Objective: This study aimed at evaluating the supporting and non-supporting loop colostomy techniques in dogs. Materials and Methods: In this study, 12 adult healthy mongrel dogs were used to carry out a short-term (21 days) temporary flank loop colostomy. The dogs were divided into two groups (n = 6). In the first group (Con group), conventional stoma fixation was operated without loop support. In the second group [subcutaneous silicone drain (SSD) group], an SSD was used as a supporting bridge. The stoma was fixed by a modified, interrupted seromuscular vertical mattress suture pattern. Both peristomal and stomal complications were recorded. Results: Results showed that a total of seven dogs (58%) suffered complications. There was a sig¬nificant tendency toward less peristomal (p = 0.012) and stomal complications (p = 0.001) in the SSD group. The intensity of pain was significantly (p < 0.05) different between the two groups in the first week post surgery. Comfort with stoma care was significantly (p = 0.015) better in the SSD group, experiencing the best results. Conclusion: It is concluded that an appropriate stoma location, using a soft supporting bridge, stoma fixation using modified interrupted neuromuscular vertical mattress sutures, and proper appliance fixation by adhesive tapes and a tight T-shirt may overcome the complications of short-term loop colostomy in dogs and introduce a satisfaction for stoma care. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(4.000): 685-691]

Objective: This study aimed at evaluating the supporting and non-supporting loop colostomy techniques in dogs. Materials and Methods: In this study, 12 adult healthy mongrel dogs were used to carry out a short-term (21 days) temporary flank loop colostomy. The dogs were divided into two groups (n = 6). In the first group (Con group), conventional stoma fixation was operated without loop support. In the second group [subcutaneous silicone drain (SSD) group], an SSD was used as a supporting bridge. The stoma was fixed by a modified, interrupted seromuscular vertical mattress suture pattern. Both peristomal and stomal complications were recorded.  Results: Results showed that a total of seven dogs (58%) suffered complications. There was a sig­nificant tendency toward less peristomal (p = 0.012) and stomal complications (p = 0.001) in the SSD group. The intensity of pain was significantly (p < 0.05) different between the two groups in the first week post surgery. Comfort with stoma care was significantly (p = 0.015) better in the SSD group, experiencing the best results.  Conclusion: It is concluded that an appropriate stoma location, using a soft supporting bridge, stoma fixation using modified interrupted neuromuscular vertical mattress sutures, and proper appliance fixation by adhesive tapes and a tight T-shirt may overcome the complications of short-term loop colostomy in dogs and introduce a satisfaction for stoma care. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(4): 685-691, Dec 2020 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2020.g468

Objective: A clinico-epidemiological study was conducted at two veterinary hospitals in Dhaka to evaluate the prevalence of parvoviral enteritis (PVE) in dogs and feline panleukopenia (FPL) in cats, to detect factors associated with them, and to identify their common clinical signs. Materials and Methods: Clinico-epidemiological data were collected for a total of 88 dogs and 129 cats which were presented to the hospitals, entered into MS excel 2010, and then transferred to STATA-14 software for conducting descriptive and univariable statistical analyses (Fishers exact test). The maps showing the spatial distribution of PVE and FPL were produced by using QGIS software version 2.18.13. Results: PVE in dogs and FPL in cats had the highest prevalence compared to other diseases (34.1%; 95% confidence interval: 24.344.9; N = 88 and 20.2%; 95% confidence interval: 13.6 28.1; N = 129, respectively). Young age (43.8%), poor body condition (58.4%), and exotic breeds (44.2%) were significantly associated with the occurrence of PVE (p ≤ 0.05). Poor body condition (27.8%) and non-vaccination status (26.7%) were associated with FPL (p ≤ 0.05). Both PVE and FPL showed clinical signs of being off-feed, frequent vomiting, weakness, and moderate dehydration. Conclusion: The high prevalence of PVE and FPL indicates that they are common in dogs and cats in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The factors related to PVE are young age, exotic breed, and poor body condition score (BCS), and FPL are poor BCS and non-vaccination. Specific measures such as care during younger age, good nutrition, and routine vaccination are needed to prevent and control PVE and FPL in Dhakas dog and cat population. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(4.000): 726-733]

