A Hydrodynastes giga, (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) vulgarmente conhecida como surucucu-do-pantanal, é uma serpente de grande porte, que ocorre no norte, centro-oeste, sudeste e sul do Brasil e que pode ser parasitada por ectoparasitos como os carrapatos do gênero Amblyomma. Em dezembro de 2007 foram coletados manualmente três carrapatos de uma serpente H. gigas no pantanal de Miranda, MS, Brasil (19º51'-19º58'S; 56º17'-56º24'W). Os carrapatos foram armazenados e enviados para o Laboratório de Parasitologia do Hospital Veterinário da ULBRA, Canoas, RS, onde foi realizada a identificação de três machos da espécie Amblyomma dissimile. A presente nota faz o primeiro relato de A. dissimile parasitando serpentes da espécie H. gigas no pantanal de Miranda, MS, Brasil. | Hydrodynastes giga (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) best known as false water cobra, is a big-sized snake, which lives in Northern, Middle-western, Southeastern and Southern Brazil and might be infested by ectoparasites, such as ticks from the Amblyomma genus. In December 2007 three ticks were manually collected from a H. gigas in the Miranda wetlands, MS, Brazil (19º51'-19º58'S; 56º17'-56º24'W). All ticks were placed in identified bottles and then sent to the Laboratório de Parasitologia of ULBRA Veterinary Hospital, Canoas, RS, where the identification of three males of the Amblyomma dissimile species was carried out. This note is the first report of A. dissimile parasitizing snakes of the H. gigas species in the Miranda wetlands, MS, Brazil.

A Hydrodynastes giga, (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) vulgarmente conhecida como surucucu-do-pantanal, é uma serpente de grande porte, que ocorre no norte, centro-oeste, sudeste e sul do Brasil e que pode ser parasitada por ectoparasitos como os carrapatos do gênero Amblyomma. Em dezembro de 2007 foram coletados manualmente três carrapatos de uma serpente H. gigas no pantanal de Miranda, MS, Brasil (19º51'-19º58'S; 56º17'-56º24'W). Os carrapatos foram armazenados e enviados para o Laboratório de Parasitologia do Hospital Veterinário da ULBRA, Canoas, RS, onde foi realizada a identificação de três machos da espécie Amblyomma dissimile. A presente nota faz o primeiro relato de A. dissimile parasitando serpentes da espécie H. gigas no pantanal de Miranda, MS, Brasil.

Objetivando descrever a inervação originada a partir dos ramos ventrais lombares e sacrais, fez-se um estudo, mediante a dissecação de dois exemplares de lobos-marinhos (Arctocephalus australis), oriundos do CRAM-FURG, onde chegaram em óbito. As estruturas nervosas constituintes dos plexos lombar e sacral possuem origem dos ramos ventrais dos nervos espinhais que formam-se dos segmentos medulares L1 a S3. Assim, pode-se observar que, os formados dos segmentos L1 a L3 são unissegmentares, sendo respectivamente os nervos Ílio-hipogástrico e Ílio-inguinal e Cutâneo Femoral Lateral. Da união dos segmentos L3-L4 surgem os nervos Genito-femoral, Obturatório e Femoral. Da confluência dos segmentos L4-5-S1 forma-se um tronco nervoso, o plexo isquiático, que emite os nervos: Glúteos Cranial e Caudal, Cutâneo Femoral Caudal e Isquiático. O nervo Isquiático ramifica-se em Cutâneos Surais Lateral e Caudal, Tibial, Fibular Comum. O nervo Pudendo (divide-se nos nervos dorsal do pênis ou clitóris e perineais superficial e profundo) e Retal Caudal têm origem dos segmentos S2-3. Com base nestes dados podemos inferir que a inervação lombar e sacral têm origem similar a outras espécies de mamíferos, contudo sua organização e distribuição refletem as modificações adaptativas aos hábitos destes animais, principalmente a locomoção em meio aquático. | In order to describe the innervation originated from ventral lumbar and sacral branches, a study was made through dissection of two specimens of south american fur seals (Arctocephalus australis), originated from CRAM-FURG, where they arrived deceased. The nervous structures that constitute the lumbar and sacral plexes are originated from ventral branches of spinal nerves which come from medullary segments L1 to S3. Thus, one can observe that the nerves originated form L1 to L3 are monosegmentary, being respectively iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves. From the reunion of L3 and L4 segments arise genitofemoral, obturator and femoral nerves. From the confluence of segments L4-5-S1 arises a nervous trunk - the sciatic plexus, which gives the following nerves: cranial and caudal gluteal, caudal femoral cutaneous and sciatic. Sciatic nerve splits into lateral and caudal sural cutaneous, tibial, common peroneal. Pudendal nerve (which divides into dorsal nerve of the penis or clitoris, deep and superficial perineal) and caudal rectal are formed from the S2-3 segments. With these data, one can conclude that the lumbar and sacral innervation have similar origin to other mammal species, however its organization and distribution reflect the adaptative changes to this animals' habits, specially its locomotion in water.

