Short- and long-term exposure to sub-lethal copper-sulfate concentrations studied in freshwater fish (Carassius auratus). The blood parameters, such as the content of hemoglobin-Hb and the red blood cells-RBC, were examined. Alanine transaminase-ALT and aspartate aminotransferase-AST levels in the serum were also measured. The 96-hour copper sulfate median lethal concentration-LC50 for the fish (n= 100) was calculated using different concentrations (1–10 mg/l). Two hundred and forty fish were put in 90 l-glass aquariums (10 in each aquarium) (180 fish in the experimental treatments) and (60 fish in the control treatments). Two groups of fish were formed. The first group was subjected to different concentrations of copper-sulfate for one week: 1 mg/l (0.58 copper sulfate LC50), 2 mg/l (1.15 copper sulfate LC50), and 3 mg/l (1.72 copper sulfate LC50). The second fish group received the same copper-sulfate concentrations but for four weeks. The treatment with zero copper-sulfate LC50 served as the control. Three duplicates of each treatment were achieved (A total of 340 fish were used). The results demonstrated that the content of RBC and Hb, as well as the level of the enzymes (AST and ALT), increased significantly with increasing copper-sulfate concentration in both the short- and long-term exposed fish. The current study's findings suggest that sub-lethal copper-sulfate concentrations are responsible for bloody changes and liver dysfunction in fish. The environment's copper contamination can be monitored using these parameters. 

AbstractTartrazine is artificial colorant used in food, drug and cosmetic industries in addition to its many benefits through color, but as an artificial dye, it may cause many health problems for humans and animals. Current study was planned to demonstrate suspected effect of tartrazine on small intestines, in addition to obvious the properties of olive oil in reducing biochemical effects and histopathological changes on small intestines. The biochemical results showed (ALT, AST and ALP) significant increase (P <0.001) in tartrazine second group when compare with control group. Third group, the liver enzyme which mention above showed result better than the second tartrazine group but also these parameters were less than control group, (P <0.001). The histopathological results showed the control group showed normal histological appearance of intestinal structures. The second group which treated with tartrazine for 21 days, the intestine showed desquamation of mucosa and submucosa layers, distribution of goblet cells and hemorrhage. The third group which treated with olive oil and tartrazine show relatively normal histological appearance of intestine. This study agreed with many studies about the presence of a harmful effect of tartrazine, in addition to the presence of many benefits of olive oil, according to other studies.

The study focused on the preservation of economically important common carp Cyprinus carpio L. by Glazing and evaluated the characteristics and properties changes in nutritional composition during fresh and frozen flesh at (–18± 2) °C compared to fresh fish (before treatment in glazing solutions). Fish samples were subjected to four treatments, including treatment control (non-treatment), immersion in drinking water, 5% table salt solution, and 5% white vinegar solution T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively, measurement of their quality as well as suitability for human consumption, for three months 30, 60, and 90 days. The results of the statistical analysis showed at a probability level of p<0.05 decreased moisture, protein, and fat contents in T1 and T2, while T3 and T4 showed preservation benefits over 90 days. Ash contents increased with extended freezing in all treatments. Caloric content from protein and fat exceeded that of the fresh sample, suggesting potential nutritional losses during frozen preservation. The reason for maintaining nutritional (moisture, protein, fat, ash, and Caloric content) value may be due to the synergistic effect of the glazing materials. However, the study identified a 5% table salt solution and white vinegar as ideal glazing materials for preserving the nutritional value of fish. In conclusion, storage of these fish species for up to 90 days did not adversely affect their nutritional value.

