Elephant Training Center (ETC) Way Kambas National Park (WKNP) was built to support human-elephant mitigation conflict. The small population of captive sumatran elephant in ETC WKNP need a comprehensive strategy in order to maintain the genetic variation of each individual and avoid inbreeding drive. Currently, genetic studies have opened new field studies in ecology, included conservation ecology. Patterns in variation of population has been investigated by molecular method supporting species conservation effort. The captive sumatran elephant’s ID Card is a necessary in database building, which included morphology, health status, and genetic profile. Genetic profile in each ID Card was filled by cytogenetic and molecular profile for RADP result, that initiated with DNA isolation. The DNA sources collected by blood sampling protocol described by Asiyah et al. (2016) from captive sumatran elephant in ETC, WKNP, and be carried to laboratory in cold condition. The DNA sources stored at 4oC and isolated following commercial protocol. The result of DNA isolation stored at -20oC until amplification analysis. DNA isolation was successfully done, for further individual genetic ID building.

Elephant Training Center (ETC) Way Kambas National Park (WKNP) was built to support human-elephantmitigation conflict. The small population of captive sumatran elephant in ETC WKNP need a comprehensivestrategy in order to maintain the genetic variation of each individual and avoid inbreeding drive. Currently, geneticstudies have opened new field studies in ecology, included conservation ecology. Patterns in variation of populationhas been investigated by molecular method supporting species conservation effort. The captive sumatran elephantsID Card is a necessary in database building, which included morphology, health status, and genetic profile. Geneticprofile in each ID Card was filled by cytogenetic and molecular profile for RADP result, that initiated with DNAisolation. The DNA sources collected by blood sampling protocol described by Asiyah et al. (2016) from captivesumatran elephant in ETC, WKNP, and be carried to laboratory in cold condition. The DNA sources stored at 4oCand isolated following commercial protocol. The result of DNA isolation stored at -20oC until amplificationanalysis. DNA isolation was successfully done, for further individual genetic ID building.

Although urban spaces are increasingly recognised as viable habitats for wildlife, cities remain a major source of anthropogenic mortality for wild birds. While the sources of urban avian mortalities have been well documented in North America, these phenomena remain poorly studied in Southeast Asia, especially for resident species. Here we present the first summary of non-migratory urban bird mortalities for the heavily urbanised island of Singapore. We conducted a citizen science study using print and social media outreach to encourage members of the public to report their observations of dead birds between November 2013 and October 2017, and collected a total of 362 mortality records across 65 resident bird species and five mortality sources. Our results show that a diverse array of bird species is directly impacted by anthropogenic sources of mortality, although mortalities stemming from roadkill and cat predation are likely to be undersampled. We also find that forest-edge frugivores such as the Pink-necked Green Pigeon are likely to be especially vulnerable to building collisions. Our study shows that despite its limitations, opportunistic sampling using citizen science can generate large amounts of ecological data at relatively low cost, and serve as a cost-effective complement to standardised survey methodologies.

Although urban spaces are increasingly recognised as viable habitats for wildlife, cities remain a major source of anthropogenic mortality for wild birds. While the sources of urban avian mortalities have been well documented in North America, these phenomena remain poorly studied in Southeast Asia, especially for resident species. Here we present the first summary of non-migratory urban bird mortalities for the heavily urbanised island of Singapore. We conducted a citizen science study using print and social media outreach to encourage members of the public to report their observations of dead birds between November 2013 and October 2017, and collected a total of 362 mortality records across 65 resident bird species and five mortality sources. Our results show that a diverse array of bird species is directly impacted by anthropogenic sources of mortality, although mortalities stemming from roadkill and cat predation are likely to be undersampled. We also find that forest-edge frugivores such as the Pink-necked Green Pigeon are likely to be especially vulnerable to building collisions. Our study shows that despite its limitations, opportunistic sampling using citizen science can generate large amounts of ecological data at relatively low cost, and serve as a cost-effective complement to standardised survey methodologies.

