Some pharmacokinetic aspects of sulphadoxine alone and sulphadoxine-trimethoprim (TMP) combination were studied in goats following single intravenous (i.v) and intramuscular (i.m) administration of 15 mg kg–1 b.wt. After i.v injection the serum sulphadoxine concentration time course was best described by two compartment-open model with distribution half-lives (t0.5(.)) 2.48 and 2.31 h., elimination (t0.5(3)) half-lives 23.10 and 24.75 h., total body clearance (ClB) 0.076 and 0.073 L kg-1 h.-1 and steady state volume of distribution (Vdss) 368.54 and 411.73 ml kg-1 for sulphadoxine alone and sulphadoxine-trimethoprim combination, respectively. After i.m administration the mean peak serum concentrations (Cmax) 25.69 and 33.31 ug ml–1 were achieved after maximum time (tmax) of 3.09 and 2.79 h. for sulphadoxine alone and sulphadoxinetrimethoprim combination, respectively. The absorption half-lives (t0.5(ab)) were 0.58 and 0.42 h., respectively. It is concluded that a combination of sulphadoxine and TMP can provide a synergistic level for both antimicrobials and thus be a useful combination in the treatment of various goat diseases.

A total of 620 egg samples from different species (chickens, ducks and ostriches) and 1615 poultry samples (chickens, ducks, pigeons, quails, turkeys and ostriches) were examined for salmonella infection. 12 salmonella isolates were obtained from the egg samples (1.9%) and 67 isolates from poultry samples (4.1%). Salmonella isolates were serotyped into S. enteritidis (25 isolates), S. typhimurium (17 isolates), S. infantis (12 isolates), S. montivideo (7 isolates), 3 isolates for each of S. rubislaw and S. cerro , 2 isolates for each of S. virginia, S. agona, S. poona, and S. derby and 1 isolate for each of S. sandiago and S. kentucky. The incidence of isolation from different poultry species was discussed in details. Antibiogram of the isolated salmonellae against 10 different antibiotics revealed that norofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, cepheridin and gentamycin gave the highest activity against different salmonella isolates while amoxicillin, tetracycline, and nitrofurantoin showed the highest resistance rate. Pathogenicity of the isolated serovars was tested in chickens. All isolates were found pathogenic with various degree of virulence. SDSPAGE protein analysis for the salmonella isolated form different poultry species revealed 12 protein bands ranged from 22-289 kDa. The differences were insufficient for reliable differentiation between the isolates and accordingly, it could be used beside other molecular techniques in differentiation between the salmonella strains.

This study was carried out on 68 randomly collected chickens located at Ras Sedr Research Station, Desert Research Center, 68 serum samples were examined serologically by complement fixation test (CFT). Twenty out of 68 (29.91%) had antibodies against Chlamydophila psittaci . Ten blood samples of the serologically positive cases were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and showed positive results for Chlamydophila psittaci at 119 bp. Therefore PCR was found to be reliable, rapid, sensitive and specific technique for the detection Chlamydophila psittaci in birds. Serologically positive birds did not show any clinical symptoms of disease, but they were in contact with sheep and goat that showed previous abortion and were positive for C. abortus. It is recommended to avoid breeding of chickens with other animal species in the same yard because chickens become asymptomatic carrier with shedding of Chlamydophila psittaci in their feaces and respiratory discharges.

The pharmacokinetic profile of ceftiofur sodium, a third generation cephalosporin, was studied in both Friesian and buffalo calves following a single intravenous and intramuscular administration of 2.2 mg kg-1 b.wt. in a cross over study with 15-day wash out period. After i.v administration the serum concentration-time curve of ceftiofur sodium was best fitted using two-compartments open model, with distribution half-lives (t½(()) of 0.384 and 0.176 h., elimination half-lives (t½(0)) of 5.047 and 1.607 h., mean residence time (MRT) of 6.926 and 2.072 h., volumes of distribution at steady-state (Vdss) of 0.206 and 0.134 L kg-1 and total body clearance (ClB) of 0.029 and 0.065 L kg-1 h-1 in Friesian and buffalo calves, respectively. Following intramuscular administration, the drug absorbed with half-lives of absorption (t½(ab)) of 1.010 and 0.217 h., maximum serum concentrations (Cmax) of 5.539 and 9.663 g ml-1 which attained after (tmax) of 3.147 and 0.825 h. and the drug was eliminated with half-lives (t½(el)) of 5.239 and 1.750 h. in Friesian and buffalo calves, respectively. The systemic intramuscular bioavailabilities were 89.82 and 99.7 %, while the in-vitro serum proteinbinding tendencies were 39.68 and 14.44 % in Friesian and buffalo calves, respectively

This study was carried out on 168 sheep in a private farm at Qena province. 128 out of them were apparently healthy, 22 clinically diseased suffering from respiratory affections and 18 were died at three weeks intervals. Bacteriological examination of the samples revealed that 42 samples were positive for bacterial isolation; 6 from apparently healthy animals, 20 from clinically diseased animals and 16 from dead ones. Bacterial isolates could be identified biochemically as P. multocida and P. heamolytica. Pathogenicity tests for P. multocida isolates indicated that the isolates were pathogenic to laboratory animals. P. multocida was isolated in high percentage (15%) in comparing with P. haemolytica (10%).