Objective: A clinico-epidemiological study was conducted at two veterinary hospitals in Dhaka to evaluate the prevalence of parvoviral enteritis (PVE) in dogs and feline panleukopenia (FPL) in cats, to detect factors associated with them, and to identify their common clinical signs.  Materials and Methods: Clinico-epidemiological data were collected for a total of 88 dogs and 129 cats which were presented to the hospitals, entered into MS excel 2010, and then transferred to STATA-14 software for conducting descriptive and univariable statistical analyses (Fisher’s exact test). The maps showing the spatial distribution of PVE and FPL were produced by using QGIS software version 2.18.13.  Results: PVE in dogs and FPL in cats had the highest prevalence compared to other diseases (34.1%; 95% confidence interval: 24.3–44.9; N = 88 and 20.2%; 95% confidence interval: 13.6– 28.1; N = 129, respectively). Young age (43.8%), poor body condition (58.4%), and exotic breeds (44.2%) were significantly associated with the occurrence of PVE (p ≤ 0.05). Poor body condition (27.8%) and non-vaccination status (26.7%) were associated with FPL (p ≤ 0.05). Both PVE and FPL showed clinical signs of being off-feed, frequent vomiting, weakness, and moderate dehydration.  Conclusion: The high prevalence of PVE and FPL indicates that they are common in dogs and cats in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The factors related to PVE are young age, exotic breed, and poor body condition score (BCS), and FPL are poor BCS and non-vaccination. Specific measures such as care during younger age, good nutrition, and routine vaccination are needed to prevent and control PVE and FPL in Dhaka’s dog and cat population.  J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(4): 726-733, Dec 2020 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2020.g474

Objective: This study was carried out to study the influence of gender, neuter status, and training method on police dog narcotics olfaction performance, behavior, and welfare. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 German Shepherds aged 13 years were used for this study. The dogs were separated into two experiments. The first experiment (32 dogs and 28 bitches) was used to study the influence of gender on olfaction and smell to narcotics in police dog perfor¬mance and training methods with behavioral problems and welfare. The second experiment (30 dogs and 30 bitches) was used to study the influence of sexual status (entire or neutered) on the smelling of narcotics in police dog performance by comparing with intact dogs and bitches. Results: We found that there were significant differences in sex in training to detect narcotics. Male German Shepherds were found to be significantly more trainable than females. Neutering causes a difference in trainability in male and female dogs. Gonadectomy had adverse effects on training. The intact male and female German Shepherds were found to be significantly more train¬able than the neutered ones, and the reward-based method was found to be significantly more trainable than punishment. Dog training methods incorporated by punishment result in pain, suf¬fering, emotional instability, symptoms of depression, aggression, unwanted barking, growling at other people, not under control all time, less trainability, increased problematic behavior, and decreased dog welfare. Conclusion: Reward-based method is associated with lower lousy behavior and dogs with good behavior, such as, attachment attention behavior, dogs under the control of handler all times, higher trainability, less problematic behavior, and increased dog welfare. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(4.000): 655-662]

Objective: This study was carried out to study the influence of gender, neuter status, and training method on police dog narcotics olfaction performance, behavior, and welfare.  Materials and Methods: A total of 120 German Shepherds aged 1–3 years were used for this study. The dogs were separated into two experiments. The first experiment (32 dogs and 28 bitches) was used to study the influence of gender on olfaction and smell to narcotics in police dog perfor­mance and training methods with behavioral problems and welfare. The second experiment (30 dogs and 30 bitches) was used to study the influence of sexual status (entire or neutered) on the smelling of narcotics in police dog performance by comparing with intact dogs and bitches.  Results: We found that there were significant differences in sex in training to detect narcotics. Male German Shepherds were found to be significantly more trainable than females. Neutering causes a difference in trainability in male and female dogs. Gonadectomy had adverse effects on training. The intact male and female German Shepherds were found to be significantly more train­able than the neutered ones, and the reward-based method was found to be significantly more trainable than punishment. Dog training methods incorporated by punishment result in pain, suf­fering, emotional instability, symptoms of depression, aggression, unwanted barking, growling at other people, not under control all time, less trainability, increased problematic behavior, and decreased dog welfare.  Conclusion: Reward-based method is associated with lower lousy behavior and dogs with good behavior, such as, attachment attention behavior, dogs under the control of handler all times, higher trainability, less problematic behavior, and increased dog welfare. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(4): 655-662, Dec 2020 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2020.g464

