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peer reviewed | OBJECTIVE: To assess in vivo blood oxygen binding in double-muscled calves and dairy calves with conventional muscle conformation. ANIMALS: 58 dairy and 48 double-muscled calves. PROCEDURE: Calves were classified as neonatal (24 hours old) or older calves (2 to 26 days old). Venous and arterial blood samples were collected, and hemoglobin concentration, pH, PCO2, and PO2 were determined. Blood oxygen equilibrium curves (OEC) under standard conditions were constructed, and the oxygen exchange fraction (OEF) and the amount of oxygen released at the tissue level by 100 ml of blood (OEF Vol%) were calculated. RESULTS: In each breed, partial pressure of oxygen at 50% saturation of hemoglobin (P50) under standard conditions was significantly higher in older than in neonatal calves, indicating a right shift in OEC with age. Venous P50 was significantly lower in neonatal double-muscled calves than in neonatal dairy calves, but arterial and venous P50 were significantly higher in older double-muscled calves than in older dairy calves. In double-muscled, but not in dairy, calves, OEF was significantly higher in older than in neonatal calves. In neonatal calves, OEF Vol% was not significantly different between breeds, but OEF Vol% was significantly higher in older double-muscled calves than in older dairy calves. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The lower OEF in neonatal double-muscled calves, compared with dairy calves, could contribute to the higher sensitivity of double-muscled calves to hypoxia. Blood oxygen affinity decreased with age, but OEF and OEF Vol% were unchanged with age in dairy calves, whereas they increased with age in double-muscled calves

peer reviewed | OBJECTIVE: To use Doppler ultrasonography and single-fiber laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) to evaluate blood flow in the dependent and nondependent hind limbs of anesthetized horses and to evaluate changes in femoral arterial blood flow and microvascular skeletal muscle perfusion in response to administration of phenylephrine hydrochloride or dobutamine hydrochloride. ANIMALS: 6 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURE: Horses were anesthetized and positioned in left lateral recumbency. Doppler ultrasonography was used to measure velocity and volumetric flow in the femoral vessels. Single-fiber LDF was used to measure relative microvascular perfusion at a single site in the semimembranosus muscles. Phenylephrine or dobutamine was then administered to decrease or increase femoral arterial blood flow, and changes in blood flow and microvascular perfusion were recorded. RESULTS: Administration of phenylephrine resulted in significant decreases in femoral arterial and venous blood flows and cardiac output and significant increases in mean aortic blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and PCV. Administration of dobutamine resulted in significant increases in femoral arterial blood flow, mean aortic blood pressure, and PCV. Significant changes in microvascular perfusion were not detected. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that Doppler ultrasonography and single-fiber LDF can be used to study blood flows in the hind limbs of anesthetized horses. However, further studies are required to determine why changes in femoral arterial blood flows were not associated with changes in microvascular perfusion

peer reviewed | OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the hemodynamic effects of dobutamine hydrochloride (0.5 microg/kg of body weight/min) in halothane-anesthetized horses. ANIMALS: 6 adult Thoroughbred horses. PROCEDURE: Anesthesia was induced by use of romifidine (100 microg/kg) and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg), IV. Anesthesia was maintained by halothane (end-tidal concentration 0.9 to 1.0%). Aortic, left ventricular, and right atrial pressures were measured, using catheter-mounted strain gauge transducers. Cardiac output (CO), velocity time integral, maximal aortic blood flow velocity and acceleration, and left ventricular preejection period and ejection time were measured from aortic velocity waveforms obtained by transesophageal Doppler echocardiography. Velocity waveforms were recorded from the femoral vessels, using Doppler ultrasonography. The time-averaged mean velocity and early diastolic deceleration slope (EDDS) were measured. Pulsatility index (PI) and volumetric flow were calculated. Microvascular perfusion was measured in the semimembranosus muscles by laser Doppler flowmetry. Data were recorded 60 minutes after induction of anesthesia (control) and at 15 and 30 minutes after start of an infusion of dobutamine (0.5 microg/kg/min). RESULTS: Aortic pressures were significantly increased during the infusion of dobutamine. No change was observed in the indices of left ventricular systolic function including CO. Femoral arterial flow significantly increased, and the PI and EDDS decreased. No change was observed in the femoral venous flow or in microvascular perfusion. