This article outlines a pathway to develop the business case for One Health. It describes the origin and development of One Health and then identifies five potential areas where One Health can add value and reduce costs. These are: (1) sharing health resources between the medical and veterinary sectors; (2) controlling zoonoses in animal reservoirs; (3) early detection and response to emerging diseases; (4) prevention of pandemics; and (5) generating insights and adding value to health research and development. Examples are given for each category along with preliminary estimates of the potential savings from adopting the One Health approach. The literature reviewed suggests that one dollar invested in One Health can generate five dollars worth of benefits and a global investment of US$25 billion over 10 years could generate benefits worth at least US$125 billion. Conservation implications: the time has come to make the bigger case for massive investment in One Health in order to transform the management of neglected and emerging zoonoses and to save the lives of millions of people and hundreds of millions of animals whose production supports and nourishes billions of impoverished people per annum.

This article outlines a pathway to develop the business case for One Health. It describes the origin and development of One Health and then identifies five potential areas where One Health can add value and reduce costs. These are: (1) sharing health resources between the medical and veterinary sectors; (2) controlling zoonoses in animal reservoirs; (3) early detection and response to emerging diseases; (4) prevention of pandemics; and (5) generating insights and adding value to health research and development. Examples are given for each category along with preliminary estimates of the potential savings from adopting the One Health approach. The literature reviewed suggests that one dollar invested in One Health can generate five dollars worth of benefits and a global investment of US$25 billion over 10 years could generate benefits worth at least US$125 billion. Conservation implications: the time has come to make the bigger case for massive investment in One Health in order to transform the management of neglected and emerging zoonoses and to save the lives of millions of people and hundreds of millions of animals whose production supports and nourishes billions of impoverished people per annum.

Delia Grace, 'The business case for One Health', Onderstepoort J Vet Res, vol. 81(2), AOSIS, 2014 | This article outlines a pathway to develop the business case for One Health. It describes the origin and development of One Health and then identifies five potential areas where One Health can add value and reduce costs. These are: (1) sharing health resources between the medical and veterinary sectors; (2) controlling zoonoses in animal reservoirs; (3) early detection and response to emerging diseases; (4) prevention of pandemics; and (5) generating insights and adding value to health research and development. Examples are given for each category along with preliminary estimates of the potential savings from adopting the One Health approach. The literature reviewed suggests that one dollar invested in One Health can generate five dollars worth of benefits and a global investment of US$25 billion over 10 years could generate benefits worth at least US$125 billion. Conservation implications: the time has come to make the bigger case for massive investment in One Health in order to transform the management of neglected and emerging zoonoses and to save the lives of millions of people and hundreds of millions of animals whose production supports and nourishes billions of impoverished people per annum

This article outlines a pathway to develop the business case for One Health. It describes the origin and development of One Health and then identifies five potential areas where One Health can add value and reduce costs. These are: (1) sharing health resources between the medical and veterinary sectors; (2) controlling zoonoses in animal reservoirs; (3) early detection and response to emerging diseases; (4) prevention of pandemics; and (5) generating insights and adding value to health research and development. Examples are given for each category along with preliminary estimates of the potential savings from adopting the One Health approach. The literature reviewed suggests that one dollar invested in One Health can generate five dollars worth of benefits and a global investment of US$25 billion over 10 years could generate benefits worth at least US$125 billion. Conservation implications: the time has come to make the bigger case for massive investment in One Health in order to transform the management of neglected and emerging zoonoses and to save the lives of millions of people and hundreds of millions of animals whose production supports and nourishes billions of impoverished people per annum.

Milk production using local cattle breed-types is an age-old practice in Malawi. Although dairy farming is becoming more common as a result of the increasing population and demand for milk and milk products, there is limited knowledge of the farmers’ awareness of zoonotic disease risks, their preventative practices and the disease burden in animals. This study determined dairy farmers’ general knowledge of zoonoses, assessed their risks for infection with zoonotic bovine tuberculosis (bTB) and brucellosis, and evaluated farm practices to prevent disease transmission. A questionnaire was drawn up and administered by the authors. It was used to collect information about the knowledge and preventive practices of 140 out of 684 registered dairy farmers at Mzuzu Agricultural Development Division, northern Malawi. During a second visit to 60 out of the 140 farms, a total of 156 and 95 cattle were tested for brucellosis and tuberculosis, respectively. Most farmers (77.1%) knew or had heard of zoonotic diseases, whilst 75.0% correctly named at least one zoonotic disease. More survey participants named tuberculosis as a zoonotic disease compared to brucellosis (74.3% versus 2.9%). The most commonly named means of transmission were milk (67.0%) and meat (56.0%). Almost all survey participants (96.4%) practised at least one farm activity that could lead to potential transmission of brucellosis or bTB, including sale (67.0%) and consumption (34.0%) of unpasteurised milk. Antibodies against brucellosis were found in 12 cattle (7.7%), whilst one animal (1.1%) reacted to the tuberculin skin test. General knowledge about possible transmission of diseases between humans and animals was high, although most farmers practised risk behaviours that could potentially expose the public to milk-borne zoonotic diseases such as brucellosis and bTB. Furthermore, some animals had positive results for brucellosis and tuberculosis tests. Therefore, improvement of zoonotic disease prevention programmes, as well as further investigation into the prevalence and risk factors for zoonoses, is recommended.