Objectives: The study was undertaken to investigate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from livestock in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: The GHG emission inventory of livestock in Bangladesh was estimated according to the tier 1 approach of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) using livestock population data from 2005 to 2018. It was also extrapolated for the next three decades, according to the growth of the livestock population. Results: According to the calculation, the GHG emission from livestock was 66,586 Gg/year CO2 equivalent (CO2e) in 2018. This emission may rise to 69,869, 80,618, 94,638, and 113,098 Gg/ year CO2e in 2020, 2030, 2040, and 2050, respectively. The share of enteric methane, manure methane, direct nitrous oxide emission, and indirect nitrous oxide emission in the total GHG emissions represented 44.0%, 3.6%, 51.5%, and 0.9%, respectively, in 2018. It may arise at a rate of 1.54%1.74% annually until 2050. Conclusion: The GHG inventory may guide professionals to formulate and undertake the effective mitigation measures of GHG emissions from livestock in Bangladesh. However, this inventory can be amended following the tier 2 approach recommended by the IPCC if necessary data are avail¬able at the national level. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(1.000): 133-140]

Objectives: The study was undertaken to investigate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from livestock in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: The GHG emission inventory of livestock in Bangladesh was estimated according to the tier 1 approach of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) using livestock population data from 2005 to 2018. It was also extrapolated for the next three decades, according to the growth of the livestock population. Results: According to the calculation, the GHG emission from livestock was 66,586 Gg/year CO2 equivalent (CO2e) in 2018. This emission may rise to 69,869, 80,618, 94,638, and 113,098 Gg/ year CO2e in 2020, 2030, 2040, and 2050, respectively. The share of enteric methane, manure methane, direct nitrous oxide emission, and indirect nitrous oxide emission in the total GHG emis­sions represented 44.0%, 3.6%, 51.5%, and 0.9%, respectively, in 2018. It may arise at a rate of 1.54%–1.74% annually until 2050. Conclusion: The GHG inventory may guide professionals to formulate and undertake the effective mitigation measures of GHG emissions from livestock in Bangladesh. However, this inventory can be amended following the tier 2 approach recommended by the IPCC if necessary data are avail­able at the national level. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(1): 133-140, March 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to compare between the nanoparticles of copper (Cu-NP) and copper sulfate (CuSO4) effect on immunity, pro-inflammatory cytokine, oxidant/antioxidant balance, different behavioral patterns, growth rate, and weight gain by adding them in drinking water of broilers. Materials and Methods: One hundred and fifty broiler chicks of 1-day-old were randomly divided into three groups: the first group was the control, the second group received CuSO4 in drinking water (10 mg/l), and the third group received Cu-NP in drinking water (10 mg/l) with replicates (n = 25) for 5 weeks of age. Blood samples collected for estimating immunoglobulins (A, G, and M), superoxide dismutase, pro-inflammatory (IL-6), erythrocyte sedimentation rate, heterophil/ lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, malondialdehyde (MDA), corticosterone hormone, and lymphoid organs index weight. Moreover, behavioral observations were undertaken from the 2nd week until the 5th week of age for measuring different behavioral patterns (feeding, drinking, crouching, body care, and comfort behaviors). Chicks were individually weighed weekly (gm); also, the weight gain, the intake of food, and the ratio of feed conversion were calculated. Results: Cu-NP administration has improved the blood profile, lymphoid organs index weight in Cu-NP treated broilers in relation to control and CuSO4 treated groups. Conversely, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, H/L ratio, MDA, and corticosterone hormone were reduced by Cu-NP treat¬ment. Moreover, Cu-NP has a positive effect on all behavioral patterns more than other groups which significantly reflect on the weight of the body, gaining of weight, and the intake of food in the Cu-NP treated group of birds. Conclusion: The findings in this study stated that when the drinking water of broilers was supple¬mented with Cu-NP, there might be an improvement in the immunity, behavior, and productive performance more efficiently than CuSO4. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(1.000): 16-25]