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: At this dosage, dobutamine did not alter left ventricular systolic function. Femoral blood flow was preferentially increased as the result of local vasodilatation. The lack of effect of dobutamine on microvascular perfusion suggests that increased femoral flow is not necessarily associated with improved perfusion of skeletal muscles

Estudamos em 40 ovinos adultos da raça Corriedale os aspectos histológicos do funículo espermático. Observamos que este se acha envolvido por uma cápsula de tecido conjuntivo fibroelástico denso, de espessura variável, pregueada em alguns pontos, e revestida por mesotélio que circunda todo o conjunto vásculo-nervoso, e projeta-se para formar o mesoducto deferente. Em posição subcapsular, verifica-se uma camada de tecido conjuntivo fibroelástico frouxo, de espessura variável, que circunda parcialmente o funículo espermático, isolando nas regiões deferencial e abdeferencial conjuntos vásculo-nervosos, responsáveis pela nutrição do epidídimo. Na região do mesoducto deferente, o tecido subcapsular acompanhado de tecido adiposo constitui a camada interna deste meso, formando a sua adventícia e abrigando vasos e nervos deferenciais. Na região abdeferencial, pequenos acúmulos de tecido adiposo são vistos de permeio aos vasos e nervos desta região. Entre as artérias, veias e nervos testiculares, bem como entre os vasos das regiões deferencial e abdeferencial, observa-se o tecido conjuntivo denso, intervascular, rico em fibras elásticas, que constitui as adventícias contínuas destes vasos. O arranjo vascular mostra que o segmento da artéria testicular, contido no funículo espermático, apresenta trajeto sinuoso. Estando envolvido pelo plexo venoso pampiniforme, formado por veias testiculares desprovidas de válvulas de calibres variados, apresentando amplas comunicações entre si. As veias responsáveis pela drenagem do epidídimo e ducto deferente estão localizadas em posição subcapsular deferencial e abdeferencial e mostram-se providas de válvulas. O trato das artérias testiculares no funículo espermático apresenta como comprimento médio, máximo e mínimo, respectivamente, 150,4 cm, 198,0 cm e 73,3 cm, à direita, e 149,6 cm, 189,2 cm e 90,0 cm, à esquerda, não existindo diferenças estatisticamente significantes ao nível de 5%, quando comparamos a média do segmento da artéria testicular contida no funículo espermático direito em relação ao esquerdo. | We have been studied histological aspect of 40 pairs of spermatic cord in adults Corriedale sheep. It was observed that structures were wrapped up a thin layer of dense fibroelastic connective tissue with variable thickness and folding, recovered by mesotelium, which involves all the neurovascular cord, and forms the mesoductus deferents. Under this arrangement there was a layer of loose fibroelastic tissue involving partially the cord and insulating in the deferential and abdeferential regions the vessels and nerves of the epididimus. Around the mesoductus deferents the subcapsular tissue forms with the internal layer of the meso, which protects vessels and nerves. In the abdeferential region we can see a little fatty tissue between vessels and nerves. A dense connective tissue with elastic fibers occurs between vessels and nerves of the testis and vessels of the deferential an abdeferential regions. The vascular arrangement shows in the cord the sinuous trajectory of the testicular artery recovered by the plexus pampiniformis, whose veins shows connections and have no valves. The veins of the epididimus and ductus deferents are subcapsular. The length of the intra spermatic cord segment of the testicular artery has a medium, maximum and minimal ranges, respectively 150.4 cm, 198.0 cm and 73.3 cm, on the right, and 149.6 cm, 189.2 cm and 90.0 cm, on the left. There were no statistical differences between the right and left medium ranges.