The need for wheat in Indonesia continues to increase and reaches 3.9 million tons per year. Around 80% of this requirement are supplied from, Canada, Australia and the United States. Gayo highland that belongs to the territory of Aceh province is potential for wheat plantation in Indonesia. Wheat plantation, however, faces various problems, one of them is pest attack. Various insect species come to wheat plantation and are predicted to get food sources both from vegetative and generative stages. The objectives of this study were to investigate composition and diversity of insect species in wheat plant either in vegetative or generative stages by adopting survey method. The results showed that total insects found in wheat plants were 2,858 individuals covering 13 ordos. Occurrence and diversity of the insects, either in vegetative and generative stages, tend to similar.

The need for wheat in Indonesia continues to increase and reaches 3.9 million tons per year. Around 80% of this requirement are supplied from, Canada, Australia and the United States. Gayo highland that belongs to the territory of Aceh province is potential for wheat plantation in Indonesia. Wheat plantation, however, faces various problems, one of them is pest attack. Various insect species come to wheat plantation and are predicted to get food sources both from vegetative and generative stages. The objectives of this study were to investigate composition and diversity of insect species in wheat plant either in vegetative or generative stages by adopting survey method. The results showed that total insects found in wheat plants were 2,858 individuals covering 13 ordos. Occurrence and diversity of the insects, either in vegetative and generative stages, tend to similar.

The purpose of this research was to identify the relationship of characteristic and knowledge of farmers to the successful of artificial insemination (AI) in Aceh Besar Districts. The number of respondents is 93 people from twenty three districts in Aceh Besar, selected purposively as the sample of this research. The instruments used in this research are questionnaire and direct observation in the field, while the observed variables are: farmer characteristics, farmer knowledge and artificial insemination result. The results of this research revealed that the characteristics and knowledge of the farmers were good and showed a real relationship to the successfulness of AI in Aceh Besar Districts. The average service per conception (S / C) in Aceh Besar Districts during 2017 was 1.32 while the conception rate (CR) was 86.36%. The results were in accordance with the standard of general guidance of Upsus Siwab Year 2017.

The purpose of this research was to identify the relationship of characteristic and knowledge of farmers to the successful of artificial insemination (AI) in Aceh Besar Districts. The number of respondents is 93 people from twenty three districts in Aceh Besar, selected purposively as the sample of this research. The instruments used in this research are questionnaire and direct observation in the field, while the observed variables are: farmer characteristics, farmer knowledge and artificial insemination result. The results of this research revealed that the characteristics and knowledge of the farmers were good and showed a real relationship to the successfulness of AI in Aceh Besar Districts. The average service per conception (S / C) in Aceh Besar Districts during 2017 was 1.32 while the conception rate (CR) was 86.36%. The results were in accordance with the standard of general guidance of Upsus Siwab Year 2017.

The hoary fox (Lycalopex vetulus, Lund, 1842) is the smallest Brazilian canid, whose weight varies between 2 and 4 kg, has a slender body, a small head, and a short and blackened snout. Despite being considered an endemic species, little is known about the hoary fox as it is one of the seven less studied canids in the world. Thus, this study aimed to describe the anatomy of the abdominal aorta artery of the hoary fox and to compare it with the pre-established literature data in domestic canids. For this purpose, we used two adult hoary foxes without definite age. We collected the corpses of these animals along roadsides of Catalão-GO, being later fixed and conserved in a 10% formalin solution. The results showed that the abdominal aorta in hoary fox is at the ventral face of the lumbar region vertebral bodies, being slightly displaced to the left of the median plane. The first branch is visceral, named celiac artery, followed by a paired parietal branch: the phrenic abdominal arteries. The third and fourth branches are the cranial mesenteric arteries and the right and left are the renal arteries, respectively. The posterior branches of the renal arteries are equally visceral, paired, being called testicular arteries. Distal to the latter, both the caudal mesenteric artery and deep circumflex iliac arteries originate. Finally, two large external iliac arteries and its terminal branches composed of internal iliac arteries and the median sacral artery originate. In addition, five pairs of lumbar arteries originate alongside the abdominal segment of the aorta. Considering these findings, it is possible to conclude that despite the hoary fox being a wild animal, the anatomy of its abdominal aorta is very similar to that of domestic canids.

