Fish and fish products are highly nutritional food that spoiled rapidly. Moreover consumer needs for natural preservatives instead of synthetic ones have increased. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the natural preservation effects of sage (Salvia officinalis) and garlic (Allium sativum) essential oils on the shelf life, sensory attributes, chemical quality, and bacteriological quality of chilled fish balls (Kofta). It was found that shelf life and sensory attributes of those group treated with garlic 2%, sage 2%, and mixtures (garlic: sage) has increased till the 15th day of chilled storage compared to control group (untreated) that rejected on the 6th day of storage. Examined EOs showed marked antioxidant efficacy that delayed chemical deterioration of tilapia fish kofta. Moreover, antibacterial impacts of EOS were detected by reducing total bacterial counts, Psychrotrophic count, Pseudomonas count, Aeromonas count, and Staphylococcus count. It was concluded to that using EOs especially garlic and/or sage is a promising solution to overcome risk of chemical preservatives.

Fourteen kilograms of minced meat were divided into 4 groups (about 3.5 Kg for each group). All samples were examined to study the effect of the addition of 1% fruit peel extracts (banana, orange, and pomegranate) on the extension of the shelf life of such food article. Reduction of APC after 6 days in samples treated with banana, orange, and pomegranate peel reached 83.9 %, 91.6 %, and 95.4%, respectively and reduction of articles coliform reached 75.8%, 90.3 %, and 93% while S. aureus count reduced by 77.5%, 89%, and 96.5 %, respectively. Fruit peels decreased pH values compared with the control sample during storage at 4˚C for 10 days. pH values of samples treated with banana peel decreased from 5.63 to 5.61 at zero time and from 6.71 to 5.84 on the 6th day and orange peel decreased to 5.58 and to 5.70 while pomegranate to 5.56 and to 5.67 at zero time and at 6th day of storage, respectively. TVB-N values of samples treated with banana decreased from 1.97 to 1.89 at zero time and from 29.58 to 9.83 on the 6th day and orange peel decreased to 1.84 and to 7.90 while pomegranate to 1.81 and to 6.88 at zero time and at 6th day. TBA values of samples treated with banana peel decreased from 1.22 to 0.25 on the 6th day but orange peel decreased to 0.02 and to 0.19 and with pomegranate to 0.02 and to 0.14 at zero time and on the 6th day of storage, respectively. In general, the incorporation of banana, orange, and pomegranate peel powder into minced meat as natural preservatives improved color, odor, appearance, consistency, and overall acceptability and extended their shelf life during storage.

Tissue protozoa play a significant role as a cause of economic losses in reproductive and productive aspects in camels beside the zoonotic importance.  A Cross-sectional study was designed to estimate the seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in dromedary camels in Matrouh and Aswan border governorates of Egypt. One hundred and eighty-two serum samples from apparently healthy dromedary camels and tested serologically for neosporosis and toxoplasmosis. The prevalence of possible related risk factors was investigated from December 2020 to November 2021. The serological testing of 182 camel serum samples revealed a prevalence (15.93%, 29/182) for Neospora caninum, (58.24%, 106/182) for Toxoplasma gondii and (9.34%, 17/182) for both infections together. The total seroprevalence rate was (64.84%, 118/182). Camels in Matrouh governorate were at high risk (p < 0.05) of infection with tissue protozoa 3.74 times more than camels in Aswan governorate. Maghrabi camels were found more significant (p < 0.05) prevalent for T.  gondii infection (62/78, 79.49%) by 5.28 times than Sudani camels, Otherwise, in Sudi camels, N. caninum is almost 2.70 times Maghrabi camels. The results showed that age and sex were mostly significant for N. caninum and T. gondii. This study found that, camels are a possible source of infection for the studied tissue protozoa, some of which are significant for public health. More research are needed to describe their true situation and epidemiology in dromedary camels.