Objective: This study was conducted to compare between the nanoparticles of copper (Cu-NP) and copper sulfate (CuSO4) effect on immunity, pro-inflammatory cytokine, oxidant/antioxidant balance, different behavioral patterns, growth rate, and weight gain by adding them in drinking water of broilers. Materials and Methods: One hundred and fifty broiler chicks of 1-day-old were randomly divided into three groups: the first group was the control, the second group received CuSO4 in drinking water (10 mg/l), and the third group received Cu-NP in drinking water (10 mg/l) with replicates (n = 25) for 5 weeks of age. Blood samples collected for estimating immunoglobulins (A, G, and M), superoxide dismutase, pro-inflammatory (IL-6), erythrocyte sedimentation rate, heterophil/ lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, malondialdehyde (MDA), corticosterone hormone, and lymphoid organs index weight. Moreover, behavioral observations were undertaken from the 2nd week until the 5th week of age for measuring different behavioral patterns (feeding, drinking, crouching, body care, and comfort behaviors). Chicks were individually weighed weekly (gm); also, the weight gain, the intake of food, and the ratio of feed conversion were calculated. Results: Cu-NP administration has improved the blood profile, lymphoid organs index weight in Cu-NP treated broilers in relation to control and CuSO4 treated groups. Conversely, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, H/L ratio, MDA, and corticosterone hormone were reduced by Cu-NP treat­ment. Moreover, Cu-NP has a positive effect on all behavioral patterns more than other groups which significantly reflect on the weight of the body, gaining of weight, and the intake of food in the Cu-NP treated group of birds. Conclusion: The findings in this study stated that when the drinking water of broilers was supple­mented with Cu-NP, there might be an improvement in the immunity, behavior, and productive performance more efficiently than CuSO4. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(1): 16-25, March 2020

Objectives: The present work was conducted to investigate the nutritional profile of the highly consumed beef luncheon in Egypt. Besides, the potential health hazards associated with the con¬sumption of luncheon were highlighted. Material and methods: A total of 60 beef luncheon samples were collected from Egyptian mar¬kets. They were classified into three classes: A, B, and C based on their prices. The collected samples were examined for their chemical composition by determining moisture, protein, fat, ash, carbohydrate, and energy percentage. The contents of trace elements were also investigated. Results: The obtained findings showed a comprehensive dissimilarity in the chemical composition. According to the fresh weight base, moisture, protein, fat, ash, and carbohydrate fluctuated from 56.97 to 64.52, 3.50 to 16.10, 4.73 to 13.39, 3.30 to 3.51, and 11.32 to 27.44% w/w, respectively. The highest price class A Egyptian beef luncheon had more accepted nutritive value and dietary energy content. All the examined classes were low in calcium, potassium, zinc, and magnesium. The target hazard quotient indicated that the trace elements did not present any risks for con¬sumers except for sodium. High phosphorous content and high phosphorusprotein ratio were observed in all categories which had a harmful health effect, hence named new cholesterol. Conclusion: Based on the information, this study is the leading work that deeply investigated the chemical composition of the Egyptian luncheon classes, and the obtained data could be beneficial to update the nutritional knowledge used by dietitians and the responsible for nutrition assess¬ment and surveillance by the government. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(2.000): 299-307]