A raposa-do-campo (Lycalopex vetulus) é o menor canídeo brasileiro, cujo peso varia entre 2 e 4 quilos, possui corpo esguio, a cabeça é pequena, focinho curto e enegrecido. Considerada uma espécie endêmica, pouco se sabe a seu respeito, e é um dos sete canídeos menos estudados no mundo. Assim, o presente estudo teve o objetivo de descrever a anatomia da parte abdominal da artéria aorta em raposa-do-campo e comparar com dados literários pré-estabelecidos de canídeos domésticos. Para a realização deste estudo foram utilizados dois exemplares de raposa-do-campo, adultos, sem idade definida. Os cadáveres dos animais foram recolhidos às margens de rodovias no entorno da Catalão-Goiás, fixados em solução aquosa de formol a 10% e conservados na mesma solução. Os resultados mostraram que a aorta abdominal da raposa-do-campo está localizada sobre a face ventral dos corpos vertebrais da região lombar, levemente deslocada para a esquerda do plano mediano. O primeiro ramo é visceral, denominado artéria celíaca, seguido por um ramoparietal, pareado, as artérias frênico-abdominais. O terceiro e quarto ramos são a artéria mesentérica caudal e as artérias renais direita e esquerda, respectivamente. Os ramos posteriores das artérias renais são igualmente viscerais, pareados, denominados artérias testiculares. Distal à essas últimas, originam-se a artéria mesentérica caudal e as artérias circunflexas ilíacas profundas. Finalmente surgem duas grandes artérias ilíacas externas e os ramos terminais compostos pelas artérias ilíacas internas e artéria sacral mediana. Ao longo do trajeto da aorta abdominal, cinco pares de artérias lombares se originam da face dorsal. Considerando esses achados, pode ser concluído que a anatomia da aorta abdominal da raposa-do-campo é muito similar àquela de canídeos domésticos, embora ela seja um animal silvestre. | The hoary fox (Lycalopex vetulus, Lund, 1842) is the smallest Brazilian canid, whose weight varies between 2 and 4 kg, has a slender body, a small head, and a short and blackened snout. Despite being considered an endemic species, little is known about the hoary fox as it is one of the seven less studied canids in the world. Thus, this study aimed to describe the anatomy of the abdominal aorta artery of the hoary fox and to compare it with the pre-established literature data in domestic canids. For this purpose, we used two adult hoary foxes without definite age. We collected the corpses of these animals along roadsides of Catalão-GO, being later fixed and conserved in a 10% formalin solution. The results showed that the abdominal aorta in hoary fox is at the ventral face of the lumbar region vertebral bodies, being slightly displaced to the left of the median plane. The first branch is visceral, named celiac artery, followed by a paired parietal branch: the phrenic abdominal arteries. The third and fourth branches are the cranial mesenteric arteries and the rightand left are the renal arteries, respectively. The posterior branches of the renal arteries are equally visceral, paired, being called testicular arteries. Distal to the latter, both the caudal mesenteric artery and deep circumflex iliac arteries originate. Finally, two large external iliac arteries and its terminal branches composed of internal iliac arteries and the median sacral artery originate. In addition, five pairs of lumbar arteries originate alongside the abdominal segment of the aorta. Considering these findings, it is possible to conclude that despite the hoary fox being a wild animal, the anatomy of its abdominal aorta is very similar to that of domestic canids.

Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is an oral inflammatory condition that frequently affects felines. Its etiology is not well defined, but several viral agents are thought to be involved. Several therapeutic protocols have been described, yet treatment response is often variable, and the therapeutic success is transient with an unpredictable duration. Therefore, the therapeutic strategy needs to be tailored for each patient. This work relates a case characterized by viral involvement in its etiopathogenesis providing an alternative to the most widely-used methods that so often frustrate both veterinary doctors and pet owners.

A gengivostomatite crônica felina (FCGS) é uma condição inflamatória oral que frequentemente afeta felinos. A sua etiologia não está bem definida, mas acredita-se que vários agentes virais possam estar envolvidos. Muitos protocolos terapêuticos têm sido descritos, no entanto, a resposta ao tratamento é frequentemente variável e o sucesso terapêutico é transitório com uma duração imprevisível. Portanto, a estratégia terapêutica precisa ser adaptada para cada paciente. O presente trabalho propõe a caracterização do envolvimento viral na etiopatogenia da doença como uma alternativa aos métodos mais amplamente utilizados, que muitas vezes frustram médicos veterinários e os donos de animais de estimação. | Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is an oral inflammatory condition that frequently affects felines. Its etiology is not well defined, but several viral agents are thought to be involved. Several therapeutic protocols have been described, yet treatment response is often variable, and the therapeutic success is transient with an unpredictable duration. Therefore, the therapeutic strategy needs to be tailored for each patient. This work relates a case characterized by viral involvement in its etiopathogenesis providing an alternative to the most widely-used methods that so often frustrate both veterinary doctors and pet owners.