Objetivando descrever a inervação originada a partir dos ramos ventrais lombares e sacrais, fez-se um estudo, mediante a dissecação de dois exemplares de lobos-marinhos (Arctocephalus australis), oriundos do CRAM-FURG, onde chegaram em óbito. As estruturas nervosas constituintes dos plexos lombar e sacral possuem origem dos ramos ventrais dos nervos espinhais que formam-se dos segmentos medulares L1 a S3. Assim, pode-se observar que, os formados dos segmentos L1 a L3 são unissegmentares, sendo respectivamente os nervos Ílio-hipogástrico e Ílio-inguinal e Cutâneo Femoral Lateral. Da união dos segmentos L3-L4 surgem os nervos Genito-femoral, Obturatório e Femoral. Da confluência dos segmentos L4-5-S1 forma-se um tronco nervoso, o plexo isquiático, que emite os nervos: Glúteos Cranial e Caudal, Cutâneo Femoral Caudal e Isquiático. O nervo Isquiático ramifica-se em Cutâneos Surais Lateral e Caudal, Tibial, Fibular Comum. O nervo Pudendo (divide-se nos nervos dorsal do pênis ou clitóris e perineais superficial e profundo) e Retal Caudal têm origem dos segmentos S2-3. Com base nestes dados podemos inferir que a inervação lombar e sacral têm origem similar a outras espécies de mamíferos, contudo sua organização e distribuição refletem as modificações adaptativas aos hábitos destes animais, principalmente a locomoção em meio aquático.

As we join Onderstepoort in celebrating its centenary, it is worth reflecting that tick-borne infections of wildlife and livestock have been part of everyday life in Africa for many, many generations. While much has changed since Watkins-Pitchford started developing short-interval dipping trials with arsenicals to contain the new epidemic of East Coast fever in southern Africa 100 years ago, when it comes to the impacts of tick-borne infections, many of the same challenges remain.

As we join Onderstepoort in celebrating its centenary, it is worth reflecting that tick-borne infections of wildlife and livestock have been part of everyday life in Africa for many, many generations. While much has changed since Watkins-Pitchford started developing short-interval dipping trials with arsenicals to contain the new epidemic of East Coast fever in southern Africa 100 years ago, when it comes to the impacts of tick-borne infections, many of the same challenges remain.

The declining efficacy of acaricide treatment as a means of reducing the prevalence of Theileria parva infections in sub-Saharan Africa has intensified efforts to achieve control through immunization of susceptible cattle. The infection and treatment method of immunization has enjoyed a resurgence with the availability of more effective cold chain facilities, although concerns remain regarding the possibility of vaccine strains spreading in local tick populations. In addition, an in-depth understanding of protective mechanisms deployed by immune cattle and the antigens targeted by them has led to substantial progress in the development of candidate subunit vaccines against both sporozoite and schizont stages of the parasite. The likely success of these vaccines, as well as infection and treatment immunization, will ultimately depend on the extent to which they disturb the endemic status of the parasite. These issues are discussed in the light of recent information on the genotypic diversity of T. parva in the field and the extent to which this is compromised by the immune response.