Background: The endocrine system is an essential feature of the pituitary gland, which controls various hormonal activities. Disturbances in development-associated thyroid and growth hormones may lead to significant alterations in development of the body weight, length and mass index (BMI), abdomen circumference and tail length, as well as the plasma lipid profile, thus changing of body physiology.Materials and Methods: This research employed fifty immature male rats which were separated into control, GH deficiency (GHD), GH supplementation, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism groups. The rats underwent hormonal treatments over 21 days during which time changes in the pituitary gland physiology by developmental and plasma lipid profile changes.Results: Body development Control Group has been growing in length throughout the 10 weeks. The highest length growth was observed with GH Addition and the lowest with GH Deficiency . Hence, the Hypothyroid Group grew substantially less in length compared to the Control. In contrast, the Hyperthyroid Group showed minimal deviation or even paralleled to the Control Group. In lipid profile, in growth hormone deficiency group the average of cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and VLDL level were decreased, while the average of HDL level were increased. Conclusion: This work reveals more about the important influences of thyroid and growth hormone disruptions on pituitary gland physiology and rat health, highlighting the organ’s flexibility and essential controlling function in childhood.Keywords: Pituitary Gland, Growth Hormone, Lipid profile, Endocrine System, Development, Rats.

The study was aimed to distinguish the integron type and number in Anti-drug-resistant (AMR) Escherichia coli that detected from clinical, subclinical mastitis and environmental samples in Basrah province. For detection of E.coli both conventional and molecular techniques was used, and the antibiotic susceptibility assessment was done by Kirby-Bauer method. The results revealed a high resistance to penicillin 23(100%) erythromycin 19(82.6%), tetracycline 21(91.3%) and gentamycin 12(52.17%). Also, the results shown a significant association (P≤0.05) between antibiotics resistance and the E.coli that isolated from mastitis and subclinical mastitis cases. Furthermore, we used a specific primers to detect the presence of integrons in AMR Escherichia coli. The results revealed that 8(34.78%) of the total isolates contained IntI1 (491bp in size), 5((21.73%) contained IntI2, and 2 (8.69%) contained IntI3 (788 and 600bp) respectively. The study showed a significant (P≤0.05) correlation among (IntI1& IntI2) and AMR Escherichia coli that isolated from clinical and environmental samples. We concluded, that the results of this study offer convincing proof for the immediate need to create rapid diagnostic services for guiding antibiotic decisions and a robust, comprehensive, and continual antibiotic surveillance program to halt the transmission of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli strains that containing integrons, specifically IntI1and IntI2.

The study included an examination of 50 local horses in different areas of Nineveh Governorate for the period starting from 1/7/2023 to 1/4/2024. The first group included 40 animals that showed signs of colic and the second group consisted of 10 clinically healthy animals that were considered a control group and of ages more than Six months, for both sexes.A clinical examination was conducted, which included recording the history of the animal's medical history condition and symptoms, and clinical manifestations including as well as measuring (body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, examining the mucous membranes of the eyes, capillary refilling time in the lower lip, and examining skin elasticity). The abdomen was then examined using a stethoscope, and sounds were recorded on the abdominal wall and on both sides of the animal’s body. The colicky horses show a significant increase in respiratory rate by 21 cycles/minute, heart rate by 56 beats/minute, capillary refilling time by 3 seconds, and skin fold test rate by 3.7 seconds compared with the healthy controls, while the sound frequency increased when auscultating from both sides of the abdomen, it was 272.5 Hz from the left side and 249 Hz from the right side, and the result was a significant difference from the left side compared to healthy horses, in addition to a substantial increase in the sound repetition rate by 5 per minute.It has been concluded that an electronic stethoscope could be a more accurate tool for examining colicky horses.