Helminths and protozoa are examples of endoparasites that, during their biological cycles, can alternate between free-life stages and parasitic stages in the environment. Pets, such as dogs and cats, live together with men and play an important role in the society; however, these animals may carry a large number of parasites which, besides showing direct pathogenicity to the host, represent risks to the human health, as is the case of parasitic zoonoses. Public areas like parks, gardens, squares and beaches may offer risks to human users since these environments may contain feces deposited by parasitized dogs. The present study  verified the occurrence of helminth eggs and/or protozoan cysts or oocysts in fecal samples collected from sand strips at the beaches Armação do Pântano do Sul, Campeche and Morro das Pedras, in the south of Florianópolis Island, Santa Catarina State (SC), during the summer period. Pet feces were collected in the 2016/2017 summer season, from December 2016 to February 2017. In the Laboratory of Animal Parasitology (CCA-UFSC), fecal samples were processed based on Willis-Mollay flotation technique and Hoffman sedimentation technique. Samples from all three analyzed beaches were positive for the presence of parasites and fecal material was found along the seashore, sites where people walk freely and barefoot. Of 104 fecal samples collected, 45 (43.27%) were positive for one or more parasites. The greatest prevalence was found in Campeche Beach, which had 72.22% positive samples. Ancylostomids were most prevalent, indicating that cutaneous larva migrans is likely to occur in humans. Other parasites such as Trichuris vulpis, Toxocara spp. and Giardia spp. were also detected in coproparasitological analyses. Based on the results, it was concluded that contamination of the beaches in Florianópolis Island, SC, constitutes a public health problem due to the possibility of zoonosis transmission. These results reinforce the importance of establishing health programs for parasite control and educational programs for elucidating the risks of transmission of these zoonoses to the population, as an attempt to reduce environmental contamination risks at beaches of seaside resorts.

