Knowledge of the enterobacteria present in the roadside hawk can bring about an understanding of infectious diseases that can affect this bird, as well as other animals and/or humans, while also adding information of great ecological importance. Thus, the aim of the study was to determine the enterobacteria present in the cloaca of captive roadside hawks and antimicrobial susceptibility profile. Initially, cloacal samples from nine specimens were collected with the aid of swabs. Samples were placed in petri dishes with MacConkey agar, Hektoen agar, EMB agar and Salmonella-Shigella (SS) agar and incubated for 24 h at 35°C. After incubation, the microorganisms were submitted to biochemical testing to confirm the presence of enterobacteria. Thereafter, the susceptibility profile of bacteria to antimicrobial agents was evaluated by a disk diffusion test according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Escherichia coli (77.8%), Klebsiella oxytoca (11.1%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.1%) and Salmonella spp. (55.6%) were isolated from the collected samples. Among the isolates, some bacteria showed resistance to up to three antimicrobial agents. This study has brought greater insight about the enterobacteria present in the roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris), exhibiting a significant percentage of enterobacteria important to public health; also, it showed the occurrence of strains with resistance profile to antimicrobial agents.

A diaphragmatic hernia is characterized by the passage of the abdominal viscera into the thoracic cavity, which may be congenital or acquired. Its treatment is achieved by surgical correction. When there is no tissue or in cases of herniation with a chronic disease, the use biological or synthetic implants is recommended. The objective of this study was to report a technique of laparoscopic diaphragmatic hernia repair using bovine pericardium preserved in a canine, using three portal accesses. Due to the large diaphragmatic defect, reduction with the aid of a network of preserved bovine pericardium in formaldehyde 4% was chosen. The mesh was sutured to the transversus abdominus muscle in two layers. The first layer was sutured using simple continuous pattern, and the second one using simple interrupted sutures. The patient collapsed and died 24hours postoperatively. However, the purposed technique was feasible.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of two crude protein contents (CP) and two main nitrogen sources in the diet of dairy cows, using sugarcane as forage, on intake, total apparent digestibility, milk yield and composition, and nitrogen balance. Twelve Holstein cows in late lactation were assigned in three contemporary square, in a Latin Square design 4 × 4, with 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement, in 21-day trial by period, 14 for diet adaptation and the last seven for sampling and analysis. Cows were housed in individual stalls and fed a total mixed ration (TMR) "ad libitum" composed of two main nitrogen sources (cottonseed meal or whole raw soybean grain) and two levels of CP (130g or 148g/kg dry matter - DM) in the diet. In the present study, there was an interaction effect between nitrogen source and crude protein on DM intake (DMI). Cows fed whole raw soybean had higher DMI when the CP content of the diet was 130 g CP/kg DM, while cows fed cottonseed meal had higher DMI when the CP content of the diet was 148 g CP/kg DM. A similar result of DMI was observed for organic matter intake, whereas there was no interaction effect between dietary nitrogen source and crude protein content on intake of other nutrients. Total apparent digestibility of NDF and TDN was higher when soybean was used as the main diet nitrogen source; whereas the digestibility of dietary CP was not changed by the nitrogen sources. Although there were changes in the DMI and the apparent digestibility coefficient, in the current study, there was no effect of dietary crude protein content and nitrogen source on milk yield. In conclusion, the use of low dietetic concentrations of crude protein (130 g/Kg of DM) does not change the lactating performance of dairy cows and may reduce diet cost, while the choice between whole raw soybean grain or cottonseed meal as a protein ingredient may depends only on the availability and/or price, as both ingredients result in similar performance.

Toxoplasmosis and neosporosis are diseases that may affect production animals and cause significant economic losses. Given the importance of this fact, risk factors and occurrence of antibodies anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum were determined for 81 sheep in seven farms of the Guarapuava region, state of Paraná, Brazil. Indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) showed antibody frequency of 40.74% for T. gondii and 3.70% for N. caninum. The risk factors evaluated were: for T. gondii, direct contact of sheep with cats and for N. caninum, with dogs; abortion in the herd; and access of other animal species to the same water tank used by the sheep. CI (95%), Odds Ratio, and p value were determined by Fisher Exact Test. No statistical difference was observed between the occurrence of antibodies and risk factors associated with the presence of antibodies against both parasites. It may be stated that the protozoa T. gondii and N. caninum are found in the sheep herds of this region.

Some Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) can pose numerous adverse effects on biota. Marine turtles face numerous threats, in particular those related to anthropogenic activities. Therefore, development and improvement methodologies for monitoring chemical compounds are a relevant task. In this work, we developed a methodology based on the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) extraction for detection of twelve OCPs, by gas chromatography with electron capture detector, in fat and liver samples of green sea turtles. Quantification limits were lower than 5.3 ng g-1; acceptable recovery rates for most compounds; medium matrix effect; matrix-calibration with linearity at the range from 1.0 to 200 ng g-1. This methodology provides contributions for the study of pesticide residues with adverse effects on sea turtle health, important skills for new directions in conservation issues.

