands were voluminous and of serous type in rabbits other than were seromucous in dogs. Conclusion: The most characteristic structural variations achieved in the vomeronasal organ and the accessory olfactory bulb of the dog and rabbit gave an indication that the organ was more functional in rabbits than in dogs. The detection and response to the pheromonal stimuli were referred to as the occurrence of olfactory epithelium in the vomeronasal organ. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(4.000): 506-515]

Objective: This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Trichomonas gallinae infection in pigeon and determination of spatial factors related with T. gallinae infection among smallholder farms at Abhaynagar and Monirampur Upazillas, Jessore District, Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study has undertaken from November 24, 2017 to February 28, 2018 on randomly selected 60 pigeons from 12 smallholder farms. Wet smear technique has been used to identify T. gallinae, from swab samples collected from oropharynx and crop of the sampled birds. Results: The overall prevalence was 60% (95% CI: 46.572.4) in which 75% (95% CI: 55.189.3), 50% (95% CI: 23.076.9), and 44.4% (95% CI: 21.569.2) were in squab, adult male, and adult female, respectively. The prevalence, in the case of dead pigeons (n = 13), 69.2% showed positive to the protozoan infection in the study. On the basis of spatial distribution, T. gallinae infection in the rural area was 64% (n = 25) followed by urban area 57.1% (n = 35) of the district. The prevalence of T. gallinae was insignificantly higher at Abhaynagar upazilla in contrast to Monirampur upazilla (30%) of Jessore district. Conclusion: This research finding suggests that a significant level of (57.4%) T. gallinae infection is circulating among the pigeon population of Bangladesh. Therefore, proper housing, feeding, and disease management should be ensured by the owner to prevent this problem. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(4.000): 549-552]

Objective: The present study was carried out to appraise the antibiotic resistance and to detect some of the target resistant genes in Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from apparently healthy broilers. Materials and Methods: Cloacal swab samples (n = 60) were collected from apparently healthy broilers (n = 60) sold at two different live bird markets (LBMs) of Chattogram, Bangladesh. Isolation and identification of the Escherichia coli was done by the following standard bacteriological techniques followed by biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli isolates was determined by the disk diffusion method. The antibiotic resistant genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers. Results: The overall prevalence of E. coli in broilers was 61.67% (n = 37/60) (95% CI = 4972.93). The antibiogram study showed that the isolates were 100% resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline followed by sulfomethoxazole-trimethoprim (94.59%, n = 35/37) and nalidixic acid (91.89%, n = 34/37). To the contrary, 56.76% (n = 21/37) isolates were sensitive to both ceftriaxone and gentamicin followed by colistin (48.65%, n = 18/37). All of E. coli isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) and carried blaTEM, tetA, and Sul2 genes. Conclusion: The presence of MDR genes in E. coli isolates in broilers could pose a serious public health threat. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 272-277]

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the respiratory methane emission and ultimate methane yield (B0) of goat feces that fed roughage consisted of Pennisetum purpureum and Gliricidia) and fed roughage and concentrate with different protein source in the ration (fish meal and soybean meal). Materials and Methods: Fifteen Kacang bucks were allocated to the control group (T0): goats were fed roughage only, T1: goats were fed roughage and concentrate with fish meal as protein sources, and T2: goats were fed roughage and concentrate and the protein source in the ration was soybean meal. Results: The protein content of feces from T0 was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than that from the other treatments. The same phenomenon was also found in the respiratory methane emission in terms of l/head/d, l/kg digestible dry matter, and l/kg body weight. However, there was no signif¬icant effect (p > 0.05) of different ration composition on the ultimate methane yield (B0) of goat feces. This study found that B0 of goat feces from treatment T0, T1, and T2 was 17.40%, 25.78%, and 61.29%, respectively, higher than that from the international default value for developing countries. Conclusion: Feeding grass and legume can reduce methane respiration emission in goat. B0 of feces in the present study was higher than that in the international default value; therefore, the potential emission of goat manure in tropical developing countries could be higher than that in the present estimation. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(4.000): 431-437]

Objective: The objective of this study is evaluating the efficacies of 11 mycotoxin adsorbent products, marketed in South East Asia. Three prominently occurring mycotoxins; aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), and zearalenone (ZEN) were simultaneously spiked into the samples. Materials and Methods: Samples were simultaneously tested in vitro in phosphate buffer and simulated at different pH conditions in the gastrointestinal tracts of the porcine and avian model, analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results: All mycotoxin adsorbent products had high efficacy at over 90% for AFB1 adsorption in both GI porcine and avian models. AFB1 could be adsorbed more in acidic condition than the basic condition. ZEN adsorption was determined to be more stable at pH 3 than pH 6.5 or 8.4, in which pH condition might influence on ZEN desorption rate. DON was poorly adsorbed by all tested agents. Conclusions: The finding showed that the adsorption rate varied depending on the type of adsorbent. Our results might provide useful information regarding the efficacy of mycotoxin adsorbents commercially marketed in the region. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(1.000): 125-132]