Três vias de fornecimento de dietas pós-operatórias foram comparadas na cicatrização de esofagostomia cervical. Foram utilizados 15 cães, divididos em três grupos (GI, GII e GIII). No GI foi procedida à fluidoterapia durante 48 horas, alimento líquido durante mais 48 horas e pastoso por 72 horas (dieta tradicional), no GII o alimento foi fornecido por sonda faringogástrica, colocada por faringostomia, e no GIII por sonda gástrica, implantada por gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea. Para avaliar a cicatrização, foram realizados exame clínico diário e esofagoscopias semanais, durante seis semanas. À endoscopia perceberam-se algumas ocorrências indesejáveis que retardam a cicatrização da mucosa esofágica: edema entre os pontos na primeira endoscopia pós-operatória (GI) e ulcerações na mucosa esofágica pelo atrito da sonda faringogástrica sobre a cicatriz (GII). A alimentação por sonda gástrica resultou em menor tempo de cicatrização (1,40 ± 0,55 semanas, p < 0,01), em comparação aos alimentados por sonda faringogástrica (4,25 ± 1,50 semanas). No GIII as características clínicas da cicatrização foram de melhor qualidade, provavelmente devido à ausência de movimentos de deglutição e de atrito do bolo alimentar sobre a ferida cirúrgica. Com base nos resultados, recomenda-se o uso de nutrição enteral por sonda gástrica colocada por gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea, durante os primeiros sete dias de pós-operatório, e, na ausência de um endoscópio, a dieta tradicional, que resulta em cicatrização de melhor qualidade do que o uso de sonda por faringostomia. | Fifteen dogs were distributed in three groups (GI, GII and GIII). In the GI group, it was proceeded the fluidotherapy during 48 hours, liquefied food for more 48 hours, and pasty food for 72 hours (a protocol named as "traditional diet"); in the GII group, the food was supplied using a pharingostomy tube, and in the GIII group, using a percutaneos endoscopic gastrostomy tube. To evaluate the cicatrization, daily clinical exams and weekly esophagoscopy were proceeded for six weeks. The endoscopy showed some undesirable characteristics that can retard the esophagus cicatrization: edema between the stitches appeared at the first post-surgery endoscopy (GI) and ulcerations on the esophagic mucosa, provoked by the contact of the pharingostomy tube with the esophagus wound (GII). The feeding through the percutaneos endoscopic gastrostomy tube resulted in a shorter period of cicatrization (1.40 ± 0.55 weeks, p < 0.01), when compared with the pharingostomy tube (4.25 ± 1.50 weeks). In the GIII group, the clinic characteristics of cicatrization were better, and it was attributed, probably, to the absence of deglutition movements and the contact of the alimentary bolus with the esophagus wound. Based on these results, the use of nutrition supply through percutaneos endoscopic gastrostomy tube is recommended, and, in case of absence of the endoscopy, the protocol named "traditional diet" is recommended, due to the best cicatrization results, when compared to the pharyngostomy tube.

No presente experimento foi pesquisada a influência do nível de nitrogênio ou de equivalente em proteína degradável no rúmen (PDR) da ração sobre características bioquímicas do sêmen e da congelação dos espermatozóides de carneiros deslanados. Empregaram-se 18 carneiros jovens divididos em três blocos de seis animais cada, conforme seus perímetros escrotais, e distribuídos ao acaso para três tratamentos: A (controle), alimentados com ração de manutenção, B e C alimentados com ração de manutenção e acréscimo de 20 g e 40 g de uréia (75% de PDR e 150% de PDR), respectivamente. Após três semanas de adaptação, coletaram-se amostras de sangue e sêmen (vagina artificial) de cada animal, semanalmente durante nove semanas, e determinados os níveis de uréia no plasma sangüíneo (UP) e de uréia, transaminases (AST, ALT), fosfatase ácida, frutose e ácido cítrico no sêmen. Durante seis semanas, foram determinadas as diferenças de motilidade, vigor, patologia de acrossoma e patologia total entre a pré e a pós-congelação de amostras de sêmen crioprotegido. Houve regressão linear (p &lt; 0,01) para os níveis de UP, 18,26 mg%, 34,42 mg% e 49,77 mg%, e para os níveis de uréia no sêmen 32,47 mg%, 51,44 mg% e 60,46 mg%, respectivamente para os tratamentos A, B e C. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre concentrações seminais de frutose, ácido cítrico ou das enzimas fosfatase ácida e transaminases nem sobre diferenças na motilidade, vigor, patologia de acrossoma e patologia total dos espermatozóides. Os teores elevados de nitrogênio ou PDR na ração de carneiros deslanados elevaram os níveis de uréia no plasma sangüíneo e sêmen, mas não afetaram características bioquímicas do sêmen ou de congelabilidade dos espermatozóides. | The research looked upon the influence of dietary nitrogen level or equivalent ruminal degradable protein (RDP) on semen biochemistry characteristics and freezability of sheep spermatozoa. Eighteen young rams, were allocated in tree blocs of six animals each, according to scrotal circumference. The rams were randomly distributed to three treatments: A (control) a maintenance diet, B and C, maintenance diet added 20 g and 40 g of urea (75% and 150% of RDP), respectively. Three weeks after dietary adaptation, blood and semen samples were collected every week for nine weeks, to analyze blood plasma and semen levels of urea, transaminases (AST and ALT), acid phosphatases, frutose and citric acid. Once a week for six weeks the motility percent, motility rates, abnormal acrosome percent and abnormal total percent between pre-freezing and post-thaw of cryoprotected semen samples were freezing, evaluated and calculated to mathematical difference. There was a linear regression (p < 0.01) between levels of UP 18.26 mg%, 34.42 mg% and 49.77 mg%, and levels of semen urea 32.47 mg%, 51.44 mg% e 60.46 mg%, for treatments A, B and C respectively. There was no effect of treatments on fructose, citric acid or enzymes acid phosphatase and transaminases levels, and of motility percent, motility rating, abnormal acrosome percent and abnormal total percent differences. The excess of nitrogen or RDP dietary levels elevates urea in blood plasma and semen, but did not affect biochemistry characteristics and freezability of rams spermatozoa.

Bovine serums were evaluated by the plate agglutination, tube agglutination, buffered plate antigen and 2-Mercaptoethanol tests for bovine brucellosis diagnosis. All presented a good concordance when considering the official Ministry of Agriculture interpretation. High concordance was verified for the buffered plate antigen and 2-Mercapthoetanol tests. This study suggests the use of the buffered plate antigen test as a screening test for bovine brucellosis diagnosis. | Avaliaram-se comparativamente as provas de soroaglutinação rápida, soroaglutinação em tubo, 2-mercaptoetanol e antígeno tamponado acidificado no diagnóstico da brucelose bovina. Todas as provas apresentaram boa concordância quando considerada a interpretação preconizada pelo Ministério da Agricultura do Brasil. As provas do antígeno tamponado acidificado e do 2-mercaptoetanol apresentaram alta concordância. Neste sentido, o presente estudo propõe o uso da prova do antígeno tamponado acidificado como triagem para o diagnóstico da brucelose bovina.

Vinte bezerros machos Holandeses, desaleitados, com cerca de 100 dias de idade e 109 kg de peso, foram alimentados com proteína texturizada de soja (PTS) na forma sólida ou líquida.Os animais foram manejados de forma a manter-se a formação de suas goteiras esofageanas, após o desaleitamento, e receberam quatro tratamentos, dentro de um delineamento em blocos ao acaso: A) 100% PTS na forma sólida, mais 4 kg de água; B) 66% PTS na forma sólida, e 33% PTS dissolvida em 4 kg de água; C) 33% PTS na forma sólida, e 66% PTS dissolvida em 4 kg de água; D) 100% PTS dissolvida em 4 kg de água. As porções líquidas das dietas foram fornecidas em biberões e à temperatura de 35 graus centígrados. Desempenhos em ganhos de peso, ingestões de matéria seca e conversões alimentares não mostraram diferenças entre tratamentos. | Twenty Holstein weaned male calves, about 100 days old and 109 kg of live weight, were fed with textured soybean meal protein (TSP) in solid or liquid form. Calves were reared trying to keep working the oesophageal groove reflex and received four treatments in a randomized block design : A) 100% TSP in solid way plus 4 kg of water; B) 66% TSP in solid way plus 33% TSP solved in 4 kg of water; C) 33% TSP in solid way plus 66% TSP solved in 4 kg of water; D) 100% TSP solved in 4 kg of water. Liquid parts of meals were furnished in nipple pails, at 35 degrees Celsius. Performances in weight gains, dry matter consumption and feed dry matter conversion rates were not different among treatments.

