Foram analisados 39 casos (42 lesões) de melanocitoma e 19 casos (19 lesões) de melanoma cutâneos caninos. Os melanocitomas acometeram tanto animais jovens como idosos, sem predisposição sexual. Neste estudo, os cães mais acometidos foram os da raça Schnauzer e Doberman, seguidos por aqueles sem raça definida. A maioria das lesões apresentou-se solitária e localizada na região palpebral, interdigital e torácica. Geralmente, as lesões eram papulares, alopécicas, não aderidas, enegrecidas, com consistência firme e diâmetro médio de 1,2 cm. Recidivas e metástases não foram observadas, confirmando o bom prognóstico associado aos melanocitomas. Os melanomas acometeram animais mais idosos, sem predisposição sexual. Os cães mais acometidos foram os sem raça definida, seguida por aqueles das raças Rottweiler, Pinscher, Cocker Spaniel e Airedale. As lesões apresentaram-se solitárias e localizadas freqüentemente no lábio e na pálpebra. A maioria dos tumores apresentou-se ulcerado, nodular, com consistência firme e diâmetro médio de 2,5 cm. Algumas lesões apresentaram recidivas. Metástases não puderam ser comprovadas. Dos casos com seguimento clínico conhecido, alguns foram curados pelo procedimento cirúrgico, entretanto, a maioria evoluiu para óbito, confirmando o prognóstico ruim associado ao melanoma. | Thirty nine cases (42 lesions) of melanocytoma and nineteen cases (19 lesions) of canine cutaneous melanoma were analyzed. The melanocytomas affected the young animals as well as the old ones, without a sexual predisposition. The most affected dogs were the ones of the Schnauzer and Doberman breed, being followed by those without a defined breed. Most lesions appeared solitarily and located in the eyelid, interdigital and thorax regions. In general, the lesions were papuled, no haired, non adhering, black colored, with a firm consistency and a mean diameter of 1,2 cm. Recurrence and metastases were not seen. Such fact confirms the good prognostic associated to melanocytomas. The melanomas affected the older animals, without a sexual predisposition. The most affected dogs were the ones without a defined breed, being followed by those of the Rottweiler, Pinscher, Cocker Spaniel and Airedale breeds. The lesions appeared solitarily and located on the lips and eyelid. Most tumors were ulcerated and nodular, with a firm consistency, with a mean diameter of 2,5cm. Some lesions presented recurrence. Metastases could not be proven. Among the cases with a known clinical segment, some were cured through a surgical procedure, however, the majority died, probably related to a neoplastic disease, confirming the bad prognostic related to melanoma.

As principais doenças que acometem bezerros e acarretam maiores gastos com medicação e perdas por mortalidade, são diarréia, tristeza parasitária e pneumonia. Em geral, estas enfermidades estão relacionadas ao manejo inadequado e precárias condições de higiene alimentar e ambiental. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido visando verificar a freqüência de diarréia em bezerros mestiços submetidos a diferentes condições de manejo. O levantamento foi efetuado de agosto de 1998 a julho de 1999, envolvendo 1974 bezerros em 20 Unidades de Produção de Leite C, localizadas no Vale do Rio Preto, entre Valença (RJ), Rio das Flores (RJ) e Rio Preto (MG). A freqüência de casos de diarréia em relação a diferentes aspectos de manejo evidenciou menor ocorrência de diarréia entre os bezerros que permaneceram com a mãe após o parto por pelo menos 24 horas, nas unidades de produção que utilizaram o sistema de aleitamento natural e naquelas propriedades em que os bezerros receberam alimentação suplementar na forma de volumoso picado e concentrado fornecidos no cocho. Em geral, estas propriedades apresentaram em relação às demais, menos vacas em lactação, menor produção de leite e mão de obra do tipo familiar, que podem ter resultado em maior controle das medidas de higiene além de mais atenção e cuidados por parte dos criadores. | The main diseases affecting calves, and consequently, representing economic losses with treatment and mortality losses are diarrhea, tick borne diseases and pneumonia. In general, these diseases are related to poor environmental conditions and food hygiene, plus inadequate management. The present work aimed at estimate the frequency of diarrhea in dairy milk calves submitted to different breeding conditions. Twenty dairy milk type C farms, located at the cities of Valença, Rio das Flores (RJ) and Rio Preto (MG), were visited from August of 1998 to July of 1999 and 1974 calves were examined. Statistical analysis of diarrhea frequency showed that the lowest occurrence of diarrhea was achieved in the following situations: to let the calves stayed with their mothers after born for at least 24 hours after delivery, use of natural milk feeding and also, to allow the calves to receive supplemental feeding. In general, these farms presented lower cows in lactation, lower milk production and familiar management, which contribute to higher levels of care.