Objectives: The present work was conducted to investigate the nutritional profile of the highly consumed beef luncheon in Egypt. Besides, the potential health hazards associated with the con­sumption of luncheon were highlighted. Material and methods: A total of 60 beef luncheon samples were collected from Egyptian mar­kets. They were classified into three classes: A, B, and C based on their prices. The collected samples were examined for their chemical composition by determining moisture, protein, fat, ash, carbohydrate, and energy percentage. The contents of trace elements were also investigated. Results: The obtained findings showed a comprehensive dissimilarity in the chemical composition. According to the fresh weight base, moisture, protein, fat, ash, and carbohydrate fluctuated from 56.97 to 64.52, 3.50 to 16.10, 4.73 to 13.39, 3.30 to 3.51, and 11.32 to 27.44% w/w, respectively. The highest price class A Egyptian beef luncheon had more accepted nutritive value and dietary energy content. All the examined classes were low in calcium, potassium, zinc, and magnesium. The target hazard quotient indicated that the trace elements did not present any risks for con­sumers except for sodium. High phosphorous content and high phosphorus–protein ratio were observed in all categories which had a harmful health effect, hence named “new cholesterol.” Conclusion: Based on the information, this study is the leading work that deeply investigated the chemical composition of the Egyptian luncheon classes, and the obtained data could be beneficial to update the nutritional knowledge used by dietitians and the responsible for nutrition assess­ment and surveillance by the government. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(2): 299-307, June 2020

Objectives: Antibacterial resistance is a great concern in human and food animal medicine, and it poses a significant concern in pet animals like dogs. This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance pattern of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp. along with the carryover of some resistance genes in E. coli from dogs in the Chattogram metropolitan area, Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: Rectal swab (n = 50), nasal swab (n = 50), and skin swab (n = 50) sam¬ples were collected from dogs having respiratory infections, skin infections, and/or enteritis, respectively. Three types of bacteria were identified and isolated by conventional bacteriological techniques and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out against 12 antimicrobials by disk diffusion methods. Six resistance genes, namely blaTEM, blaCTX-M, tetA, tetB, Sul-I, and Sul-II, were screened for phenotypically resistant E. coli isolates by the polymerase chain reaction. Results: A total of 39 (78%) E. coli, 25 (50%) Staphylococcus spp., and 24 (48%) Streptococcus spp. isolates were isolated from the rectal swab, nasal swab, and skin swab samples, respectively. In the cultural sensitivity test, the E. coli isolates showed resistance to ceftriaxone (79%) and sulfa¬methoxazole/trimethoprim (64%). Doxycycline (80%) demonstrated the highest resistance among Staphylococcus isolates, followed by sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (60%). Streptococcus iso¬lates showed the highest resistance to penicillin (63%), followed by ceftriaxone (54%), while no isolate showed resistance to gentamycin. The prevalence of blaTEM, blaCTX-M, tetA, tetB, Sul-I, and Sul-II genes in phenotypically resistant E. coli isolates were 100%, 61.29%, 100%, 8.33%, 56%, and 72%, respectively. Conclusions: Spillover of such multidrug-resistant bacteria and resistance genes from pet dogs pose a serious public health risk. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(4.000): 669-677]

Objectives: Antibacterial resistance is a great concern in human and food animal medicine, and it poses a significant concern in pet animals like dogs. This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance pattern of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp. along with the carryover of some resistance genes in E. coli from dogs in the Chattogram metropolitan area, Bangladesh.  Materials and Methods: Rectal swab (n = 50), nasal swab (n = 50), and skin swab (n = 50) sam­ples were collected from dogs having respiratory infections, skin infections, and/or enteritis, respectively. Three types of bacteria were identified and isolated by conventional bacteriological techniques and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out against 12 antimicrobials by disk diffusion methods. Six resistance genes, namely blaTEM, blaCTX-M, tetA, tetB, Sul-I, and Sul-II, were screened for phenotypically resistant E. coli isolates by the polymerase chain reaction.  Results: A total of 39 (78%) E. coli, 25 (50%) Staphylococcus spp., and 24 (48%) Streptococcus spp. isolates were isolated from the rectal swab, nasal swab, and skin swab samples, respectively. In the cultural sensitivity test, the E. coli isolates showed resistance to ceftriaxone (79%) and sulfa­methoxazole/trimethoprim (64%). Doxycycline (80%) demonstrated the highest resistance among Staphylococcus isolates, followed by sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (60%). Streptococcus iso­lates showed the highest resistance to penicillin (63%), followed by ceftriaxone (54%), while no isolate showed resistance to gentamycin. The prevalence of blaTEM, blaCTX-M, tetA, tetB, Sul-I, and Sul-II genes in phenotypically resistant E. coli isolates were 100%, 61.29%, 100%, 8.33%, 56%, and 72%, respectively.Conclusions: Spillover of such multidrug-resistant bacteria and resistance genes from pet dogs pose a serious public health risk. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(4): 669-677, Dec 2020 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2020.g466

