To measure florfenicol concentrations in ovine tear fluid after IM and SC administration and determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of florfenicol against field isolates of Mycoplasma organisms potentially involved in infectious keratoconjunctivitis. ANIMALS: 9 healthy adult Lacaune ewes. PROCEDURES: Animals received an IM and SC administration of florfenicol (20 mg/kg) in a 2-way crossover design. Samples of blood and tear fluid were collected before and for 24 hours after administration. Concentrations of florfenicol in plasma and tear fluid were measured via high-performance liquid chromatography. The MIC of florfenicol for various Mycoplasma strains cultured from sheep and goats was determined via an agar dilution method. RESULTS: Mean florfenicol concentration in tear fluid for the 24-hour period was significantly higher after IM administration (0.70 μg/mL) than after SC administration (0.22 μg/mL) and was maintained for a longer duration. The lacrimal fluid-to-plasma concentration ratio was not different between the 2 routes of administration, with mean values of 40.2% and 32.5% after IM and SC administration, respectively. The MIC for Mycoplasma agalactiae, Mycoplasma conjunctivae, and Mycoplasma mycoides isolates ranged from 0.5 to 8 μg of florfenicol/mL. Two strains of M agalactiae could be considered resistant to florfenicol. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Florfenicol readily penetrated the preocular tear fluid of sheep after IM and SC administration. For both routes of administration, doses > 20 mg/kg would be necessary to achieve tear fluid concentrations of florfenicol greater than the MICs for most strains of Mycoplasma organisms.

To measure florfenicol concentrations in ovine tear fluid after IM and SC administration and determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of florfenicol against field isolates of Mycoplasma organisms potentially involved in infectious keratoconjunctivitis. [br/]ANIMALS: 9 healthy adult Lacaune ewes. [br/]PROCEDURES: Animals received an IM and SC administration of florfenicol (20 mg/kg) in a 2-way crossover design. Samples of blood and tear fluid were collected before and for 24 hours after administration. Concentrations of florfenicol in plasma and tear fluid were measured via high-performance liquid chromatography. The MIC of florfenicol for various Mycoplasma strains cultured from sheep and goats was determined via an agar dilution method. [br/]RESULTS: Mean florfenicol concentration in tear fluid for the 24-hour period was significantly higher after IM administration (0.70 μg/mL) than after SC administration (0.22 μg/mL) and was maintained for a longer duration. The lacrimal fluid-to-plasma concentration ratio was not different between the 2 routes of administration, with mean values of 40.2% and 32.5% after IM and SC administration, respectively. The MIC for Mycoplasma agalactiae, Mycoplasma conjunctivae, and Mycoplasma mycoides isolates ranged from 0.5 to 8 μg of florfenicol/mL. Two strains of M agalactiae could be considered resistant to florfenicol. [br/]CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Florfenicol readily penetrated the preocular tear fluid of sheep after IM and SC administration. For both routes of administration, doses > 20 mg/kg would be necessary to achieve tear fluid concentrations of florfenicol greater than the MICs for most strains of Mycoplasma organisms.

A leishmaniose visceral (LV) está entre as mais importantes doenças transmitidas por vetores que ocorrem no Brasil, principalmente devido ao seu caráter zoonótico. Atualmente, está presente em quase todo o território brasileiro, e seu controle é um desafio tanto para médicos veterinários como para agentes de saúde pública. O agente etiológico da doença é a Leishmania infantum (syn chagasi), e o principal vetor no Brasil é a Lutzomyia longipalpis. De todos os animais identificados como reservatórios da LV, o cão é considerado o reservatório doméstico mais importante. Apesar da doença já ter sido identificada em gatos, o papel epidemiológico desta espécie animal ainda é incerto. O presente artigo apresenta uma breve revisão sobre a situação epidemiológica da doença, a sua forma de transmissão, os aspectos clínicos nos cães e gatos, bem como possíveis fatores de risco associados à ocorrência da doença no Brasil.

The design of strategic deworming programs is one of the control options for fasciolosis, and needs to be supported by local epidemiology knowledge. To address this issue in Southwest Ethiopia, a study using tracer calf and crossectional study methods was made at an endemic area for the disease during 2006–2007. Coprology and necropsy examinations were used to collect information. Results showed that both Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica were abundant in the area with almost equal prevalence rates, and infections of animals occur during the wet season from May to October. The mean number of flukes recovered in the positive tracer calves ranged from 3.0 to 42.5 per animal, and the maximum worm count observed in an individual animal was 66 flukes. The overall prevalence of Fasciolosis in the extensively managed local breeds of cattle, yearling calves, sheep and goats was 74.8%, 55.3%, 35%, and 27.1%, respectively. A significant difference was observed in the prevalence of fasciolosis among cattle, yearling calves and sheep population, while no difference was observed among the goat populations of the five provinces. Based on the regional epidemiology of the disease, a twice yearly strategic deworming program has been devised to control the infection in the region.

