Objective: Antibiotic resistance is a worldwide health challenge. Close interaction with dogs carrying antibiotic-resistant zoonotic agents poses a risk to human health. The present study aimed to characterize antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolated from dogs in Southern Benin. Materials and methods: A total of 336 swabs (112 buccal, 112 nasal, and 112 rectal) from 112 dogs living in the communes of Abomey-Calavi and Cotonou were analyzed for E. coli and S. aureus presence. Bacterial isolates were tested for antibiotic (penicillins, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, sulfonamides, and macrolides) susceptibility using the disc diffusion method, and antibiotic-resistant strains were characterized by the polymerase chain reaction method. Results: A 41.07% and 20.53% of dogs harbored E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. Escherichia coli and S. aureus isolates showed resistance to penicillin (100% and 81.48%), tetracycline (44.64% and 59.26%), and other antimicrobials tested. Escherichia coli isolates harbored resistance genes blaTEM (63.46%), tetA (62.50%), and strA-strB (55.56%). tetK (100%), tetM (100%), and blaZ (82.61%) were present in S. aureus isolates. Escherichia coli strains harbored virulence genes fimH (61.54%), kpsMTII (26.92%), fyuA (19.23%), and eae (1.92%), whereas 20.83% of S. aureus strains harbored pvl and fnbA. Conclusion: The results of the current study reveal the urgent need for stricter controls on antibiotic use. Implementing guidelines, responsible prescribing, and increasing public awareness are crucial steps to address this problem. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 396–419, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l907

Objective: Antibiotic resistance is a worldwide health challenge. Close interaction with dogs carrying antibiotic-resistant zoonotic agents poses a risk to human health. The present study aimed to characterize antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolated from dogs in Southern Benin. Materials and methods: A total of 336 swabs (112 buccal, 112 nasal, and 112 rectal) from 112 dogs living in the communes of Abomey-Calavi and Cotonou were analyzed for E. coli and S. aureus presence. Bacterial isolates were tested for antibiotic (penicillins, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, sulfonamides, and macrolides) susceptibility using the disc diffusion method, and antibiotic-resistant strains were characterized by the polymerase chain reaction method. Results: A 41.07% and 20.53% of dogs harbored E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. Escherichia coli and S. aureus isolates showed resistance to penicillin (100% and 81.48%), tetracycline (44.64% and 59.26%), and other antimicrobials tested. Escherichia coli isolates harbored resistance genes blaTEM (63.46%), tetA (62.50%), and strA-strB (55.56%). tetK (100%), tetM (100%), and blaZ (82.61%) were present in S. aureus isolates. Escherichia coli strains harbored virulence genes fimH (61.54%), kpsMTII (26.92%), fyuA (19.23%), and eae (1.92%), whereas 20.83% of S. aureus strains harbored pvl and fnbA. Conclusion: The results of the current study reveal the urgent need for stricter controls on antibiotic use. Implementing guidelines, responsible prescribing, and increasing public awareness are crucial steps to address this problem. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 396-419]

Objective: Our study is conducted to identify serotypes, antibiotic resistance, heavy metal resistance, and virulent genes in Escherichia coli isolated from goats raised in small-scale farms in some provinces of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Material and Methods: A total of 203 E. coli isolates from goat feces were examined by PCR for serotypes (O8, O9, O25, O26, O45, O103, O146, O157, and O159), eight antibiotic-resistance genes, four heavy-metal-resistance genes, and four pathogenic genes. Results: By PCR, 20.20% of E. coli isolates belonging to serotypes O8 (6.40%), O45 (13.30%), and O159 (0.49%) were identified. Antibiotic-resistance genes were recorded at high rates in E. coli isolates, especially genes blaampC (98.52%), tetA (50.74%), sulII (34.48%), qnrA (20.69%), and aadA1 (20.69%). Moreover, 55.67% of these E. coli isolates harbored multiple antibiotic-resistance genes. Among heavy-metal-resistance genes, the gene czcD encoding for resistance to cobalt, zinc, and cadmium was the most prevalent (59.11%). In addition, the most frequent virulent gene was stx1 (15.27%), followed by gene stx2 (6.90%), eae, and hlyA (1.48%). Conclusion: These results revealed that goats were a natural reservoir of pathogenic E. coli serotypes, which could cause severe diseases in animals and humans. Moreover, these E. coli isolates showed a high ability to resist diverse antibiotics. Thus, managing the prevalence of pathogenic E. coli is essential for protecting public health in the Mekong Delta. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 420–426, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l908