Objective: This study was designed to determine and compare the serum glucose, urea nitrogen, cholesterol, and total protein (TP) level in crossbred repeat breeder (RB) and normally cyclic cows to find out the relationship of these metabolic factors with repeat breeding syndrome (RBS). Materials and Methods: A total of 592 breedable cows from 34 farms were examined from Mymensingh and Chittagong districts. Seventy cows were identified as RB cows and another 10 cows were randomly selected as normally cyclic control cows for this study. Blood sample from each cow was collected and the serum was separated. The serum samples were analyzed by auto blood analyzer. Results: Cows affected with RBS had significant variation in their glucose, urea, and cholesterol levels. Serum glucose (43.00 gm/dl) level was significantly lower than in normally cyclic cows. On the other hand, serum urea and cholesterol levels were significantly higher than in normally cyclic cows. However, the TP concentrations did not differ between RB and cyclic cows. RB cows had a lower trend (6.815 mg/dl) of serum TP than in normally cyclic cows. Conclusion: This research might help scientists and veterinarians to understand that the high serum urea and cholesterol level along with low glucose and TP level could have some effect in the development of RBS in crossbred cows. It will potentially help veterinary practitioners and farmers to take preventive measures against RBS of crossbred cows. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(1.000): 82-85]

Now-a-days, various types of antibiotics are being used worldwide in veterinary sector indiscrim¬inately for promotion of growth and treatment of the livestock. Significant portions of antibiotics are released through milk of dairy animals unaltered and exert serious harmful effects on human health. This review evaluates and compare researches on antibiotic residues in milk in published literatures from Pubmed, CrossRef, CAB direct, DOAJ, JournalTOCs, AGRICOLA, ScientificGate, Electronic Journals Library, CAB abstracts, Global Health Databases, Global Impact Factor, Google Scholar, Park Directory of Open Access Journals, BanglaJOL and ISC E-Journals. Antibiotics resi¬due in milk was first detected in 60s and then with an increasing trend with highest after 2,000 (188). The highest no. of works, 49 (21.87%) were accomplished in China, followed by Spain, 30 (13.39%); Germany, 11 (4.91%); and USA, 10 (4.46%). Continent-wise highest researches are published from Europe, 105 (46.88%), followed by Asia, 77 (34.38%); South America, 18 (8.04%); North America, 16 (7.14%); and Africa, 8 (3.57%). For detection, Bovine milk sample is mostly used, 193 (86.16%), followed by ovine, 19 (8.48%); and caprine, 14 (6.25%). Acetonitrile was used in maximum cases (77) for processing the samples. Chromatographic technique was the highest, 115 (51.34%) for detection. Residue of β-lactam group have been detected mostly 133 (36.54%), followed by tetracyclines, 51 (14.01%); fluoroquinolones, 49 (13.46%); sulfonamides, 46 (12.64%); and aminoglycosides, 38 (10.44%). This review observe that antibiotics residues are more common in milk samples that are being manifested in increasing researches on antibiotic detection and measures should adopt to cease this residue. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 315-332]

Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the multi-drug resistance (MDR) Klebsiella sp. from mastitis milk samples. Materials and Methods: In the current research, 48 clinical mastitis milk samples were collected from Rangpur division, Bangladesh. Confirmation of bovine mastitis (BM) was done by the California Mastitis Test (CMT). All the CMT positive isolates were subjected for the identification of Klebsiella sp. using through a series of cultural and biochemical tests. MDR Klebsiella sp. isolates were determined using the disk diffusion method, and minimum inhibitory zones were measured by following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. MDR patterns of the isolates were also subjected to study by using housefly (Musca domestica). Results: Among the isolates, 62.5% (n = 30/48) revealed the presence of Klebsiella sp. Eight antimicrobial agents including Amoxicillin, Novobiocin, Erythromycin, Vancomycin, Cephradine, Tetracycline, Bacitracin, Methicillin, and housefly (M. domestica) showed complete resistance to Klebsiella sp. On the other hand, Chloramphenicol, Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, Azithromycin, Norfloxacin, Levofloxacin, and Nalidixic acid showed sensitivity. Conclusion: This study helps to treat BM with effective antibiotics and helps in an epidemiological study in Rangpur division as well as helps to create public health awareness. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 362-365]