The declining efficacy of acaricide treatment as a means of reducing the prevalence of Theileria parva infections in sub-Saharan Africa has intensified efforts to achieve control through immunization of susceptible cattle. The infection and treatment method of immunization has enjoyed a resurgence with the availability of more effective cold chain facilities, although concerns remain regarding the possibility of vaccine strains spreading in local tick populations. In addition, an in-depth understanding of protective mechanisms deployed by immune cattle and the antigens targeted by them has led to substantial progress in the development of candidate subunit vaccines against both sporozoite and schizont stages of the parasite. The likely success of these vaccines, as well as infection and treatment immunization, will ultimately depend on the extent to which they disturb the endemic status of the parasite. These issues are discussed in the light of recent information on the genotypic diversity of T. parva in the field and the extent to which this is compromised by the immune response.

Rinderpest is one of the few diseases which have changed the course of world history. Originally an Asian disease, for centuries it had a devastating impact in Europe when introduced by returning and marauding armies accompanied by cattle as well as by cattle trade. Nowhere was its impact more dramatically expressed than in Africa where the sequel to its introduction into the Horn of Africa was a devastating panzootic throughout sub-Saharan Africa during the last decade of the 19th century extending into the 20th century. Massive deaths of livestock, wild animals and the people dependent on them led to widespread human misery and changed the face of the African continent forever.

Rinderpest is one of the few diseases which have changed the course of world history. Originally an Asian disease, for centuries it had a devastating impact in Europe when introduced by returning and marauding armies accompanied by cattle as well as by cattle trade. Nowhere was its impact more dramatically expressed than in Africa where the sequel to its introduction into the Horn of Africa was a devastating panzootic throughout sub-Saharan Africa during the last decade of the 19th century extending into the 20th century. Massive deaths of livestock, wild animals and the people dependent on them led to widespread human misery and changed the face of the African continent forever.

African horsesickness (AHS) played a major role in the history and development of southern Africa, both in times of peace and of war. Frequent epidemics of AHS resulted in major transportation impediments.The viral (filterable) nature of the aetiological agent was proven in 1900 by Sir John M'Fadyean in London, making it one of the first animal diseases for which this had been demonstrated. Similarly, the cultivation of AHS virus in the brain of mice and its subsequent attenuation were also amongst the first such feats for animal viruses. Interestingly, both milestones followed the initial work of Max Theiler (son of Sir Arnold) with yellow fever virus.

African horsesickness (AHS) played a major role in the history and development of southern Africa, both in times of peace and of war. Frequent epidemics of AHS resulted in major transportation impediments. The viral (filterable) nature of the aetiological agent was proven in 1900 by Sir John M'Fadyean in London, making it one of the first animal diseases for which this had been demonstrated. Similarly, the cultivation of AHS virus in the brain of mice and its subsequent attenuation were also amongst the first such feats for animal viruses. Interestingly, both milestones followed the initial work of Max Theiler (son of Sir Arnold) with yellow fever virus.

The occurrence of genetic exchange is not only a fundamental property of an organism but its occurrence provides us with methods of analysis that can be used to dissect the basis of important traits. This paper will review the current evidence for a sexual cycle in Trypanosoma brucei and illustrate how genetic analysis can be used as a tool to identify genes of relevance to the disease, its treatment and transmission. The role of this process in the generation of diversity in the field will be illustrated by considering populations of the three sub-species of T. brucei and how the availability of genome sequence data has been exploited to study whether genetic exchange occurs in the trypanosomes infecting livestock. Finally, the use of population genetics as a methodology to identify genes under selection will be discussed and this will be illustrated as an approach to validating markers for drug resistance with examples from other parasitic protozoa.

The occurrence of genetic exchange is not only a fundamental property of an organism but its occurrence provides us with methods of analysis that can be used to dissect the basis of important traits. This paper will review the current evidence for a sexual cycle in Trypanosoma brucei and illustrate how genetic analysis can be used as a tool to identify genes of relevance to the disease, its treatment and transmission. The role of this process in the generation of diversity in the field will be illustrated by considering populations of the three sub-species of T. brucei and how the availability of genome sequence data has been exploited to study whether genetic exchange occurs in the trypanosomes infecting livestock. Finally, the use of population genetics as a methodology to identify genes under selection will be discussed and this will be illustrated as an approach to validating markers for drug resistance with examples from other parasitic protozoa.