Objective: The aim of this research is to investigate the relationship level of oxytocin released and the tactile stimulation of the cervix in Holstein cattle from the northwestern arid regions in Mexico. Materials and Methods: The cervixes of 10 Holstein Friesian dairy cows in mid-lactation were manually stimulated for 60 sec. Oxytocin released in the blood was analyzed before and after stimulation. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used in the analysis to make oxytocin detectable by spectrometry techniques and by converting the luminescence absorbance of each sample into pg per mol. Results: The study revealed that tactile stimulation of the cervix increased oxytocin levels. The highest increase in oxytocin level was 10,940.8222 pg/mol, while the lowest increase in oxytocin level was 1,830.94254 pg/mol. Besides, the milk production by tactile stimulation of the cervix had a higher milk yield and a p-value of 9.4 × 10−4 (p < 0.05) in comparison to the monthly average without tactile stimulation. Conclusion: Tactile stimulation of the cervix activates the Ferguson reflex and increases the oxyto¬cin released in the blood and increases the milk released from the alveolar glands. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(4.000): 608-613]

Objective: The aim of this research is to investigate the relationship level of oxytocin released and the tactile stimulation of the cervix in Holstein cattle from the northwestern arid regions in México.  Materials and Methods: The cervixes of 10 Holstein Friesian dairy cows in mid-lactation were manually stimulated for 60 sec. Oxytocin released in the blood was analyzed before and after stimulation. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used in the analysis to make oxytocin detectable by spectrometry techniques and by converting the luminescence absorbance of each sample into pg per mol.  Results: The study revealed that tactile stimulation of the cervix increased oxytocin levels. The highest increase in oxytocin level was 10,940.8222 pg/mol, while the lowest increase in oxytocin level was 1,830.94254 pg/mol. Besides, the milk production by tactile stimulation of the cervix had a higher milk yield and a p-value of 9.4 × 10−4 (p < 0.05) in comparison to the monthly average without tactile stimulation.  Conclusion: Tactile stimulation of the cervix activates the Ferguson reflex and increases the oxyto­cin released in the blood and increases the milk released from the alveolar glands. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(4): 608-613, Dec 2020 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2020.g458

Objective: The study obtained data on the potential of local feed ingredients, both in quantity, quality, and continuity and to observe the absorption power and ability of livestock to use feed designed in vitro. Materials and Methods: The method uses a survey method of potential sources of animal feed and calculates the carrying capacity of ruminants and nutritional analysis of feed ingredients with proximate analysis. Feed formulations were made based on proximate analysis results of four formulas (P1, P2, P3, and P4) and tested in vitro. Results: First, Nganjuk district has the highest of the local food potential with the production of agricultural waste and agricultural industries, reaching 802,341.94 tons/year. Second, the most top carrying capacity analysis reached in Tulungagung district, which reached 62,534 ST/year or 43% of the total population of ruminants. Third, the results of the study of the quality of local feed ingredients indicate that each type of feed material has the right and proper nutrition given to ruminants. Fourth, the in vitro testing included showing P1 feed that had a very significant effect (p < 0.01) on dry matter digestibility and digestibility of organic matter of cows, respectively, 74.69% and 73.39%. Conclusion: The in vitro technique of making animal feed can be developed in the areas that have the potential to produce agricultural waste and agricultural industries to increase the carrying capacity of livestock. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(1.000): 92-102]