Adenoviruses are commonly found in chickens, and can be isolated from both sick and apparently healthy birds. Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) is an acute disease primarily caused by (Fowl adeno virus) FAdV strains from groups D and E, including FAdV-8a serotype. Acknowledged for its immunosuppressive effects, we undertook an investigation into the early infection dynamics of IBH and its consequential impact on a fundamental vaccine widely employed in the poultry industry. Our study precisely examined the interplay between early IBH infection and the efficacy of a specific (Infectious bronchitis) IB vaccine. In this study, a total of 150 broiler chicks were divided into five groups, each consistedof 30 chicks. Group I received one dose of the IB variant vaccine, Group II and III received two doses (the first at 1-day-old and the second at 14-day-old), Group IV (control +ve) and Group V (control -ve). Groups I, II and IV were infected with IBH at 7-day-old. The evaluation encompassed diverse parameters, including clinical manifestations, mortality rates, and histopathological assessments of the liver, trachea, and kidney. Additionally, viral shedding of the IB vaccinal strain was examined. Our findings focus the detrimental impact of early IBH infection on avian organs and IB vaccinal strain shedding. Pronounced necrotic changes were observed in the tissues, coupled with an elevated viral shedding of the variant strain. These results collectively imply an augmented risk of potential outbreaks, emphasizing the need for a nuanced approach in managing IBH in the context of vaccination strategies.

Inherited disorders are one of the reasons of infertility and economic losses for the equine industry. The detection rate of chromosomal abnormalities is rising due to the use of sex chromosome linked molecular markers. Here, a rare sterile five-year-old Arabian mare with XY male chromosomes is presented. The phenotype was corresponded to female with normal external genitalia. By transrectal ultrasound, there were hypoplastic ovaries and aplasia of uterine horns. Chromosome analysis was accomplished on blood samples using conventional, and G-banding techniques and confirmed by PCR and hormonal analysis. Although the karyotype (2n = 64, XY) revealed a typical male arrangement, it was SRY gene negative and amelogenin gene positive for X and Y chromosome. Hormonal analysis showed slight estrogenic activity of the ovary, but low progesterone and anti-mullerian hormones levels. In conclusion, this case of sex reversal mare (SRY-negative 64, XY) was recorded using cytogenetic, genetic, and hormonal analysis. Cytogenetics and molecular screening could be used as a fast approach for reproductive disorders evaluation in equine to save money, effort, and time of breeders.

Chemicals known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be found in foods that have been grilled or barbecued, especially meats. One hundred and twenty samples of meat products represented by roasted kofta, roasted meat, charcoal grilled kofta and charcoal grilled meat (20 of each) were collected randomly from different markets at Kalyobia governorate, Egypt. The collected samples were examined for determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Natural oils as lauryl oil, garlic oil and lemon oil with concentration (0.5%-1% 1.5%) were used to reduce fat pyrolysis by minimizing the amount of meat drips. The recorded results revealed that mean values of PAH4 was 10.35±0.89, PAH8 was 14.53±1.17 and PAHs was 16.49±1.33, respectively in untreated samples of charcoal grilled meat. Meanwhile PAH4 residual concentrations in samples treated with lauryl oil of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% were 13.7±0.6, 10.3±0.4 and 7.2±0.3, and with reduction percentages of 26.4, 44.5 and 61.2 %, respectively. Samples treated with garlic oil of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% showed PAH4 residual concentrations ere 12.1±0.5, 8.9±0.4, 5.5±0.2, with reduction percentages of 34.9, 52.2 and 70.0%, respectively. However, samples treated with lemon oil in concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% revealed that PAH4 levels were10.3±0.5,6.8±0.4 and 3.9±0.2, with reduction percentages of 45.7, 65.6 and 79.1%, respectively. It could be concluded that charcoal-grilled meat treated with natural oils decreased the levels of PAH4 in the examined samples. As PAH4 raises the risk of caner.

Black soldier fly (BSF) larva meal has the potential to become an alternative source of protein for broiler rations due to its high protein content. This study aimed to evaluate broiler chicken performance, carcass characteristics, viscera organs, and economic aspects when substituting poultry concentrate protein with different levels of BSF larva meal. A total of 200 Cobb broiler chicks were randomly put into four treatments and five replications, with ten birds per replicate then reared for 35 days. The treatment diets given in the finisher period consisted of R0 (a commercial finisher diet), R1 (R0+0% BSF larva meal), R2 (R0+7.5% BSF larva meal), and R3 (R0+15% BSF larva meal). The result showed that the treatment diet had a significant effect (P<0.05) on BW, ADG, and FI during the finisher period, while FCR did not have a significant effect (P>0.05). No significant differences in carcass characteristics and income over feed cost were observed among treatments. However, the inclusion of BSF larva meal (7.5% and 15%) significantly increased (P<0.05) gizzard weight compared to the R0 treatment. The use of 15% BSF larva meal in the finisher diet is a viable alternative protein source for broiler chickens, positively impacting gizzard percentage while maintaining comparable carcass characteristics and feed conversion efficiency. Additionally, it offers cost-saving potential compared to non-BSF diets.