This study was conducted to study the UV protective effect against Haemonchus contortus infection in goats. Sixteen male goats were divided into 5 groups, control infected, control uninfected and UV 30minutes; UV 60minutes and UV booster 60minutes exposure. The UV groups were exposed to UV irradiation at wave length 254nm for 30 and 60 minutes. The UV booster 60min was administrated 2 doses of exposed larvae with an interval of one month. All groups except the control negative one were challenged for 42 days from the beginning. In UV booster60min had reduction in egg count per gram feces and worm burden (93% & 34 % respectively). These parameters were similar in control infected, UV 30min and UV 60min groups. Increases in levels of antibodies were found in goats of UV booster 60min group the other groups. Finally, 2 doses of UV 60min exposure could protect goats from H. contortus.

Buxtonella sulcata (Jameson, 1926) is an intestinal protozoan of large ruminants, with scanty information and contradictious reports about its pathogenesity. This work aimed to investigate the prevalence rate of B. sulcata in Egypt. Forty eight cases collected from cattle (n= 29) and buffaloes (n= 19) from El-Mahalla El-Kubra area, Al-Gharbiya province. Samples were examined for the presence B. sulcata. The overall infection rate was 41.6% (20/48), in cattle 48.2% (14/29) and in buffalo 31.5% (6/19). This is the first study on B. sulcata in Egyptian ruminants also highlights the situation of intestinal ciliates of ruminant animals and provides basic information for the future work of intestinal ciliates of animals and man

The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of Giardia species infection in cattleand human. One hundred of animal fecal samples and 139 human stool samples were collectedfrom different veterinary clinics and its related hospitals respectively. All samples were undergoneto microscopically examination by; direct smears in 0.90% Na Cl solution, Lugol's iodine stain forcyst detection and formol-ether concentration. 9 (28.1%) calves from 32 were positive inmicroscopic examination by the used techniques. 25% of the examined fecal samples of cattle(17/68) were containing cysts of Giardia species by microscope. 39 of 139 (28.1%) of human stoolsamples were found infected by this protozoon. Regarding the sex of human cases, 26.30% ofexamined males were positive while 30.20% of females were positive. The age factor in humaninfection was clear; the age group of 11 to 20 years were the more infected than the other group (1-10ys). There is no relation between form of human stool and infection rate. ELISA kits confirmedthat 6 % of animal cases and 15.8% of human were positive. The epidemiological aspects werediscussed in the study.

Fatty liver is considered a serious problem in broilers as liver is the main organ involved in metabolism of all absorbed substances. In addition, fatty liver has a direct impact on the growth and performance of the chicken. One of the modern approach in controlling metabolic upset, is the use of probiotics, prebiotics in controlling this problems. Here we tried to summarize the protective role of some probiotics, prebiotics and other natural lipotropic factors and their mode of action against hperlipidemia and fatty liver in broilers.

In this study a total of 2230 sheep (one-three years of age) were serologically surveyed in three selected areas in Libya (Western, Middle and Southern areas) to specify foci of infection and determination of the prevalence of ovine brucellosis using Rose Bengal Plate Test and Rivanol test. Prevalence of brucellosis in this study revealed 4%, 0%and 0%, respectively. Only the western area showed positive cases, while the Middle and Southern areas showed no serological evidence of brucella infection.

The development of safe, novel adjuvant is necessary to maximize the efficacy of new and/or available vaccines. In this study, three different molecular weights of chitosan (low, medium, high) were evaluated as immunopotentiators/adjuvants of inactivated rabies vaccine in white Norway rats as an experimental model. Two concentrations (1.5% & 3% w/v) of each chitosan type were used in final concentration 5 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml. Results showed that lymphocyte proliferationwere significantly elevated (P < 0.05) in all chitosan vaccinated rats compared to aluminum hydroxide gel vaccinated one. All three type of chitosan produced accelerated and enhanced effects on rabies-neutralizing antibody responses in vaccinated groups. Increases in antibody titers together with lymphocytes proliferation responses revealed that chitosan induced both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. When compared with aluminum hydroxide vaccineadjuvant, chitosan was superior to aluminum hydroxide. The conclusion of these results suggested that chitosan with different MW had a strong potential to increase both cellular and humoral immune responses and that chitosan may be a promising and efficacious adjuvant candidate suitable for inactivated rabies vaccine.