Objective: This study was designed to determine the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) at the municipal abattoir and cattle herds in peri-urban nomadic settlements of Bauchi state of Northeastern Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 2440 cattle slaughtered at the municipal abattoir from June to September were examined for lesions characteristic of bTB and eighty-six (n=86) cows selected from two cattle herds located at temporary nomadic settlements in Bauchi metropolis were also screened for bTB using purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin skin test. During the study period, total of 2,440 cattle were slaughtered comprising majority of females (n=1656) and males (n=784) as well as of different breeds including majority of White Fulani (n=1864) followed by Red Bororo (n=508) and Sokoto Gudali (n=68). Results: The results revealed that out of the 2,440 slaughtered cattle inspected for tuberculous-like lesions, 51 had lesions suspected to be lesions characteristic of tuberculosis, while 48 were positive for Ziehl-Neelsen. Prevalence rate of 1.96% based on microscopic examination and 2.0% based on suspected gross lesion were recorded. The prevalence was 0.77% for males, 1.2% females, 1.84% for adults, 0.12% for calves and 1.8% for white Fulani (Bunaji), 0.12% for Red Bororo (Rahaji) and 0.04% for Sokoto Gudali (Bokoloji). In addition, screening of 86 cows showed that 8.1% were positive for tuberculosis using tuberculin test. Conclusion: The outcome of this study showed that bTB is still endemic in Bauchi state and this can pose a significant public health challenge. Thus, it is recommended that the government should intensify the test-and-slaughter policy as well as put in place an effective monitoring and surveillance control programs for bTB to mitigate the risks posed to public health by this zoonotic disease in the study area. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(1.000): 53-59]

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence, geographical distribution, and main risk factors for peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in the Republic of Chad. Materials and methods: A total of 3,546 sera collected from unvaccinated small ruminants including 1,699 goats and 1,847 sheep in 19 of the 23 regions in Chad were randomly sampled. The competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technics were used for serological analysis. Results: The overall seroprevalence at the individual level was 52.9%±1.6% (48.9% for goats and 56.2% for sheep). Seroprevalence observed in the Chari Baguirmi, Ouaddaï, and NDjamena regions was significantly higher than those in the other regions. Transhumant herds are the most exposed than the sedentary ones. Older animals were more affected than the young ones. Kababich sheep are the most affected than other breeds. Conclusion: This study has shown that the PPR virus is circulating in the Republic of Chad. In view of the results obtained, the disease is enzootic in the country. Epidemiological information obtained including seroprevalence rate, risk factors (sex, breed, age, and mode of rearing), and geographical distribution will help to define an appropriate strategy for PPR control in the Republic of Chad. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(4.000): 420-425]

Objective: The aim of this work was to describe the prevalence of Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) infection in young dogs of clinical cases presented at the National School of Veterinary Medicine clinic coming from four different governorates of Tunisia, according to epidemiological parameters: sex, breed, age, period, and vaccination status. Materials and methods: 168 domestic juvenile dogs aged between one and seven months were selected based on their pattern of consultation (diarrhea or anorexia with or without vomiting). Data were collected from the database during the period going from September 2012 to July 2013. Results: The overall prevalence of CPV-2 was 32.14% (n=54/168). A total number of 54 young dogs, aging 1 to 7 months, of American Staffordshire terrier, German shepherd, Rottweiler and Spaniel breeds were affected. There was no sex predisposition and German shepherd was the over-represented breed (n=33/54; 61.11%). The prevalence of clinical cases below the three months old was 70.37% (n=38/54) with autumn (n=27/54; 50%) as the most common season of infection. Furthermore, the study showed that 87.04% (n=47/54) of CPV-2 unvaccinated young dogs were positive. Conclusion: This work was a new descriptive study concerning canine parvovirus infection in the Grand Tunis; further studies are required to better characterize the epidemiology of CPV-2 infection in Tunisia. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(1.000): 93-97]

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the effects of anesthetic drugs on heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) in dogs. Materials and Methods: Twelve healthy client-owned dogs of various breeds, including five females and seven males were used for elective surgery in this study. The dogs were pre-medicated with four protocols; (1) alfaxalone [at 3 mg/kg body weight (bwt)], (2) zolazepam + tiletamine (Zoletil) (at 5 mg/kg bwt), (3) diazepam (at 0.3 mg/kg bwt) + ketamine (at 5 mg/kg bwt), and (4) diazepam (at 0.3 mg/kg bwt) + propofol (at 5 mg/kg bwt). The HR and HRV of 12 dogs were recorded 20 min before and after the administration of the anesthetic drugs. Doppler was used to obtain systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures. Results: After anesthetic drug administration, the dogs pre-medicated and inducted with alfaxalone had the lowest HR values as compared with those of other protocols. The HRV low frequency and high frequency power ratio decreased in the dogs pre-medicated and intubated with alfaxalone. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that alfaxalone preserves the cardiovascular function; and hence, is considered as safe to use for the surgical applicability in dogs. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(4.000): 485-489]