Milk production using local cattle breed-types is an age-old practice in Malawi. Although dairy farming is becoming more common as a result of the increasing population and demand for milk and milk products, there is limited knowledge of the farmers' awareness of zoonotic disease risks, their preventative practices and the disease burden in animals. This study determined dairy farmers' general knowledge of zoonoses, assessed their risks for infection with zoonotic bovine tuberculosis (bTB) and brucellosis, and evaluated farm practices to prevent disease transmission. A questionnaire was drawn up and administered by the authors. It was used to collect information about the knowledge and preventive practices of 140 out of 684 registered dairy farmers at Mzuzu Agricultural Development Division, northern Malawi. During a second visit to 60 out of the 140 farms, a total of 156 and 95 cattle were tested for brucellosis and tuberculosis, respectively. Most farmers (77.1%) knew or had heard of zoonotic diseases, whilst 75.0% correctly named at least one zoonotic disease. More survey participants named tuberculosis as a zoonotic disease compared to brucellosis (74.3% versus 2.9%). The most commonly named means of transmission were milk (67.0%) and meat (56.0%). Almost all survey participants (96.4%) practised at least one farm activity that could lead to potential transmission of brucellosis or bTB, including sale (67.0%) and consumption (34.0%) of unpasteurised milk. Antibodies against brucellosis were found in 12 cattle (7.7%), whilst one animal (1.1%) reacted to the tuberculin skin test. General knowledge about possible transmission of diseases between humans and animals was high, although most farmers practised risk behaviours that could potentially expose the public to milk-borne zoonotic diseases such as brucellosis and bTB. Furthermore, some animals had positive results for brucellosis and tuberculosis tests. Therefore, improvement of zoonotic disease prevention programmes, as well as further investigation into the prevalence and risk factors for zoonoses, is recommended.

International audience | To determine pharmacodynamic cutoffs with pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic principles and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) for use of amoxicillin in pigs to set interpretive criteria for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 191 plasma disposition curves of amoxicillin obtained from 21 IV, 104 IM, and 66 PO administrations corresponding to 2,098 plasma concentrations. A population model of amoxicillin disposition in pigs was developed for PO and IM administration. The MCS method was then used to determine, for various dosage regimens, the proportion of pigs achieving plasma amoxicillin concentrations greater than a selection of possible minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.0625 to 4 mg/L for at least 40% of a 24-hour period. A target attainment rate (TAR) of 90% was never achieved with the breakpoint recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (0.5 mg/L) when the usual recommended dosage (20 mg/kg/d) was used. Only by dividing the orally administered daily dose into 12-hour administration intervals was a TAR > 90% achieved when the total dose was at least 40 mg/kg for a pathogen having an MIC ≤ 0.0625 mg/L. For the IM route, the TAR of 90% could only be achieved for MICs of 0.0625 and 0.125 mg/L with the use of 15 and 30 mg/kg doses, respectively. Population kinetics and MCS are required to determine robust species-specific interpretive criteria (susceptible, intermediate, and resistant classifications) for antimicrobial susceptibility testing breakpoints (taking into account interanimal variability).

Objective-To determine pharmacodynamic cutoffs with pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic principles and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) for use of amoxicillin in pigs to set interpretive criteria for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Sample-191 plasma disposition curves of amoxicillin obtained from 21 IV, 104 IM, and 66 PO administrations corresponding to 2,098 plasma concentrations. Procedures-A population model of amoxicillin disposition in pigs was developed for PO and IM administration. The MCS method was then used to determine, for various dosage regimens, the proportion of pigs achieving plasma amoxicillin concentrations greater than a selection of possible minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.0625 to 4 mg/L for at least 40% of a 24-hour period. Results-A target attainment rate (TAR) of 90% was never achieved with the breakpoint recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (0.5 mg/L) when the usual recommended dosage (20 mg/kg/d) was used. Only by dividing the orally administered daily dose into 12-hour administration intervals was a TAR > 90% achieved when the total dose was at least 40 mg/kg for a pathogen having an MIC ≤ 0.0625 mg/L. For the IM route, the TAR of 90% could only be achieved for MICs of 0.0625 and 0.125 mg/L with the use of 15 and 30 mg/kg doses, respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Population kinetics and MCS are required to determine robust species-specific interpretive criteria (susceptible, intermediate, and resistant classifications) for antimicrobial susceptibility testing breakpoints (taking into account interanimal variability).