Avaliou-se a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de 75 isolados de Streptococcus suis frente a oito antimicrobianos freqüentemente utilizados no controle da infecção por esse microrganismo. A CIM foi realizada em placas previamente preparadas com ágar sangue, contendo concentrações variando de 0,25 a 256 µg/ml dos seguintes antimicrobianos: amoxicilina, ampicilina, penicilina, ceftiofur sódico, florfenicol, lincomicina, penicilina, sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim e tetraciclina. A amoxicilina nas concentrações de 1 e 2 µg/ml, o florfenicol a 1 µg/ml e o sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim nas concentrações de 2 e 8 µg/ml, foram os antimicrobianos frente aos quais os microrganismos apresentaram menor resistência. Em contraste, a ampicilina, tetraciclina, ceftiofur sódico e lincomicina, foram menos efetivos, apresentando CIM de (64 e 128 µg/ml), (64 e 128 µg/ml), (128 e 256 µg/ml) e (>;256 µg/ml), respectivamente. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que a amoxicilina e o florfenicol são os antibióticos de escolha para o tratamento de infecções pelo S. suis em suínos. | The minimun inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined toward amoxicilin, ampicilin, penicillin, ceftiofur, florfenicol, lincomycin, trimethoprim-sulfadiazine and tetracycline for 75 strains of Streptococcus suis. The MIC was performed on sheep blood agar plates containing concentrations varying from 0,25 to 256 µg/ml of the antibiotic described above. The amoxicilin in the concentrations of 1 and 2 µg/ml, florfenicol in the concentration of 1 µg/ml and trimethoprim-sulfadiazine in the concentrations of 2 e 8 µg/ml, were the antibiotics that presented minor resistance. In contrast, the ampicilin, tetracycline, ceftiofur and lincomycin, presented MIC of 64 and 128 µg/ml, 64 and 128 µg/ml, 128 and 256 µg/ml and >;256 µg/ml, respectively. The results of this study show that the amoxicilin and florfenicol are the antibiotics of choice for the treatment of diseases by S. suis in swine.

Foram avaliados os efeitos do tempo sobre o metabolismo oxidativo e a fagocitose de Escherichia coli, em amostras de polimorfonucleares (PMN) do sangue, de cinco bezerros hígidos, conservadas em banho de gelo por duas (t2), quatro (t4), seis (t6), 12 (t12) e 24 (t24) horas. O metabolismo oxidativo foi avaliado utilizando o Diacetato 2' 7' Diclorofluoresceína (DCFH-DA) e a E. coli, como estímulo. Para a fagocitose a mesma bactéria foi utilizada. As amostras foram analisadas por citometria de fluxo. O metabolismo oxidativo basal dos PMN do sangue de bezerros foi maior nos tempos t4, t6 e t12, do que em t2 (p<0,05). A intensidade de fluorescência do metabolismo oxidativo induzido pela bactéria foi maior nos tempos t4 e t6 do que em t2 (p<0,05). A comparação entre o metabolismo basal e induzido pela bactéria, em cada um dos tempos, mostrou que a maior diferença ocorreu em t2, com valores da média geométrica e desvios padrão respectivos de 18,3 ± 4,4 e 26,7 ± 1,8 (p< 0,05). A atividade de fagocitose, medida pela intensidade de fluorescência, foi maior para as amostras mantidas em gelo por 6 horas do que para t2, t4 e t12 (p<0,05). O percentual de fagocitose não diferiu entre os tempos. O tempo ideal para análise do metabolismo oxidativo foi o de duas horas. Maiores estudos são necessários para se verificar a influência do tempo de conservação na fagocitose de E. coli por PMN do sangue de bovinos. | The time effect on oxidative burst and phagocytosis of Escherichia coli by polymorphonuclear leukocytes of 5 healthy calve blood samples were evaluated. Samples were kept on ice bath for two (t2), four (t4), six (t6), twelve (t12) and 24 hours (t24) before the tests. The oxidative burst was measured using the 2',7'-dichlorfluorescein-diacetate (DCFH-DA) and E.coli as stimulus, also the same bacteria was used to phagocytosis process. The PMN basal oxidative burst of calves blood samples were analyzed by flow cytometry and were higher at times t4, t6 and t12 (p<0,05) than at t2. The oxidative burst fluorescence intensity induced by bacteria was higher at the times t4 and t6 than at t2 (p<0,05). The comparison between the basal oxidative burst and the one induced by bacteria on each time, showed t2 time as the one with the highest difference, with geometric media and standard deviation of 18,3 ± 4,4 and 26,7 ± 1,8 (p< 0,05), respectively. Phagocytosis activity was measured by fluorescence intensity and was higher on samples kept on ice bath for 6 hours than those at t2, t4 and t12 (p<0,05). The phagocytosis percentage did not differ between the different times. The ideal time to test the oxidative burst was 2 hours (t2). Further researches are necessary to verify the conservation time influence on E.coli phagocytosis by PMN of bovine blood.