Antimicrobial drug resistance is considered an urgent major global public health threat facing humanity. With the rise in the prevalence and severity of both fatal and crippling illnesses, this crisis will have a catastrophic effect on human society. It doesn’t only affect public health but also causes serious problems in the dairy industry. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and detection of Escherichia coli that produces extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis cases. Escherichia coli was detected in 26 out of the 100 subclinical mastitis cases. The antibiotic sensitivity revealed that 10 from 26 isolated Escherichia coli were multidrug resistant. The isolates were most frequently resistant to amoxicillin (AMX) at 53.85 %, ampicillin (AMP) at 46.1%, cefotaxime (CTX) at 42.3% followed by amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC) at 38.5 %. All the 26 Escherichia coli isolates were tested for Extended Spectrum b-lactamase by using the disc diffusion method, and the same 10 multidrug- resistant isolates were positive for Extended Spectrum b-Lactamases. All ten multidrug resistance and Extended Spectrum b-Lactamases Escherichia coli isolates were identified genetically by the PhoA gene and were found harboured b-Lactamases antibiotic resistance genes blaTEM 100%, blaCTXM 90%, blaSHV 80%, and ampC 80% respectively. The obtained results showed that phenotypic detection of 10 multidrug resistance and Extended Spectrum b-Lactamases isolates were agreed with genotypic molecular detection of b-Lactamases antibiotic resistance genes.

Bile acid (BA) is a feed additive that can increase fat digestibility in poultry. The objectives of this meta-analysis were to assess the effectiveness of supplementation with bile acid on growth performance, carcass trait, fat digestibility, and blood lipid profile of broiler by meta-analysis evidence. Peer-reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in English were found using databases such as PubMed, and Scopus. The meta-analysis required information on moderators (inclusion level, and treatment duration), a sufficient description of randomization, performance data, and associated measures of variance such as standard deviation (SD) or standard error (SE). All analyses were carried out using the Open Meta-analyst for Ecology and Evolution (OpenMEE) program. Data from the 10 studies included in the meta-analysis were pooled and presented as standardized mean differences (SMDs) at a 95% confidence interval (CI) using a random-effects model. Results indicate that dietary BA supplementation decreases FCR (SMD = –0.50, 95% CI: –0.76 to -0.23, p<0.001), and tends to decrease abdominal fat (SMD = SMD = -0.39; 95% CI =  -0.78 to 0.01; p=0.055). Contrastingly, BA supplementation increases fat digestibility (SMD = 1.67; 95% CI 0.73 to 0.26; p<0.001) and dressing carcass (0.44; 95% CI -0.08 to 0.8; p=0.016) compared with the controls The meta-analysis explains that bile acid is an ingredient that could be used as a feed additive in broiler.

Different concentrations of artemisia extract were experimentally tested to treat Lernaea and Argulus infestations in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fish with different methods. A total number of 210 carps (50 ± 10 g) were collected from private farms at Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt, and divided into 7-groups in triplicate: G1 negative-control (apparently healthy carps), G2 positive-control (infested carps with Lernaea and Argulus), G3: infested carps treated with dipping in a NaCl solution (5g /L for 5 min. for 3 consecutive days), G4-G5: infested carps treated with dipping in a solution of artemisia extract with concentration 50% and 60% respectively, for 5 minutes, then fishes were accommodated at a recovery tank and inspected for 10 min., G6-G7: infested carps were placed in aquarium supplied with artemisia extract (3 mg/ L and 6mg/L respectively, for 15 consecutive days). The results revealed that artemisia extract had a noticeable positive effect on survival, recovery of infested carps and the parasitic elimination% which increased proportionally with increasing the concentration of the extract, whereas the best results were obtained at G5. Also, there were an improvement in serum biochemical parameters (increased total protein, albumin and globulin with reduced AST, ALT, creatinine and urea), which were proportionally improved with increasing both concentration and the duration of exposure to the extract, (especially at G7). Gross and histopathological examination and alterations of skin, gills, liver and intestine also revealed a noticeable improvement to the normal in the groups treated with artemisia extract in comparison with G2 especially G6 and G7. Consequently, application of artemisia extract is a safe and optimal method for treatment of Argulus and Lernaea parasitism in cultured carp.