Helmintos e protozoários são exemplos de endoparasitas que, durante seus ciclos biológicos, podem alternar fases de vida livre e de vida parasitária no ambiente. Animais de companhia, como cães e gatos, possuem convívio direto com o homem e desempenham importante papel na sociedade, porém estes animais podem possuir muitos parasitas próprios que, além da patogenicidade direta ao hospedeiro, representam riscos à saúde humana, no caso das zoonoses parasitárias. A utilização de áreas públicas como parques, jardins, praças e praias por estes animais, pode oferecer riscos aos seus frequentadores humanos, uma vez que pode ocorrer a deposição de fezes nesses ambientes por cães parasitados. O presente estudo investigou  a ocorrência de ovos de helmintos e/ou cistos ou oocistos de protozoários em amostras de fezes coletadas nas faixas de areia das praias da Armação do Pântano do Sul, Campeche e Morro das Pedras, no sul da ilha de Florianópolis, Estado de Santa Cararina-SC, Brasil, durante o período de verão. As coletas de amostras de fezes de animais domésticos foram realizadas na temporada de verão 2016/2017, a partir de dezembro de 2016 até fevereiro de 2017. No Laboratório de Parasitologia Animal (CCA-UFSC), as amostras de fezes foram processadas pela técnica de flutuação de Willis-Mollay e pela técnica de sedimentação de Hoffman. Amostras colhidas nas três praias analisadas mostraram-se positivas para a presença de parasitos. Material fecal foi observado ao longo de toda orla, locais em que as pessoas caminham livremente e sem calçados. De um total de 104 amostras de fezes coletadas nas praias, 45 (43,27%) estavam positivas a um ou mais parasitas. A praia do Campeche foi a que apresentou maior prevalência, com 72,22% de amostras positivas. Os ancilostomídeos, responsáveis pela larva migrans cutânea em humanos, foram os mais prevalentes. Outros parasitas como Trichuris vulpis, Toxocara spp. e Giardia spp. também foram detectados nas análises coproparasitológicas. Com base nos resultados obtidos, concluímos que a contaminação das praias na Ilha de Florianópolis, SC, constitui um problema de saúde pública, devido à possibilidade de transmissão de zoonoses. Estes resultados reforçam a importância da implantação de programas sanitários de controle de parasitas e programas de educação, esclarecendo os riscos de transmissão destas zoonoses à população, a fim de reduzir os riscos de contaminação ambiental nas praias de balneários. | Helminths and protozoa are examples of endoparasites that, during their biological cycles, can alternate between free-life stages and parasitic stages in the environment. Pets, such as dogs and cats, live together with men and play an important role in the society; however, these animals may carry a large number of parasites which, besides showing direct pathogenicity to the host, represent risks to the human health, as is the case of parasitic zoonoses. Public areas like parks, gardens, squares and beaches may offer risks to human users since these environments may contain feces deposited by parasitized dogs. The present study  verified the occurrence of helminth eggs and/or protozoan cysts or oocysts in fecal samples collected from sand strips at the beaches Armação do Pântano do Sul, Campeche and Morro das Pedras, in the south of Florianópolis Island, Santa Catarina State (SC), during the summer period. Pet feces were collected in the 2016/2017 summer season, from December 2016 to February 2017. In the Laboratory of Animal Parasitology (CCA-UFSC), fecal samples were processed based on Willis-Mollay flotation technique and Hoffman sedimentation technique. Samples from all three analyzed beaches were positive for the presence of parasites and fecal material was found along the seashore, sites where people walk freely and barefoot. Of 104 fecal samples collected, 45 (43.27%) were positive for one or more parasites. The greatest prevalence was found in Campeche Beach, which had 72.22% positive samples. Ancylostomids were most prevalent, indicating that cutaneous larva migrans is likely to occur in humans. Other parasites such as Trichuris vulpis, Toxocara spp. and Giardia spp. were also detected in coproparasitological analyses. Based on the results, it was concluded that contamination of the beaches in Florianópolis Island, SC, constitutes a public health problem due to the possibility of zoonosis transmission. These results reinforce the importance of establishing health programs for parasite control and educational programs for elucidating the risks of transmission of these zoonoses to the population, as an attempt to reduce environmental contamination risks at beaches of seaside resorts.

Mammary neoplasms are described as the third most common type of feline tumor, after haematopoietic and skin tumors, and present a challenge for clinicians because the prognosis for feline mammary tumors ranges from guarded to poor. Thus, it is necessary to define new therapeutic approaches and establish more in-depth knowledge about this disease in felines. The main aspects of the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of feline mammary neoplasia were discussed, aiming to standardize the criteria and to serve as a guide for pathologists and veterinary clinicians.

As neoplasias mamárias são descritas como o terceiro tipo mais frequente de tumor em felinos (após as neoplasias hematopoiéticas e cutâneas) e apresentam um desafio para os clínicos devido ao prognóstico, que varia de reservado a ruim. Assim, é necessário conhecer melhor essa doença em felinos e definir novas abordagens terapêuticas. Discutiu-se os principais aspectos de diagnóstico, prognóstico e tratamento da neoplasia mamária felina, com o objetivo de padronizar os critérios e servir de guia para patologistas e clínicos veterinários. | Mammary neoplasms are described as the third most common type of feline tumor, after haematopoietic and skin tumors, and present a challenge for clinicians because the prognosis for feline mammary tumors ranges from guarded to poor. Thus, it is necessary to define new therapeutic approaches and establish more in-depth knowledge about this disease in felines. The main aspects of the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of feline mammary neoplasia were discussed, aiming to standardize the criteria and to serve as a guide for pathologists and veterinary clinicians.