Objective: Our study is conducted to identify serotypes, antibiotic resistance, heavy metal resistance, and virulent genes in Escherichia coli isolated from goats raised in small-scale farms in some provinces of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Material and Methods: A total of 203 E. coli isolates from goat feces were examined by PCR for serotypes (O8, O9, O25, O26, O45, O103, O146, O157, and O159), eight antibiotic-resistance genes, four heavy-metal-resistance genes, and four pathogenic genes. Results: By PCR, 20.20% of E. coli isolates belonging to serotypes O8 (6.40%), O45 (13.30%), and O159 (0.49%) were identified. Antibiotic-resistance genes were recorded at high rates in E. coli isolates, especially genes blaampC (98.52%), tetA (50.74%), sulII (34.48%), qnrA (20.69%), and aadA1 (20.69%). Moreover, 55.67% of these E. coli isolates harbored multiple antibiotic-resistance genes. Among heavy-metal-resistance genes, the gene czcD encoding for resistance to cobalt, zinc, and cadmium was the most prevalent (59.11%). In addition, the most frequent virulent gene was stx1 (15.27%), followed by gene stx2 (6.90%), eae, and hlyA (1.48%). Conclusion: These results revealed that goats were a natural reservoir of pathogenic E. coli serotypes, which could cause severe diseases in animals and humans. Moreover, these E. coli isolates showed a high ability to resist diverse antibiotics. Thus, managing the prevalence of pathogenic E. coli is essential for protecting public health in the Mekong Delta. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 420-426]

Objectives: The current study sought to ascertain the mRNA expression and establish the complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences of pigeon brain’s glutamate receptor 2B of N-methyl-D-aspartate (GluN2B) type. Material and Methods: Adult pigeons (Columba livia; n = 8, sharing an equal number of males and females) were used. After proper anesthesia, the brain was exposed, and small pieces of cerebellum, optic tectum, thalamus, and telencephalon were collected quickly; total ribonucleic acid (RNA) was isolated, and cDNA was synthesized for PCR amplification. The ABI Prism 3100 Genetic Analyzer was used to analyze the sequences of the corresponding cDNA fragments. Results: In RT-PCR, the findings unequivocally demonstrated that the pigeon brain’s cerebellum, optic tectum, thalamus, and telencephalon all expressed the mRNA for GluN2B. The cDNA sequence of pigeon GluN2B was obtained from PCR-amplified products and included 51 base pairs(bp) of the 5’ untranslated region (UTR), a 4,512-bp open reading frame, and 13 bps of the 3’ UTR. Pigeon GluN2B’s cDNA sequencing displayed 85% identity for human GluN2B and 95% identity for chicken. The amino acid sequences encoded by the pigeon GluN2B gene shared between 85% and 97% similarity with those of humans, rats, and mice. Molecular phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor-joining method showed that pigeon GluN2B is closely related to the GluN2B proteins of these other species. Conclusion: The findings suggest that certain neurons in the pigeon brain GluN2B mRNA. They also indicate the presence of various glutamatergic networks and connections within the avian brain. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 427–432, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l909