The international trade in animals and animal products has become a sensitive issue for both developed and developing countries by posing an important risk for the international spread of animal and human pathogens whilst at the same time being an essential activity to ensure world-wide food security and food safety. The OIE has since its founding in 1924, applied a democratic and transparent decision-making process to continuously develop and review international standards for animal health and zoonoses to facilitate trade in animals and animal products. The role of the OIE is also mandated by the World Trade Organization (WTO) as international reference point for standards related to animal health. In support of its overall objective of promoting animal health world-wide, the OIE has also launched several other initiatives such as the improvement of the governance of veterinary services within its member countries and territories and to enhance the availability of diagnostic and scientific expertise on a more even global geographical distribution. Several trade facilitating concepts such as country, zonal and compartment freedom from disease as well the trade in disease free commodities has been introduced to enhance the trade in animals and animal products for all its members including those from developing and transitional countries who are still in the process of enhancing to full compliance with international sanitary standards.

The international trade in animals and animal products has become a sensitive issue for both developed and developing countries by posing an important risk for the international spread of animal and human pathogens whilst at the same time being an essential activity to ensure world-wide food security and food safety. The OIE has since its founding in 1924, applied a democratic and transparent decision-making process to continuously develop and review international standards for animal health and zoonoses to facilitate trade in animals and animal products. The role of the OIE is also mandated by the World Trade Organization (WTO) as international reference point for standards related to animal health. In support of its overall objective of promoting animal health world-wide, the OIE has also launched several other initiatives such as the improvement of the governance of veterinary services within its member countries and territories and to enhance the availability of diagnostic and scientific expertise on a more even global geographical distribution. Several trade facilitating concepts such as country, zonal and compartment freedom from disease as well the trade in disease free commodities has been introduced to enhance the trade in animals and animal products for all its members including those from developing and transitional countries who are still in the process of enhancing to full compliance with international sanitary standards.

The present study was performed in order to evaluate the effects of lower than usual industry levels of dietary trace minerals on plasma levels, faecal excretion, performance, mortality and morbidity in growing-finishing pigs in a hot African climate. Group 1 (n =100 pigs) received a diet with common industry levels of trace minerals. Group 2 (n =100 pigs) received reduced dietary trace mineral levels but were fed the same basic diet as Group 1. Mortality, morbidity, pig performance and carcass measurements were evaluated. Two pigs in Group 1 and three pigs in Group 2 died. Thirteen pigs in Group 1 and 27 pigs in Group 2 were medically treated (P 0.05). Carcass masses, back fat depth, loin depth, and lean percent were not significantly different between the groups. However, the carcasses when evaluated revealed a non-significant higher back fat thickness, lower loin eye area and percentage of fat free lean in barrows compared to gilts within each group. Despite lower initial masses, pigs fed diets containing industry levels of trace minerals were heavier (P 0.05) and had a higher (P 0.05) than average daily gains compared to those that received a diet containing lower levels of trace minerals. Faecal zinc excretion was significantly lower (P 0.05) in pigs fed with lower dietary zinc levels. Copper, manganese and iron excretion were not affected (P 0.05) by the dietary levels of these trace minerals. Plasma trace mineral concentrations were not affected by the dietary treatment.

The present study was performed in order to evaluate the effects of lower than usual industry levels of dietary trace minerals on plasma levels, faecal excretion, performance, mortality and morbidity in growing-finishing pigs in a hot African climate. Group 1 (n =100 pigs) received a diet with common industry levels of trace minerals. Group 2 (n =100 pigs) received reduced dietary trace mineral levels but were fed the same basic diet as Group 1. Mortality, morbidity, pig performance and carcass measurements were evaluated. Two pigs in Group 1 and three pigs in Group 2 died. Thirteen pigs in Group 1 and 27 pigs in Group 2 were medically treated (P < 0.05). Carcass masses, back fat depth, loin depth, and lean percent were not significantly different between the groups. However, the carcasses when evaluated revealed a non-significant higher back fat thickness, lower loin eye area and percentage of fat free lean in barrows compared to gilts within each group. Despite lower initial masses, pigs fed diets containing industry levels of trace minerals were heavier (P < 0.05) and had a higher (P < 0.05) than average daily gains compared to those that received a diet containing lower levels of trace minerals. Faecal zinc excretion was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in pigs fed with lower dietary zinc levels. Copper, manganese and iron excretion were not affected (P > 0.05) by the dietary levels of these trace minerals. Plasma trace mineral concentrations were not affected by the dietary treatment.