Foi avaliado o efeito da inclusão de minerais orgânicos na alimentação de potros sobre a concentração óssea de cálcio e fósforo, densitometria óssea e variáveis de desempenho de desenvolvimento e crescimento corporal. Foram utilizados dez potros com peso de 240,7 ± 30,2 kg e idade de 10 ± 0,15 meses, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em dois tratamentos: dieta formulada com fonte de minerais na forma orgânica ou inorgânica. A dieta foi composta de 40% de volumoso e 60% de concentrado, à qual foi adicionada mistura mineral na forma orgânica ou inorgânica na quantidade de 3% do concentrado. Não foi observado efeito das fontes minerais sobre a deposição óssea de cálcio e fósforo. A densidade óssea foi maior em potros alimentados com fontes minerais orgânicas durante 90 dias, quando comparada aos potros alimentados com minerais em forma inorgânica. Os animais alimentados com minerais orgânicos apresentaram maior ganho de peso médio e diário em relação aos animais alimentados com minerais inorgânicos. O uso de minerais em forma orgânica aumenta a densidade óssea e o ganho de peso de potros em fase de crescimento. | This study examined the effect of organic minerals in foals diet evaluating the concentration of bone calcium and phosphorus, bone densitometry and growth and development performance variables. Ten horses weighing 240.7 ± 30.2 kg and 10 ± 0.15 months were used in the study, with two treatments: basal diet with minerals in organic or inorganic forms. The diet was composed of 40% forage and 60% concentrate, which was added as mineral mixture in organic or inorganic quantity of 3% of the concentrate. No effect of mineral sources was observed on bone deposition of calcium and phosphorus. At 90 days, the bone density of foals fed with minerals in organic form was higher than that observed in animals fed with minerals in the inorganic form. Animals fed with organic minerals showed greater weight increase compared to animals fed inorganic mineral. The use of minerals in organic form increases bone density and weight increase in growing foals.

Foi avaliado o efeito da inclusão de minerais orgânicos na alimentação de potros sobre a concentração óssea de cálcio e fósforo, densitometria óssea e variáveis de desempenho de desenvolvimento e crescimento corporal. Foram utilizados dez potros com peso de 240,7 ± 30,2 kg e idade de 10 ± 0,15 meses, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em dois tratamentos: dieta formulada com fonte de minerais na forma orgânica ou inorgânica. A dieta foi composta de 40% de volumoso e 60% de concentrado, à qual foi adicionada mistura mineral na forma orgânica ou inorgânica na quantidade de 3% do concentrado. Não foi observado efeito das fontes minerais sobre a deposição óssea de cálcio e fósforo. A densidade óssea foi maior em potros alimentados com fontes minerais orgânicas durante 90 dias, quando comparada aos potros alimentados com minerais em forma inorgânica. Os animais alimentados com minerais orgânicos apresentaram maior ganho de peso médio e diário em relação aos animais alimentados com minerais inorgânicos. O uso de minerais em forma orgânica aumenta a densidade óssea e o ganho de peso de potros em fase de crescimento.

Avaliou-se o cimento de alfa-fosfato tricálcico de dupla pega como implante para o preenchimento de cavidade anoftálmica em cães e gatos. Os animais foram provenientes do Serviço de oftalmologia do Hospital Veterinário, da Universidade Estadual Paulista – Câmpus de Jaboticabal. O estudo foi realizado em dois anos. A idade dos pacientes oscilou entre 2 a 11 anos, com peso de 3 a 50 kg. Os implantes variaram de 15 a 25 mm de diâmetro. Edema local foi observado em todos os animais durante o pós-operatório imediato. Das 11 cirurgias realizadas em 8 animais, sendo 7 cães e 1 gato, em 9 (81,8%) o resultado estético foi satisfatório, enquanto em 2 (18,2%) foi insatisfatório, devido a complicações que levaram a remoção dos implantes. A utilização do cimento de alfa-fosfato tricálcico de dupla pega no preenchimento de cavidade anoftálmica mostrou-se factível e é uma alternativa para melhorar a aparência estética após a enucleação. | The double-setting alpha-tricalcium phosphate bone cement was evaluated as an orbital implant for filling the anophthalmic cavity of dogs. The animals were from the Ophthalmology Unit of the Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Estadual Paulista – Jaboticabal, and from a private veterinary clinic. The study was conducted during two years. The patients’ age ranged from 2-11 years old, and their weight from 9-50 kg. The implants ranged from 19 to 25 mm in diameter. Local edema was observed in all animals during the immediate postoperative period. Of the ten performed surgeries in seven animals, a satisfactory, aesthetic result was observed in nine (90%) while in one (10%) of them it was unsatisfactory due to complications that led to the implant removal. The use of the double-setting alpha-tricalcium phosphate bone cement to fill anophthalmic sockets is feasible and could be an alternative to improve the cosmetic appearance after eyeball removal.

