Objective: The objective of this study was to give detailed descriptions of the morphological and histological structures of the tongue of the Muscovy duck as it relates to their feeding habit. Materials and Methods: Ten adult Muscovy ducks weighing 24 kg were used. The ducks were slaughtered and their oral cavities were opened to detect in situ position of the tongues. Each tongue was dissected and examined grossly. Samples of various parts of the tongue were taken for routine histological examination. Results: The tongue of the Muscovy ducks was distinguished grossly as the apex, body, and root. A dorsal median sulcus, conical papillae, and lingual prominence were observed grossly. Microscopic observations showed the tongue of the Muscovy duck was covered by stratified squamous epithelium; keratinized and non-keratinized. The lamina propria of the tongue contained lingual glands, entoglossum cartilage, lymphoid nodules, as well as blood vessels and nerves. Conclusion: The morphological and histological variations of the tongue of the Muscovy duck may infer that its unique structures are related to their feeding habits. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(1.000): 74-81]

Objective: An in vivo study was carried out to evaluate the possible anti-trypanosomal activity of Leptadenia hastata crude root extract with also its associated hematological changes particularly the packed cell volume (PCV) in experimental Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection using Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty Wistar rats comprising of both males and females were categorized into six separate groups starting from A to F. Wistar placed in Group A and Group B were inoculated with T. brucei brucei and administered crude root extract of L. hastata at 100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively, as the treatment. Group C was infected with the parasite but untreated, while Group D was not infected with the parasite and was not treated. The remaining groups E and F were inoculated with the parasite using diminazene diaceturate at 3.5 and 7.0 mg/kg, respectively. The extract was administered enterally when parasitemia was detected. Standard laboratory techniques were employed to determine parasitemia and PCV after collection of blood samples every 2 days via the tail vein. Results: Infected groups (A, B, C, E, and F) showed a pre-patent period 2 days post infection (P.I) with mean parasitic counts of 3.93 ± 2.38, 2.46 ± 2.20, 0.67 ± 0.77, 4.60 ± 4.45, and 1.53 ± 1.44, respectively, which continued unabated in groups treated with the extract.The pack cell volume did not decline significantly in the in groups A and B. Acute toxicity study revealed the absence of any clinical or behavioral changes suggesting toxicity. Conclusion: There was no effect on parasitemia of Wistar rats infected with the parasite after adminis¬tration of 100 and 200 mg, respectively, using the extract as the treatment. PCV of the groups infected remained fairly constant with the control groups throughout the study with the extract being non-toxic. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(2.000): 241-246]

Objective: This study aims at investigating the productive performance, metabolic, and hematological profiles of Algerian local rabbits does during their first pregnancy and according to dietary protein content. Materials and methods: A total of 52 nulliparous rabbit does, 3,116 ± 72.9 g live weight, were allocated individually to three groups (17/18 females per group) being on isoenergetic diets [2,600 kcal Digestible Energy (DE)/kg] that differ in their digestible protein content by 15%, 17%, and 19%, respectively, for L, M, and H diets. All these diets were provided ad libitum. Results: The use of a high protein diet did not affect does weight and feed intake during the pregnancy period. Statistically, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was recorded in born or alive litter size and birth weight. There was no effect of diet and sampling time (p > 0.05) on plasma metabolites but there were significant effects of sampling time (p < 0.0001) on the metabolic parameters studied with prolificacy used as a covariate. Hematologic indices in pregnant rabbits were not affected by the diet exceeded the red blood cells rate that increased significantly (p < 0.05) with the increase in dietary protein content during the different periods of gestation. Conclusion: The use of a high protein diet has no effect on weight during the pregnancy period. No effect of diet and sampling time on plasma metabolites and hematological profiles are recorded; however, significant effects of sampling time are recorded on the metabolic parameters. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(1.000): 18-24]

Objective: This study aims at investigating the antibacterial potential of ethanolic extract of Camellia sinensis (common name: Green tea) and Azadirachta indica (common name: Neem) leaves on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC). Materials and Methods: Fresh leaves were processed and extracted by 99% ethanol and recon¬stituted with 50% ethanol before testing. Disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods were used to determine zone diameter of inhibition (ZDI) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), respectively. Nutrient agar plate was used to estimate the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Results: Maximum ZDI value was observed for green tea against MRSA (7.5 mm) and minimum for neem (4.9 mm). Moreover, the highest ZDI against STEC was also for green tea and the com¬bination of green tea and neem (4.5 mm). The MIC values of green tea extract were 15.625 and 31.25 mg/ml against MRSA and STEC, respectively, whereas the MIC of neem was 31.25 and 125 mg/ml, respectively. The combination had similar MIC (46.87 mg/ml) against both organ¬isms. Green tea showed the lowest MBC values, 31.25 and 62.5 mg/ml, against MRSA and STEC, respectively. However, MBC of neem and the combination against MRSA and STEC were found >250 mg/ml, >500 mg/ml and 93.75 mg/ml, >375 mg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: Green tea and neem leaves showed good antimicrobial effects and can be used to explore novel antimicrobial compounds against MRSA and STEC. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(2.000): 247-252]