Objectives: The current study sought to ascertain the mRNA expression and establish the complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences of pigeon brain's glutamate receptor 2B of N-methyl-D-aspartate (GluN2B) type. Material and Methods: Adult pigeons (Columba livia; n = 8, sharing an equal number of males and females) were used. After proper anesthesia, the brain was exposed, and small pieces of cerebellum, optic tectum, thalamus, and telencephalon were collected quickly; total ribonucleic acid (RNA) was isolated, and cDNA was synthesized for PCR amplification. The ABI Prism 3100 Genetic Analyzer was used to analyze the sequences of the corresponding cDNA fragments. Results: In RT-PCR, the findings unequivocally demonstrated that the pigeon brain's cerebellum, optic tectum, thalamus, and telencephalon all expressed the mRNA for GluN2B. The cDNA sequence of pigeon GluN2B was obtained from PCR-amplified products and included 51 base pairs (bp) of the 5' untranslated region (UTR), a 4,512-bp open reading frame, and 13 bps of the 3' UTR. Pigeon GluN2B's cDNA sequencing displayed 85% identity for human GluN2B and 95% identity for chicken. The amino acid sequences encoded by the pigeon GluN2B gene shared between 85% and 97% similarity with those of humans, rats, and mice. Molecular phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor-joining method showed that pigeon GluN2B is closely related to the GluN2B proteins of these other species. Conclusion: The findings suggest that certain neurons in the pigeon brain produce GluN2B mRNA. They also indicate the presence of various glutamatergic networks and connections within the avian brain. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 427-432]

Objectives: This study aimed to identify, categorize, and compare gastrointestinal foreign bodies in dogs, with a particular focus on those causing obstruction. The study also sought to distinguish between foreign body occurrences in the esophagus and the stomach, including the types of materials such as bones, plastic bags, fruit seeds, stones, and wires. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 261 dogs (151 males and 110 females) with foreign bodies lodged in the esophagus (n = 111) or stomach (n = 150). The sample consisted of 188 small dogs (24 kg). Results: The study’s findings indicate a higher prevalence of gastric foreign bodies (57.47%) compared to esophageal foreign bodies (42.53%). Small breeds dominated esophageal cases (92.79%), with only a small percentage being medium breeds (7.21%). In contrast, gastric cases included a high number of small breeds (56.67%), as well as significant percentages of medium (22.00%) and large breeds (21.33%). Small-breed dogs were more likely to have foreign bodies in the esophagus, while larger dogs (medium and large breeds) were more likely to have them in the stomach (p < 0.001). Distinct material patterns emerged between the esophagus and stomach. Notably, the esophagus showed a higher incidence of bones (61.26%) and dried dog snacks (23.42%) compared to the stomach (2.67% and 0.00%, respectively). Conversely, the stomach exhibited a higher incidence of fabrics (20.00% vs. 1.80%), plant materials (18.67% vs. 4.50%), metallic objects (18.00% vs. 8.11%), rocks (12.67% vs. 0.9%), rubber materials (10.67% vs. 0.00%), plastic materials (6.67% vs. 0.00%), and hairballs (2.67% vs. 0.00%), respectively. A temporal analysis revealed that within the esophagus, 28.83% of cases underwent foreign body removal within 24 h, 56.76% within 2–7 days, and 14.41% after more than 7 days. For foreign bodies within the stomach, removal occurred in 23.33% of cases within 24 h, 30.00% within 2 to 7 days, 22.00% after more than 7 days, and 24.67% at an unknown timing. A total of 111 cases involved foreign bodies lodged in the esophagus, and 150 cases involved items stuck in the stomach. Endoscopic methods were primarily employed to remove foreign bodies, with surgical intervention required for 4 (3.60%) esophageal and 8 (5.30%) gastric cases, including noncrushable bones and resistant items such as rubber ducks. In dogs with complete follow-up, surgical removal of esophageal foreign bodies had a higher mortality rate (3/4, 75.00%) compared with endoscopic removal (3/56, 5.36%) (p < 0.002), while no mortality was observed in dogs with gastric foreign bodies undergoing surgical or endoscopic removal (p = 0.149). Conclusion: Esophageal foreign bodies were primarily composed of bones and dried dog snacks, while gastric foreign bodies more often contained fabrics, plant materials, and metallic objects. These composition differences highlight the need for site-specific management strategies. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 601–609, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l924