Objective: The study obtained data on the potential of local feed ingredients, both in quantity, quality, and continuity and to observe the absorption power and ability of livestock to use feed designed in vitro. Materials and Methods: The method uses a survey method of potential sources of animal feed and calculates the carrying capacity of ruminants and nutritional analysis of feed ingredients with proximate analysis. Feed formulations were made based on proximate analysis results of four formulas (P1, P2, P3, and P4) and tested in vitro. Results: First, Nganjuk district has the highest of the local food potential with the production of agricultural waste and agricultural industries, reaching 802,341.94 tons/year. Second, the most top carrying capacity analysis reached in Tulungagung district, which reached 62,534 ST/year or 43% of the total population of ruminants. Third, the results of the study of the quality of local feed ingredients indicate that each type of feed material has the right and proper nutrition given to ruminants. Fourth, the in vitro testing included showing P1 feed that had a very significant effect (p < 0.01) on dry matter digestibility and digestibility of organic matter of cows, respectively, 74.69% and 73.39%. Conclusion: The in vitro technique of making animal feed can be developed in the areas that have the potential to produce agricultural waste and agricultural industries to increase the carrying capacity of livestock. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(1): 92-102, March 2020

Objective: The objective of this work was to study the normal musculotendinous structures of the ostrich foot. Materials and methods: Ten African apparent healthy adult female ostriches (Struthio camelus) were slaughtered, and the pelvic limbs were separated from the ankle joint. The different biomed¬ical scanning techniques including radiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonography were achieved. Then, the ostrich feet were freshly dissected. Results: The radiographs and CT images showed the bony components of the ostrich foot that revealed the presence of long tarsometatarsus and phalanges of the only developed third and fourth toes. The third digit was the longest and possessed four phalanges, whereas the shorter fourth toe contained five phalanges. The ostrich foot consisted mainly of tendons in addition to several small associated muscles. The extensor structures were the extensor digitorum longus tendon, Mm. extensor proprius digiti III, and extensor brevis digiti III and IV. On the other hand, the flexor structures were the flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor perforans et perforatus digiti III, and flexor perforatus digiti III and IV tendons. Furthermore, fibularis lon-gus tendon and two muscles (Mm. abductor digiti IV and lumbricalis) were related to the flexor tendons. Conclusion: The combination between the dissecting anatomy and the different biomedical scan¬ning techniques was of value in describing the normal anatomical course of the musculotendi¬nous structures of the ostrich foot, which aids in the diagnosis of any clinical abnormalities in these structures. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(2.000): 242-252]

Objective: The objective of this work was to study the normal musculotendinousstructures of the ostrich foot. Materials and methods: Ten African apparent healthy adult female ostriches (Struthiocamelus) were slaughtered, and the pelvic limbs were separated from the ankle joint. The different biomed­ical scanning techniques including radiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonography were achieved. Then, the ostrich feet were freshly dissected. Results: The radiographs and CT images showed the bony components of the ostrich foot that revealed the presence of long tarsometatarsus and phalanges of the only developed third and fourth toes. The third digit was the longest and possessed four phalanges, whereas the shorter fourth toe contained five phalanges. The ostrich foot consisted mainly of tendons in addition to several small associated muscles. The extensor structures were the extensor digitorum longus tendon, Mm. extensor propriusdigiti III, and extensor brevis digiti III and IV. On the other hand, the flexor structures were the flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor perforansetperforatusdigiti III, and flexor perforatusdigiti III and IV tendons. Furthermore, fibularis lon­gus tendon and two muscles (Mm. abductor digiti IV and lumbricalis) were related to the flexor tendons. Conclusion: The combination between the dissecting anatomy and the different biomedical scan­ning techniques was of value in describing the normal anatomical course of the musculotendi­nous structures of the ostrich foot, which aids in the diagnosis of any clinical abnormalities in these structures. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(2): 242-252, June 2020