Objective: The objective of this study was to develop a low-cost kit for the detection of subclinical mastitis (SCM) and to check its validity, reproducibility, and efficacy at the field level. Materials and Methods: A total of 550 quarter milk samples from crossbred dairy cows were collected, of which 400 milk samples were used to validate the newly developed BLRI mastitis test (BMT) kit to justify its efficacy as an individual test kit in detecting SCM based on somatic cell count (SCC) by direct microscopic count (DMC). The efficacy of the newly developed BMT was compared with the California Mastitis Test (CMT) kit. Another 150 milk samples were subjected to SCC determined by DMC and DCC (De Laval cell counter®) categorized by CMT and BMT scores. Results: A SCM test kit, namely, BMT kit was successfully developed in this study. The percentage accuracy of CMT and BMT were 76.75% and 75.75%; sensitivity 69.36% and 67.56%; specificity 85.95% and 85.85%; positive predictive value 86.03% and 85.71%; negative predictive value 69.23% and 68%, respectively. A p value of 0.001 was found for both CMT and BMT. However, CMT and BMT had no significant difference in sensitivity (p = 0.778). Average SCCs (cells/ml) determined by DCC and DMC, respectively, were mostly corresponded to the SCC ranges of both CMT and BMT scores. Conclusion: The newly developed BMT kit is an independent, cheap, farmer-friendly, first country made, and reliable SCM diagnostic test kit that can be used at field condition. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 425-430]

Objective: The study was performed to determine the level of knowledge, attitude, and prac¬tice among different professionals toward zoonotic diseases in selected coastal areas of Barguna district, Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 485 respondents were randomly selected from different upazilas (sub-districts) of Barguna district, Bangladesh. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted to collect data about awareness of zoonosis, hygienic management, zoonotic disease transmission from different species of domestic animals and consumption of their products, consciousness on management of pet animals, disease transmission from wild animals, effects of natural disaster on zoonosis, and extension works on zoonosis provided by government or private sector. Results: Based on the level of knowledge of the different respondents, meat (43.92%) is the prime way for transmission of zoonotic disease followed by egg (18.14%) and milk (13.61%). The aware¬ness regarding management of pet animals (23.71%) and zoonotic disease from wild animals (26.69%) were more or less similar. It has been observed that 33.81% respondents were conscious about natural disaster causing zoonotic infection. The respondents also mentioned that extension services about zoonotic infection provided by government or private sector was 34.22%. Among all the respondents, the awareness of zoonotic infection was high in employee of livestock depart¬ment followed by employee of health department and teachers. Conclusion: The awareness of zoonoses was high in employee of livestock department followed by the employee of health department, teachers, and other professionals. The present study observed that low educational background of professionals or non-health educated professionals is not conscious on zoonotic diseases. Further work should be taken to assess the prevention and control strategies regarding zoonosis in study area. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 284-289]

Objective: The present study was carried out to appraise the antibiotic resistance and to detect some of the target resistant genes in Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from apparently healthy broilers. Materials and Methods: Cloacal swab samples (n = 60) were collected from apparently healthy broilers (n = 60) sold at two different live bird markets (LBMs) of Chattogram, Bangladesh. Isolation and identification of the Escherichia coli was done by the following standard bacteriological techniques followed by biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli isolates was determined by the disk diffusion method. The antibiotic resistant genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers. Results: The overall prevalence of E. coli in broilers was 61.67% (n = 37/60) (95% CI = 4972.93). The antibiogram study showed that the isolates were 100% resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline followed by sulfomethoxazole-trimethoprim (94.59%, n = 35/37) and nalidixic acid (91.89%, n = 34/37). To the contrary, 56.76% (n = 21/37) isolates were sensitive to both ceftriaxone and gentamicin followed by colistin (48.65%, n = 18/37). All of E. coli isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) and carried blaTEM, tetA, and Sul2 genes. Conclusion: The presence of MDR genes in E. coli isolates in broilers could pose a serious public health threat. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 272-277]