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, with the aim to assess aspects of cattle production. A multistage clustering model was used to select 2,202 farms in seven cattle production strata in the state, and a questionnaire was applied to obtain information related to the characterization of the farms and their management of animal reproduction and production. The study showed that livestock-rearing in Minas Gerais continues to be unspecialized. Triângulo Mineiro and North were the regions that used most technology and had highest beef cattle activity. The Zona da Mata region showed the least use of technology and had the smallest farms. Milk production in this state was distributed among all strata, but was concentrated among a few producers in the stratum of highest production, especially in the region of Alto Paranaíba. This study showed a great heterogeneity among the strata regarding the characteristics of type of exploitation, type of rearing, herd size, specialization and milk production. Thus, it validated the stratification established by the Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento – MAPA (Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply), thereby suggesting that these strata should be maintained for further epidemiological studies.

Com o objetivo de avaliar os aspectos da produção de bovinos no Estado de Minas Gerais, realizou-se um estudo transversal descritivo. Foram selecionadas, pelo método de conglomerados multiestágios, 2.202 propriedades distribuídas em sete estratos produtores de bovinos do estado, nas quais foram aplicados questionários visando obter informações relacionadas à caracterização da propriedade e do manejo produtivo e reprodutivo dos animais. A pecuária bovina em Minas Gerais ainda é pouco especializada, sendo a Região do Triângulo Mineiro considerada a mais tecnificada e com maior expressão na exploração de animais de corte, juntamente com a Região Norte de Minas. A Zona da Mata foi considerada a menos tecnificada e constituída pelas menores propriedades. A produção de leite no estado está distribuída por todos os estratos, no entanto é concentrada em poucos produtores das faixas de maior produção, com destaque para a Região do Alto Paranaíba. O estudo mostrou que há grande heterogeneidade entre os estratos no que se refere às características tipo de exploração, tipo de criação, tamanho de rebanho, especialização e produção de leite, validando a estratificação estabelecida pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) e sugerindo sua manutenção em futuros estudos epidemiológicos. | A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, with the aim to assess aspects of cattle production. A multistage clustering model was used to select 2,202 farms in seven cattle production strata in the state, and a questionnaire was applied to obtain information related to the characterization of the farms and their management of animal reproduction and production. The study showed that livestock-rearing in Minas Gerais continues to be unspecialized. Triângulo Mineiro and North were the regions that used most technology and had highest beef cattle activity. The Zona da Mata region showed the least use of technology and had the smallest farms. Milk production in this state was distributed among all strata, but was concentrated among a few producers in the stratum of highest production, especially in the region of Alto Paranaíba. This study showed a great heterogeneity among the strata regarding the characteristics of type of exploitation, type of rearing, herd size, specialization and milk production. Thus, it validated the stratification established by the Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento – MAPA (Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply), thereby suggesting that these strata should be maintained for further epidemiological studies.

The use of alternative therapeutic approaches in wild animals has gained notoriety due to its efficiency, low cost and reduced or nonexistent stressors. The present study evaluated the efficacy of treatment of a bilateral excoriative lesion in the region of the dorsal metacarpus in a Chilean skua (Catharacta chilensis) in a rehabilitation process with the use of a porous cell membrane, sold commercially, in concomitance with moxibustion sessions with herbs (Artemisia vulgaris). The healing time of 14 days was reduced when compared to traditional techniques and proved the viability and efficacy of the treatment.

O uso de abordagens terapêuticas alternativas em animais selvagens tem ganhado notoriedade em virtude de sua eficiência, baixo custo e estímulos estressores reduzidos ou inexistentes. Este estudo avaliou a eficácia do tratamento de uma lesão escoriativa bilateral em região do dorsal metacarpo em um mandrião chileno (Catharacta chilensis) em processo de reabilitação com o uso de uma membrana celular porosa vendida comercialmente, em concomitância com sessões de moxabustão com ervas (Artemisia vulgaris). O tempo de cicatrização de catorze dias mostrou-se reduzido quando comparado ao de outras técnicas tradicionais e provou a viabilidade e eficácia do tratamento. | The use of alternative therapeutic approaches in wild animals has gained notoriety due to its efficiency, low cost and reduced or nonexistent stressors. The present study evaluated the efficacy of treatment of a bilateral excoriative lesion in the region of the dorsal metacarpus in a Chilean skua (Catharacta chilensis) in a rehabilitation process with the use of a porous cell membrane, sold commercially, in concomitance with moxibustion sessions with herbs (Artemisia vulgaris). The healing time of 14 days was reduced when compared to traditional techniques and proved the viability and efficacy of the treatment.