Enumeration of nematode eggs in fecal samples using the McMaster technique and morphological identification of third stage larvae from fecal cultures have been extensively used with satisfactory results in the diagnosis of the gastrointestinal nematode infections in ruminants. In order to improve sensitivity and accuracy, other approaches for quantification of eggs have been employed, like the FLOTAC and Mini-FLOTAC techniques. Results obtained in different studies indicate that fecal egg counts are a reliable measure of the size of the worm burden. However, the immunological status of the animals should be taken into consideration to interpret the results of the fecal examination. Molecular techniques have also been useful in the diagnosis of parasitic diseases. The ultimate in diagnosis has been the development of robotic platforms that enable separation of eggs from feces. Because manipulation is minimal, good quality DNA from eggs is obtained, which is used for amplification, and finally, produces a result indicating the degree of the infection by the different parasite species in mix infections. The ideal method should be reliable, friendly to non-experts and quick to perform. With the advance in robotics, bioinformatics and molecular biology, methods with such characteristics are expected to become available and affordable to be used in laboratories for the routine diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematodes of ruminants.

One of contribution for Indonesian state from Agriculture sector is livestock animals. This livestock animals in Indonesia is divided to large and small ruminant, poultry, and other commercial animals. All these animals can be infected by some agriculture fungi which causes mycosis. The disease cause economic loss by morbidity and mortality. In chicken (poultry), aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus sp can be very important among mycotic diseases. In ruminant ringworm (dermatofitosis) caused by dermatofit fungi which infected skin, and mastitis caused by fungi in Dairy cattle causes decrease milk production. Histoplasmosis caused by fungi such as Histoplasma farciminosum is called Selakarang, infect horse. This paper discribes these mycotic diseases and control and to give more information of fungal disease caused by some agriculture fungi.

Dengue viruses and their mosquito vectors as an endemic disease in Indonesia are sensitive to their environment. The rising incidence of dengue is influenced by many factors, climate is one of them. Temperature, rainfall and humidity have well-defined roles in the transmission cycle. Changes in these conditions may contribute to increasing incidence. The purpose of this research was to determine the correlation between the dengue vector abundance and some climatic factors (temperature, rainfall and humidity) in Banda Aceh city after the tsunami. We also examined the potential effects of climate variations on dengue epidemiological pattern in indoor and outdoor of tsunami affected areas in Banda Aceh City during January – December 2010. Data processing was performed using SPSS and will be presented in tabular form. Pearson correlation test for parametric test and Spearman correlation coefficients for non-parametric test were performed to investigate the overall correlation between Aedes eggs abundance rates and some meteorological variables such as temperatures (0C), relative humidity (RH), and rainfall (RR). The result showed that the total egg populations in indoor and outdoor of tsunami affected areas are not significantly different among those factors. There was a positive correlation between eggs abundance and rainfall, but negatively correlated with temperature and relative humidity. From this result we can conclude that the abundance of Aedes eggs is not significantly correlated to temperature and humidity in indoor and outdoor of tsunami affected areas in Banda Aceh City.

There were few previsions to strongly expand the growth of scuba diving activity, and nowadays training standards are enforced for safety and also for respecting the natural space where dive tourism takes place. Based on literature review, environmental impacts were noted in terms of providing positive aspects, mainly represented by economic benefits and employment opportunities. The negative side was revealed by wildlife impacts whereby animals change their behavior due harassment or contact with nature-based users, with authors reporting their concerns and measuring the consequences and long-term learning impacts. The over-usage of the reefs can result in physical devastation and chemical contamination. Land development in support of scuba diving can also cause negative impacts and affect the surrounding infrastructure, with alternating living patterns and by creating economic differences among the local society. When dive techniques are mastered, scuba diving itself does not represent a threat to the environment, neither to marine animals, but bad dive practices, poor buoyancy control associated to the lack of awareness can contribute to damage the benthic zone. Divers physical impact on the reef can benefit some species looking for opportunity to feed or compete for space, although, it destroys the habitat and lifting up sediment affect negatively coral structures by inducing stress and reducing the average amount of light.

The present study was done to determine the cytotoxic potential of n-hexane extract of Calotropis gigantea L. leaves and its fractions. Here, dried leaves of C. gigantea L. were macerated using n-hexane to obtain crude extract of 21.16 g (1.03%). The components of n-hexane extract of C. gigantea L. leaves were separated with vacuum-liquid chromatography resulted 4 fractions which are A (0.5 g), B (0.9g), C (5.29 g), and D (6.25 g). Phytochemical screening indicated that the extract contained various secondary metabolic compounds such as steroids, terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, coumarins, and phenolics. Cytotoxic potenital of the crude extract of C. gigantea L. and its fractions was examined using brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT). The LC50 values of C. gigantea’s n-hexane extract and its fractions that determined by Finney method were 272.27 (n-hexane extract), 31.62 (fraction A), 43.65 (fraction B), 33.89 (fraction C) and 20.98 (fraction D) ?g/mL, respectively. The most active was D fraction contained terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolics which were assumed contribute to its cytotoxic potential. These results suggested that n-fraction of C. gigantea might possess antitumor or pesticidal activities..