AbstractThyroid gland severely affected in cases of disruption of normal proportions of both proteins and minerals. Aim of the study was to reveal effect of collagen as a supplement on thyroid function and some trace elements in cases of hypo- and hyperthyroidism in mature male rats. 36 rats treated orally for 28 days, divided into 6 equal groups, control (G1) given normal saline, group (G2) given collagen-α®, the hypothyroid group (G3) propylthiouracil, Hypothyroidism + Collagen-α® (G4) group, Hyperthyroidism (G5) levothyroxin, and Hyperthyroidism + Collagen-α group® (G6). Results show that, Hypothyroidism Group, levels of (TSH, rT3 and phosphorus) were increased while both (T3 and T4) levels were significantly decreased, Hyperthyroidism group, level of (TSH) decreased were (T3 and T4) levels are significantly increased, there were significant increase in TSH and decreased in T3 and T4 in groups of hypothyroidism + collagen, opposite results occur in hyperthyroidism + collagen groups. TBG and TPO levels decreased significantly in hypothyroidism, but increased in hyperthyroidism, and the differences in those hormones in both the hypo+ collagen and hyper+ collagen groups were similar, in the case of hypothyroidism, there was a significant decrease in the level of calcium, opposite results occur in hyperthyroidism. There were no differences significantly in Zinc level in treated groups. Conclusion, Collagen caused different effects in the treatment groups, in hypothyroidism caused a significantly decrease in the both calcium and zinc, and an increase in phosphorus level in the blood serum of adult rats, in case hyperthyroidism the opposite results occur.

The aimed of the current study to analyse the influence of mid stage of lactation and dry period on physiological metabolic alterations of buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Till now there is no reference values for different metabolic physiological during mid stage of lactation in buffaloes Animals were examined at buffaloes farms that belong to north of Basrah Governorate, Iraq. Based on selection criteria, a total of 40 clinically healthy female buffaloes (2-7 years old) were divided in to thirty lactating buffaloes and ten dry buffaloes. This study was included samples of serum for biochemical analysis such as lipid profile. glucose, CK. Urea, Creatinine, BUN, Alanine transferase, Aspartate.transferase, Total protein, Albumin, Globulin Alkaline phosphatase Calcium, Phosphor The established values will be a useful guide for interpreting serum metabolic parameters in lactating buffaloes.

Forty-two typical P. aeruginosa strains were chosen, and Eight antibiotic-resistance genes linked to a spontaneous outbreak of the bacteria were analyzed (the same strains that were tested for the antimicrobial susceptibility). The findings revealed that 15 of the examined bacteria had the -lactamase gene on chromosomes with amplicons that were 264 bp in size. 21 tested strains harbored fusA1 & fusA2 gene on chromosome while 12 strains harbored orfN gene on chromosome . ropN gene found on chromosome in 10 strains . 16 strains harbored ampC gene on chromosome, 8 tested strains harbored fusA1 & fusA2 gene on chromosome, rpsJ gene found on chromosome in 2 strains. ptsP gene found on chromosome in 13 strains.

This study was conducted on 180 blood samples collected randomly from equids (106 horses and 74 donkeys) in Nineveh governorate, Iraq, including, 25 clinically and laboratory healthy equids that served as control equids. Clinical examinations for all equids have been done, and samples of blood were collected from all equids for serodiagnosis, hemato-biochemical parameters examination. Results demonstrated that the total prevalence of Equine anaplasmosis (AE) in equids was 46.1% (83/180), representing 30.1% in horses and 68.9% in donkeys using indirect-ELISA. Infected equids were suffering from fever, paleness, petechial hemorrhages and/or jaundice of the mucous membranes, respiratory disorders, edema of the limbs, nervous signs, and the presence of ticks on the different parts of the body. There was a a significant increase in the body temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, and capillary refilling time in infected equids. Hemogram revealed a significant decrease in the TRBCs, Hb, PCV, MCH, and MCHC, with a significant increase in MCV, reflecting a macrocytic hypochromic type of anemia. In addition to significant increase in the ESR. Furthermore, a significant decrease in PLT and TWBCs as a result of a significant decrease in neutrophils and lymphocytes in the infected equids compared to the control equids. Biochemical analysis showed that a significant increase in AST, ALT, ALP, TB, creatinine, and BUN with a significant decrease in TP, phosphorus and calcium, in infected equids compared to the control animal. In conclusion, The EA is widespread in equids in Nineveh Governorate, Iraq along with significant clinico-hemato-biochemical parameter alterations.