In four Kenyan pig breeding units the pregnancy diagnosis of sows has been carried out in two groups: Group 1 (n = 1911): the sows were transrectaly pregnancy tested between Days 17–22 post-mating by ultrasound. Sows testing non-pregnant immediately received one dose of 400 IU pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) (equine chorion gonadotropin, eCG) and 200 IU human chorion gonadotropin (hCG). On showing signs of oestrous, the animals were subsequently artificially inseminated (AI). Group 2 (n = 1923): sows were pregnancy tested by serum progesterone (P4)-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on Day 17 post-breeding. P4 concentrations were categorized as positive ( 5 ng/ml) or negative ( 5 ng/ml). Sows testing non-pregnant immediately received one dose of 400 IU PMSG and 200 IU hCG by injection, and were subsequently artificially inseminated. The following parameters were evaluated: sows diagnosed non-pregnant, days from first post-weaning insemination until the sows were inseminated at their first return to oestrus; farrowing rate and total piglets born and number of live-born piglets in litters.The percentage of sows diagnosed non-pregnant in the two groups, as well as the totals of born piglets and of live-born piglets in litters did not differ significantly between the two groups. The number of days from the first post-weaning mating until the sows were artificially inseminated at their first return to oestrus and the administration of eCG and hCG was shorter (P 0.01) and farrowing rate was higher (P 0.01) in the ELISA-tested sows.

Lactose in normal saline was administered intravenously to a group of Zebu cattle infected with Trypanosoma vivax to determine the bloodplasma kinetics at onset of an experimental infection and its ability to protect tissues against damage as part of preliminary studies to determine its suitability for use in the treatment of trypanosomosis. Significant (P 0.01) higher lactose concentrations were observed in the T. vivax-intecled bulls at 30 min and 1h (P 0.05) post-infectio (p.i.) and by 4 h p.i. the plasma lactose remained above the level prior to infusion, after which it fell slightly below the preinfusion level in the uninfected group. Calculated pharmacokinetic parameters revealed delayed excretion of lactose in the T. vivax-intected group soon after infection. The total body clearance (C/B )was significantly (P 0.05) reduced. The biological half-life (t1/2), elimination rate constant (kel) and apparent volume of distribution (Vd) were relatively decreased (P 0.05) as a result of the T. vivax infection. Retention of lactose in the plasma was attributed to decreased plasma clearance l.t is suggested that the presence of trypanosomes in circulation rather than organic lesions could have been responsible for the delay observed in the excretion of lactose.At 12 weeks p.i., when the experiment was terminated, the group infected and given lactose infusion (despiteh igherp arasitaemia) had no gross or histopathological lesions in the brain, spleen, lymphnodes, heart, kidneys, liver and testes. However, the group infected but not infused with lactose were emaciated, had pale mucosae, watery blood, general muscular atrophy, serous atrophy of coronary fat and other adiposet issue, hepatomegalys, plenomegalys, wollen and oedematous lymph nodes, all of which are suggestive of trypanosomosis. Histopathological lesions included arrowing of Bowman's space and hypercellularity of glomerular tufts in the kidneys with the mean glomerula truft nucleairn dices (GTNs) in the group significantly higher (P 0.01)than the mean GTNs of the lactoseinfused and control bulls. Degenerative changes occurred in the myocardium, spleen, testes and epididymides. The tesicular and epididymal lesions are indicative of male reproductive dysfunction.