Objective: The present study was carried out for the isolation, identification and antibiogram study of Salmonella spp. from apparently healthy Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) at three different quail farms in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Materials and methods: A total of 75 cloacal swab samples were randomly collected from apparently healthy Japanese quails from three different farms at Mymensingh, Bangladesh. The samples were subjected to a series of cultural and biochemical examination for the isolation of Salmonella followed by molecular detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Motility of the Salmonella was performed by motility test and amplification of speF gene. The antibiogram profile of the isolates was also evaluated against commonly used antimicrobials by disc diffusion method. Results: The overall prevalence of Salmonella spp. in quails was found to be 13.33%(n=10/75). Out of the 10 isolates, seven were found to be motile. Farmwise, the prevalence of Salmonella spp. were 10%(n=3/30), 24%(n=6/25) and 5%(n=1/20) at the quail farms of Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Shikarikanda and Akua, respectively. The antibiogram study revealed that all the isolates were resistant to both Erythromycin and Tetracycline. On the other hand, 100% isolates were sensitive to both Ciprofloxacin and Imipenem. Ninety percent isolates of Salmonella were resistant to Colistin sulphate. Neomycin was found to be sensitive to 80% Salmonella isolates. All the Salmonella isolates were found to be multidrug resistant (MDR). Conclusion: The presence of MDR Salmonella spp. in quails signifies public health importance of the organisms, which may be associated with food-borne illness. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(1.000): 60-66]

Objective: This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of garlic (Allium sativum) with its immunomodulatory activity, on the susceptibility of broilers to infectious bursal disease, being an immunosuppressive disease. Materials and methods: Day-old broilers (102) were separated into 6 groups A-F of 17 each. Groups A, B and C had 0.125% of garlic-meal in feed. At 8 and 18 days of age groups A, C, D and F were administered IBD vaccine and groups B, C, D and E were infected with 1LD50 IBD virus (10-3.4 in 0.08ml PBS) via conjuctival instillation at 4 week-old. Clinical signs, mortality and gross pathological lesions were scored. Histopathological lesions in bursae of Fabricius were recorded. Virus antibody titre in serum was assayed at 1 day-old, 4 and 6 weeks-old using quantitative agar gel immunodiffusion test. Data generated was analysed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA and Duncans multiple comparison tests (P [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(3.000): 275-281]

Objective: The scope of anesthesiology is extended immensely. The aim of this study was to know the farmers understanding and scope of veterinary anesthesiology. Materials and method: A total of 155 data were collected from different Upazilla Livestock Office and Veterinary Hospitals during the period from July to December 2017 through interview with a pretested questionnaire. Farmers age, sex, educational status and occupation were considered during interview. Results: We found that 27.74% farmer had the experienced of their animals surgery whereas only 20% knew that anesthesia is given before surgery which is significantly (p [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(3.000): 369-373]

Objective: The study was intended to design the new specific primer targeting on mitochondrial D-Loop gene (D-Loop 443 primer) combined with a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the analysis of wild boar meat (WBM) in food products of meatball. Materials and methods: The primer was designed and subjected to primer-basic local alignment search tool using National Center for Biotechnology Information software. Validation of real-time PCR using designed primer was performed by evaluation of several performance characteristics which included specificity, sensitivity, repeatability, linearity, and efficiency. Results: The results showed that the D-loop primer could be attached at 60.7°C and no amplification was detected against other species confirming the specificity of the primers. The limits of detection were found to be 4.68 ng and 2.34 ng using DNA extracted from WBM and that extracted from wild boar in meatball product. The D-Loop 443 primer was successfully used for the analysis of commercial meatball samples. Conclusion: The developed method can be proposed as a standard method for the identification of WBM in meatball to support halal products authentication. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(3.000): 361-368]

Objective: Sarcocystis spp. are common parasites and in terms of economics and pathogenicity in domestic animals is important. The purpose of this work was to define the rate of contamination of slaughtered carcasses of cattle to Sarcocystis using digestive and histopathological methods in southeast Iran. Material and Methods: In this descriptive laboratory study for 1 year, 500 carcasses were examined and isolated bradyzoites of Sarcocystis with the digest method. Also, tissue samples from the esophagus and diaphragm were considered for pathologic studies and stained with hematoxylin and eosin of sections of histopathological. Results: The results showed that the highest contaminations were in imported male animals aged 23 years old in the spring. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the prevalence rate with the sex and race of cattle but no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the prevalence rate with age and season. Conclusion: Infection with Sarcocystis is common in oxen in this region. The imported cattle are more infected. It seems that racing and the environmental condition affect the prevalence of Sarcocystosis. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(4.000): 381-387]

Objective: This current study was subjected to investigate the influence of two-stage fermentation by Chrysonilia crassa and Bacillus subtilis on nutritional values and antioxidative properties of agro-industrial by-products. Materials and methods: Two-stage fermentation with Ch. crassa (inoculated in advance; single-step fermentation) and B. subtilis (inoculated later; two-step fermentation) was conducted on agro-industrial by-products, i.e., banana peel meals, cassava pulp, and rice bran. The pH measurement, microbial enumeration, proximate, and antioxidant analyses were conducted following 4- and 2-days aerobic incubation with Ch. crassa and B. subtilis, respectively. Results: The pH of banana peels and cassava pulp increased with Ch. crassa-fermentation, but then decreased following B. subtilis-fermentation. Chrysonilia crassa-fermentation did not change, but B. subtilis-fermentation decreased pH of rice bran. The number of lactic acid bacteria was higher in two-stage than in single-stage fermented by-products. Crude protein and fat were higher in fermented than in unfermented banana peels. Crude protein was higher in single- and two-stage fermented, while fat higher in single-stage fermented than in unfermented cassava pulp. Crude fat and ash contents increased with fermentation in rice bran. Single-stage fermentation increased some of amino acids contents in banana peels and cassava pulp. The concentration of polyphenols, tannins, and antioxidant potential of banana peels reduced with fermentation. Total polyphenols and tannins were higher, whereas antioxidant activity was lower in fermented than in unfermented cassava pulp. Total polyphenols, tannins, and antioxidant activity were lower in two-stage than in single-stage fermented and unfermented rice bran. Conclusion: Single-stage fermentation with Ch. crassa improved nutritional characteristics of agro-industrial by-products. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(4.000): 472-480]