Objectives: This study aimed to identify, categorize, and compare gastrointestinal foreign bodies in dogs, with a particular focus on those causing obstruction. The study also sought to distinguish between foreign body occurrences in the esophagus and the stomach, including the types of materials such as bones, plastic bags, fruit seeds, stones, and wires. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 261 dogs (151 males and 110 females) with foreign bodies lodged in the esophagus (n = 111) or stomach (n = 150). The sample consisted of 188 small dogs (24 kg). Results: The study‘s findings indicate a higher prevalence of gastric foreign bodies (57.47%) compared to esophageal foreign bodies (42.53%). Small breeds dominated esophageal cases (92.79%), with only a small percentage being medium breeds (7.21%). In contrast, gastric cases included a high number of small breeds (56.67%), as well as significant percentages of medium (22.00%) and large breeds (21.33%). Small-breed dogs were more likely to have foreign bodies in the esophagus, while larger dogs (medium and large breeds) were more likely to have them in the stomach (p < 0.001). Distinct material patterns emerged between the esophagus and stomach. Notably, the esophagus showed a higher incidence of bones (61.26%) and dried dog snacks (23.42%) compared to the stomach (2.67% and 0.00%, respectively). Conversely, the stomach exhibited a higher incidence of fabrics (20.00% vs. 1.80%), plant materials (18.67% vs. 4.50%), metallic objects (18.00% vs. 8.11%), rocks (12.67% vs. 0.9%), rubber materials (10.67% vs. 0.00%), plastic materials (6.67% vs. 0.00%), and hairballs (2.67% vs. 0.00%), respectively. A temporal analysis revealed that within the esophagus, 28.83% of cases underwent foreign body removal within 24 h, 56.76% within 2–7 days, and 14.41% after more than 7 days. For foreign bodies within the stomach, removal occurred in 23.33% of cases within 24 h, 30.00% within 2 to 7 days, 22.00% after more than 7 days, and 24.67% at an unknown timing. A total of 111 cases involved foreign bodies lodged in the esophagus, and 150 cases involved items stuck in the stomach. Endoscopic methods were primarily employed to remove foreign bodies, with surgical intervention required for 4 (3.60%) esophageal and 8 (5.30%) gastric cases, including noncrushable bones and resistant items such as rubber ducks. In dogs with complete follow-up, surgical removal of esophageal foreign bodies had a higher mortality rate (3/4, 75.00%) compared with endoscopic removal (3/56, 5.36%) (p < 0.002), while no mortality was observed in dogs with gastric foreign bodies undergoing surgical or endoscopic removal (p = 0.149). Conclusion: Esophageal foreign bodies were primarily composed of bones and dried dog snacks, while gastric foreign bodies more often contained fabrics, plant materials, and metallic objects. These composition differences highlight the need for site-specific management strategies. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 601-609]

Objective: This research investigated the antibacterial properties of coated silver nanoparticles (CAgNPs) and non-coated silver nanoparticles (NCAgNPs) against bacterial pathogens relevant to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), using both in vitro and in vivo methods. Materials and Methods: The antibacterial activity of CAgNPs and NCAgNPs was evaluated in vitro against seven bacterial pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, and Aeromonas sobria. For the in vivo assessment, 200 Nile tilapia were divided into five treatment groups. The control treatment group was fed a standard diet, but the four treatment groups were fed the standard diet mixed with either 100 or 200 mg/kg of CAgNPs or NCAgNPs, respectively, and the growth indices, antioxidant parameters, immune functions, and intestinal microbiota were assessed. When the experiment was finished, 20 fish of every group were infected with A. hydrophila. Results: In vitro assays demonstrated significant antibacterial activity of both CAgNPs and NCAgNPs at 200 µg/ml (p < 0.05) against every bacterial strain that was studied, with moderate activity observed at 100 µg/ml. CAgNPs exhibited larger inhibition zones (30.0 ± 0.58 mm to 36.33 ± 0.88 mm) compared to NCAgNPs, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 150 µg/ ml. Dietary supplementation with 200 mg/kg CAgNPs improved growth performance, enhanced immune parameters, reduced oxidative stress, and decreased intestinal bacterial load in Nile tilapia. Furthermore, dietary supplementation with 100 mg/kg CAgNPs was more efficient than 100 mg/kg NCAgNPs in reducing intestinal bacterial colonization in fish. Conclusion: These findings indicate the possibility of CAgNPs as an efficient antimicrobial factor in aquaculture. CAgNPs may offer a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics by improving tilapia health and antioxidant status, enhancing immune function, and increasing disease resistance. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 647–660, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l928