This work reports the first molecular analysis study of chicken anaemia virus (CAV) in backyard chickens in Africa using molecular cloning and sequence analysis to characterize CAV strains obtained from commercial chickens and Nigerian backyard chickens. Partial VP1 gene sequences were determined for three CAVs from commercial chickens and for six CAV variants present in samples from a backyard chicken. Multiple alignment analysis revealed that the 6 % and 4 % nucleotide diversity obtained respectively for the commercial and backyard chicken strains translated to only 2 % amino acid diversity for each breed. Overall, the amino acid composition of Nigerian CAVs was found to be highly conserved. Since the partial VP1 gene sequence of two backyard chicken cloned CAV strains (NGR/Cl-8 and NGR/Cl-9) were almost identical and evolutionarily closely related to the commercial chicken strains NGR-1, and NGR-4 and NGR-5, respectively, we concluded that CAV infections had crossed the farm boundary.

The ability of intravenously administered lactose in normal saline to prevent a decline in packed cell volume (PCV) during experimental trypanosomosis was studied in Zebu cattle. During the lactose infusion period, the PCV was stable up to Day 5 post-infection (p.i.) in a lactose-infused group, compared to that in an uninfused group in which the PCV dropped significantly (P 0.05) as shown by the values of cumulative percentage change. Furthermore the mean rate of change in PCV was significantly (P 0.05) higher in the uninfused group relative to the lactose-infused group during the same period. While the PCV fell markedly in the lactose-infused group a day after lactose infusion was stopped (Day 13 p.i.), subsequent PCV values were significantly (P 0.05) higher compared to those in the uninfused group, up to the end of experiment on Day 17 p.i. However the mean rates of change in PCV did not vary significantly (P 0.05) between the groups during the period in which lactose infusion was stopped. The mean levels of parasitaemic waves and parasitaemia were higher, more prolonged and more frequent in the lactose-infused group. It was inferred that the lactose was able to prevent an early onset of anaemia in the Trypanosoma vivax-infected Zebu cattle.

The present study investigated the distribution of nerves in the ovary of the emu. The neuronal markers, protein gene product 9.5, neurofilament protein and neuron specific enolase demonstrated the constituents of the extrinsic and intrinsic ovarian neural systems. The extrinsic neural system was composed of ganglia in the ovarian stalk, as well as nerve bundles, which were distributed throughout the ovary. Isolated neuronal cell bodies, in the medulla and cortex, formed the intrinsic neural system. An interesting finding of the study was the presence of nerve bundles, circumscribed by lymphocytes, in the ovarian stalk. The findings of the study indicate that the distribution of nerve fibres and neuronal cell bodies in the emu ovary is similar, but not identical to that of the domestic fowl and ostrich.

Serum samples from 237 randomized rabbits from the five ecological zones of Nigeria, i.e. Northwest (NW), Northeast (NE), Southeast (SE), Southwest (SW) and Northcentral (NC), were evaluated for the presence of antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi by the indirect immunofluorescent antibodies test. A titre of 10 or more was taken as positive. Thirty-nine (16.5 %) of the 237 samples were positive with 11, 10, 8, 6 and 4 seropositive rabbits occurring in the NW, NE, SE, SW and NC zones of Nigeria, respectively. Age, sex, live mass and access to grass as a feed supplement were not statistically (P 0.05) associated with seropositivity, but cage type (single-versus multi-rabbit type), contact with free-range rats and previous illness were strongly (P 0.05) associated with it. The practice of selling unscreened and untreated 5 to 10-week-old weaners to prospective buyers as foundation stock, use of multi-rabbit communal cages, occasional release of rabbits in runs and contact with free-range house rats should be discouraged. Regular prophylactic and curative treatments, occasional serological screening to remove carriers, and the practice of a high level of hygiene in rabbit colonies are effective control measures.