O gânglio celíaco é um dos principais responsáveis pela inervação do estômago, intestinos, fígado, pâncreas e ainda contribui para a inervação do baço, sendo desta forma essencial ao controle da motilidade gastrointestinal. O conhecimento do suprimento nervoso endereçado a estes órgãos é fundamental na clínica médica e cirúrgica no tocante às atonias digestivas, gastroenterites hemorrágicas, torções gástricas e invaginações intestinais. Neste trabalho, estudou-se a anatomia macro e microscópica dos gânglios celíaco, celiacomesentérico e mesentérico cranial. Foram utilizados trinta gatos domésticos, adultos, 10 machos e 20 fêmeas. A aorta torácica desses gatos foi injetada com solução de Neoprene látex 650 corada, sendo os animais congelados por no mínimo 48 horas. A fixação foi feita posteriormente com solução aquosa de formol a 10%. Nos estudos microscópicos, utilizaram-se as seguintes colorações: hematoxilina-eosina, tricrômico de Masson, reticulina e hematoxilina ácida fosfotúngstica. O gânglio celíaco ocorreu 7 vezes, sendo 4 direitos e 3 esquerdos, predominando a forma elíptica (23,3%) e a situação periarterial. Os gânglios celiacomesentéricos foram contados em número de 24, sendo 11 independentes; 2 apresentando as porções direita e esquerda e 11 gânglios celiacomesentéricos direitos com uma porção mesentérica cranial esquerda, tendo formato semilunar assimétrico. Esses achados sugerem o predomínio da fusão do gânglio celíaco ao mesentérico cranial, constituindo assim o gânglio celiacomesentérico. Este é formado por neurônios imersos em abundante matriz conjuntiva fibrosa, envoltos por uma cápsula contendo fibras elásticas, colágenas e reticulares, apresentando uma continuidade nos pontos de fusão ganglionar. | The celiac ganglion plays a major role in the innervation of the stomach, intestines, liver and pancreas and also contributes to the innervation of the spleen and is therefore essential for the control of gastrointestinal motility. Clinicians and surgeons should be familiar with the nervous supply to these organs, specially in regard to digestive atonies, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, gastric torsion and intestinal invaginations. We studied the gross and microscopic anatomy of the celiac, celiacmesenteric and cranial mesenteric ganglia. We carried out 30 adults domestic cats, 10 males and 20 females. Red neoprene latex was injected into the thoracic aorta. Following this procedure, the animals were frozen for at least 48 hours. After unfreezing, fixation was concluded in 10% aqueous formaldehyde solution. Light microscopic studies were conducted using hematoxylin-eosin, Masson’s stain, the reticulin method and acid hematoxylin fosfotungstic. Located in periarterial position we observed 7 celiac ganglions, 4 to the right and 3 to the left. Most of them (23.3%) were elliptic. We also observed 24 celiac mesenteric ganglions. In two cases, the celiac mesenteric ganglion was composed of two portions: a right and a left portion, which join caudally to the cranial mesenteric artery. In 11 samples we noticed a right celiac mesenteric ganglion with a left cranial mesenteric portion surrounded the left face of the cranial mesenteric artery, thus contributing to its asymmetric semilunar form. These findings suggest that the fusion of the celiac and the mesenteric ganglions prevails. The result of this fusion is the celiac mesenteric ganglion that was formed of the neurons immersed in an abundant connective tissue matrix and are involved by a capsule which contains elastic, collagens and reticular fibers and continues at the ganglion’s fusion sites.