A total number of 28 buffaloes aged between 5-7years, body weight ranged between 400-500 kg, and belonged to private farms at Assiut Governorate constituted the materials of this study. Twenty of them showed the classical signs of hypophosphataemia while the other eight buffaloes were proved to be healthy by both clinical and laboratory investigations, used as control group. Biochemical analysis of blood sera showed a highly significant hypophosphataemia, hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia in diseased buffaloes either pre or post treatment when compared with the healthy control ones. Meanwhile, the examination of blood showed marked decreases in erythrocytic count, haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume in diseased animals. All parameters improved in affected buffaloes after 10 days of treatment. The chemical analysis of agronomical samples of soil and drinking water were done. The statistical analyses between the studied parameters were carried out in buffaloes before and after treatment.

The urinary bladder of 15 clinically normal dogs was excised and the ureters were implanted into an isolated, vagotomized gastric segment derived from the fundic region of the stomach. The gastric segment was closed to form a neobladder. Continence was maintained with a "nipple valve" created at the tubularized end of isolated segment of stomach. Clinical, radiological, ultrasonographical, urine and blood analysis and histopathological examination were carried out for assessment of the technique. Eleven cases showed an apparently normal bladder function. Two cases suffered from renal hydronephrosis and other two suffered from incontinence. It was concluded that gastric neobladder urinary diversion is satisfactory for clinical use in dogs.

The sensitivity of LAMP, PCR and microscopy to detect Theileria spp. and Trypanosoma congolense in field-derived bovine blood samples from Tanzania was evaluated and compared. No parasites were detected by microscopy. Furthermore, no bovine Theileria spp. were detected by LAMP and PCR from all the 24 samples collected from Arusha. Four and one out of 24 samples were positive for Theileria congolense infection by LAMP and PCR respectively while, 18 and nine out of 40 samples from Dar es Salaam were positive by LAMP and PCR for Theileria spp. Infection, respectively. Although all samples from Dar es Salaam were negative for Trypanosoma congolense infections by PCR, 12 out of 40 samples were LAMP positive. Whilst PCR is an established gene amplification method for the detection of Theileria and trypanosome parasites, this study introduces LAMP as an alternative molecular diagnostic tool that could be used in large-scale epidemiological surveys.

Trypanosomal infections in female Glossina morsitans morsitans were investigated in an area in the Eastern Province of Zambia between 1992 and 1994. A total of 4 416 flies were captured, aged using the ovarian ageing method and screened for trypanosomal infections in both the mouthparts, salivary glands and the midgut. Congolense-type infections were identified in 4.8 % of the flies. Vivax-type and immature infections were identified in 1.8 % and 6.8 % of the flies, respectively. The prevalence of con golense-type, vivax-type and immature infections increased with age. For vivax-type infections the age-prevalence relationship could be described by a model assuming a constant per capita rate of infection. For congolense-type and midgut infections, a polynomial term was added to the model significantly improving the fit. The per capita at which flies become infected was significantly higher for immature compared to mature infections. Observations strongly suggest that tsetse acquire new midgut infections at any age and that maturation of these infections is not limited to those obtained during the first blood meal.

This study was carried out to investigate the possible bacterial causes affecting the productivity of the breeder hens. The hens under test were positive for Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) and negative for Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum (S. g-p) as tested by serum agglutination test. Ovaries with lesions were bacteriologically and serologically proven to have 12 bacterial isolates including three un-typed E. coli, one O11, and one O78; three Staphylococcus aureus; one S.g-p; two Proteus and one Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) isolates. The antibiogram of the two identified E. coli strains, S. g-p as well as P. aeruginosa showed variable sensitivity. The tested organisms were very sensitive to colistin and enrofloxacin. The selected E. coli, S.g-p and P. aeruginosa strains proved to be pathogenic to 3-day-old chicks, with induction of clinical signs, mortalities, post mortem lesions and adverse effect on the body weight gain. On the other hand, E. coli O78 was more pathogenic than O 11. The use of the abovementioned drugs for controlling of those infections in chicks was effective as indicated by the results of the in vitro test. It is important to carry out bacteriological examination to the breeder flocks in order to investigate the bacterial affections with estimation of changes in their sensitivity to the used antibiotics.