Objective: Parasitic infestation is a major cause of losses in livestock production in tropical regions. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Gastro-intestinal (GI) parasites of dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) and fat-tailed sheep (dhumba), and the prevalence of hemoparasites in camel from Dhaka, Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 87 fecal samples (32 dhumba and 55 camel) and 55 camel blood samples were collected during SeptemberOctober 2015. Fecal samples were examined by direct smear, sedimentation method, flotation technique, and McMaster technique for GI parasite. Giemsa stained blood smears were examined under microscope for hemoparasite detection. Results: 62% camel (n = 34; 95% confidence interval (CI): 47.774.6) were infected with at least one genus of parasite. 15% camel were harboring more than one genus of parasite. The prevalence of GI parasite and hemoparasite in camel were recorded as Trichuris spp. (n = 16; 29%; 95% CI: 17.642.9), Balantidium coli (n = 12; 22%; 95% CI: 11.835.0), Trichostrongylus spp. (n = 7; 13%; 95% CI: 5.324.5), Strongyloides spp. (n = 5; 9%; 95% CI: 3.020.0), Anaplasma spp. (n = 5; 9%; 95% CI: 3.0220.0), Paragonimus spp. (n = 1; 2%; 95% CI: 0.059.7), Schistosoma spp. (n = 1; 2%; 95% CI: 0.059.7), Hymenolepis spp. (n = 1; 2%; 95% CI: 0.059.7), Moniezia spp. (n = 1; 2%; 95% CI: 0.059.7), and Babesia spp. (n = 1; 2%; 95% CI: 0.059.7). Mean EPG feces of camel was 291.76 ± 42.03 with a range of 01,400. Total 59.4% dhumba (n = 19; 95% CI: 4176) were positive for GI parasite, including Trichostrongylus spp. (n = 10; 31.3%; 95% CI: 16.150), Strongyloides spp. (n = 9; 28%; 95% CI: 13.846.8), B. coli(n = 5; 15.6%; 95% CI: 5.332.8), and Trichuris spp. (n = 4; 12.5%; 95% CI: 3.528.9). Conclusions: High percentage of parasitic infestation in camel and dhumba in the present study refers to the necessity of use of anthelmintic for health and production improvement and to prevent zoonotic parasite transmission to animal handler and workers. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(1.000): 142-147]

Objective: This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Trichomonas gallinae infection in pigeon and determination of spatial factors related with T. gallinae infection among smallholder farms at Abhaynagar and Monirampur Upazillas, Jessore District, Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study has undertaken from November 24, 2017 to February 28, 2018 on randomly selected 60 pigeons from 12 smallholder farms. Wet smear technique has been used to identify T. gallinae, from swab samples collected from oropharynx and crop of the sampled birds. Results: The overall prevalence was 60% (95% CI: 46.572.4) in which 75% (95% CI: 55.189.3), 50% (95% CI: 23.076.9), and 44.4% (95% CI: 21.569.2) were in squab, adult male, and adult female, respectively. The prevalence, in the case of dead pigeons (n = 13), 69.2% showed positive to the protozoan infection in the study. On the basis of spatial distribution, T. gallinae infection in the rural area was 64% (n = 25) followed by urban area 57.1% (n = 35) of the district. The prevalence of T. gallinae was insignificantly higher at Abhaynagar upazilla in contrast to Monirampur upazilla (30%) of Jessore district. Conclusion: This research finding suggests that a significant level of (57.4%) T. gallinae infection is circulating among the pigeon population of Bangladesh. Therefore, proper housing, feeding, and disease management should be ensured by the owner to prevent this problem. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(4.000): 549-552]

Objective: The study was carried out to detect the carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and their antimicrobial susceptibilities in village chickens sold at Maiduguri poultry markets using phenotypic characterization. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study where 120 samples comprised 50% each of Nasal and cloacal swabs, were, respectively, collected from live village chickens sold at Maiduguri poultry markets and examined for the presence MRSA based on bacterial culture, biochemical characteristics, growth on oxacillin resistant screening agar base, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Results: The study revealed an overall occurrence of 38.33% S. aureus and 32.60% MRSA, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out on MRSA positive isolates against seven antimicrobials. All the isolates (100%) exhibited resistance against cefoxitin, whereas the least antimicrobial resistance was recorded against erythromycin and streptomycin each with 26.6%, respectively. In the same way, the highest antibiotic susceptibility in this study was observed against erythromycin (60%) and least susceptibility was against vancomycin and streptomycin with 20% each. A varying intermediate antibiotic susceptibility ranging from 13.33% to 53.33% was observed. Multiple-drug resistance patterns were exhibited by MRSA isolates from this study with 73.3% of the isolates exhibiting resistance to two or more antibiotics. Conclusion: This study has shown the carriage of MRSA by village chickens which calls for serious public health concern and concludes that these birds might have acquired these pathogens from the environment or infected humans since they normally receive no less medical attention. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(2.000): 163-167]