Objective: This research investigated the antibacterial properties of coated silver nanoparticles (CAgNPs) and non-coated silver nanoparticles (NCAgNPs) against bacterial pathogens relevant to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), using both in vitro and in vivo methods. Materials and Methods: The antibacterial activity of CAgNPs and NCAgNPs was evaluated in vitro against seven bacterial pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, and Aeromonas sobria. For the in vivo assessment, 200 Nile tilapia were divided into five treatment groups. The control treatment group was fed a standard diet, but the four treatment groups were fed the standard diet mixed with either 100 or 200 mg/kg of CAgNPs or NCAgNPs, respectively, and the growth indices, antioxidant parameters, immune functions, and intestinal microbiota were assessed. When the experiment was finished, 20 fish of every group were infected with A. hydrophila. Results: In vitro assays demonstrated significant antibacterial activity of both CAgNPs and NCAgNPs at 200 µg/ml (p < 0.05) against every bacterial strain that was studied, with moderate activity observed at 100 µg/ml. CAgNPs exhibited larger inhibition zones (30.0 ± 0.58 mm to 36.33 ± 0.88 mm) compared to NCAgNPs, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 150 µg/ml. Dietary supplementation with 200 mg/kg CAgNPs improved growth performance, enhanced immune parameters, reduced oxidative stress, and decreased intestinal bacterial load in Nile tilapia. Furthermore, dietary supplementation with 100 mg/kg CAgNPs was more efficient than 100 mg/kg NCAgNPs in reducing intestinal bacterial colonization in fish. Conclusion: These findings indicate the possibility of CAgNPs as an efficient antimicrobial factor in aquaculture. CAgNPs may offer a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics by improving tilapia health and antioxidant status, enhancing immune function, and increasing disease resistance. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 647-660]

Objective: This study aimed to assess the impact of different rearing site zones with varying temperature–humidity index (THI) on the metabolic regulation of lactating local dairy cows. Materials and Methods: Forty local dairy cows were used in this study, consisting of 20 in rearing sites with THI 66–70 (Pangalengan) and 78–82 (Sumedang), at 950 and 550 m above sea level, respectively. Basal rations were given every morning and evening, consisting of forage and concentrate. Temperature and humidity were recorded daily to determine the average daily THI. Blood samples in both groups of experimental animals were collected according to standard procedures every month during the 4 months of the experiment. Blood analysis followed procedures based on protocols from KIT Randox (UK), using a spectrophotometer. Results: Lipid activity and regulation appeared higher (p < 0.05) in the group of lactating dairy cows kept at THI comfort zone 66–70 than at THI slight stress zone (78–82). Similarly, blood lipid levels were better (p < 0.05) in the cows in the comfort zone (66–70). Conclusion: The study’s results on the impact of the rearing zone of lactating local dairy cows appeared to affect the modulation of lipids in the body. Lipogenesis regulation and metabolism showed higher activity in the group of dairy cows reared in the comfort zone (THI = 66–70) compared to the group of dairy cows reared in the discomfort zone. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 661–667, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l929

Objective: This study aimed to assess the impact of different rearing site zones with varying temperature– humidity index (THI) on the metabolic regulation of lactating local dairy cows. Materials and Methods: Forty local dairy cows were used in this study, consisting of 20 in rearing sites with THI 66–70 (Pangalengan) and 78–82 (Sumedang), at 950 and 550 m above sea level, respectively. Basal rations were given every morning and evening, consisting of forage and concentrate. Temperature and humidity were recorded daily to determine the average daily THI. Blood samples in both groups of experimental animals were collected according to standard procedures every month during the 4 months of the experiment. Blood analysis followed procedures based on protocols from KIT Randox (UK), using a spectrophotometer. Results: Lipid activity and regulation appeared higher (p < 0.05) in the group of lactating dairy cows kept at THI comfort zone 66–70 than at THI slight stress zone (78–82). Similarly, blood lipid levels were better (p < 0.05) in the cows in the comfort zone (66–70). Conclusion: The study's results on the impact of the rearing zone of lactating local dairy cows appeared to affect the modulation of lipids in the body. Lipogenesis regulation and metabolism showed higher activity in the group of dairy cows reared in the comfort zone (THI = 66–70) compared to the group of dairy cows reared in the discomfort zone. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 661-667]