Avaliou-se o cimento de alfa-fosfato tricálcico de dupla pega como implante para o preenchimento de cavidade anoftálmica em cães e gatos. Os animais foram provenientes do Serviço de oftalmologia do Hospital Veterinário, da Universidade Estadual Paulista – Câmpus de Jaboticabal. O estudo foi realizado em dois anos. A idade dos pacientes oscilou entre 2 a 11 anos, com peso de 3 a 50 kg. Os implantes variaram de 15 a 25 mm de diâmetro. Edema local foi observado em todos os animais durante o pós-operatório imediato. Das 11 cirurgias realizadas em 8 animais, sendo 7 cães e 1 gato, em 9 (81,8%) o resultado estético foi satisfatório, enquanto em 2 (18,2%) foi insatisfatório, devido a complicações que levaram a remoção dos implantes. A utilização do cimento de alfa-fosfato tricálcico de dupla pega no preenchimento de cavidade anoftálmica mostrou-se factível e é uma alternativa para melhorar a aparência estética após a enucleação.

Foram determinados os valores de alguns parâmetros bioquímicos clínicos de ovelhas do grupo genético pantaneiro GESTANTES e não GESTANTES. Foram utilizadas vinte fêmeas, GESTANTES (n = 13) e NÃO GESTANTES (n = 7). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas, semanalmente, da 5ª semana pré-parto até a 8a pós-parto das ovelhas GESTANTES e durante oito semanas consecutivas das ovelhas NÃO GESTANTES, correspondendo ao período pós-parto das GESTANTES. Foram realizadas análises de glicose, albumina, fósforo, beta-hidroxibutirato (BHB), aspartatoaminotrasferase (AST), ureia e colesterol. No período pré-parto, as concentrações de ureia foram menores (27,82 mg/dL ± 1,64 - P < 0,0001) e as da enzima AST, maiores (80,93 U/L ± 2,44 - P < 0,0001). Durante o parto, foi observado aumento nas concentrações de glicose (86,17 mg/dL ± 2,93 - P < 0,0001) em relação aos outros períodos; enquanto no pós-parto houve diminuição nas concentrações de fósforo (4,79 mg/dL ± 0,16 - P < 0,0111) e aumento nas concentrações de BHB (2,37 mmol/L ±0,16 - P < 0,0001). As concentrações de albumina foram menores nas ovelhas NÃO GESTANTES (2,22 g/dL ± 0,06 - P < 0,0001). As concentrações dos metabólitos analisados foram semelhantes às encontrados em outras raças da espécie ovina. As alterações metabólicas foram registradas próximo ao parto, o que ressalta a importância do conhecimento dos valores de referência para serem utilizados no monitoramento dos parâmetros bioquímicos durante o periparto de ovelhas pantaneiras, de modo a ser prevenida a ocorrência de transtornos metabólicos. | This study evaluated the clinical biochemical profile of pregnant and non-pregnant ewes from pantaneiro genetic group. Twenty ewes were used, divided into two groups, PREGNANT (n = 13) and NON-PREGNANT (n = 7). Blood samples were collected weekly from five prepartum weeks to eight  postpartum weeks from pregnant ewes, and over eight consecutive weeks from NON-PREGNANT ewes, corresponding to the period of postpartum at PREGNANT ones. Analyses were performed to determine the concentrations of glucose, albumin, phosphorus, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), aspartate aminotrasferase (AST), urea, and cholesterol. During prepartum, the urea concentration was lower (27,82 mg/dL ±1,64 - P < 0,0001)  and AST enzyme level was higher(80,93 U/L ±2,44 - P < 0,0001). During calving, increased concentrations of glucose (86,17mg/dL ±2,93 - P < 0,0001) were observed in relation to the other periods; while, during postpartum, phosphorus was reduced (4,79 mg/dL ±0,16- P < 0,0111) and BHB increased (2,37 mmol/L ±0,16- P < 0,0001). Albumin concentrations were lower in NON-PREGNANT ewes 2,22 g/dL ±0,06- P < 0,0001). The levels of the metabolites analyzed are similar to those found in other sheep breeds. The metabolic changes occur around parturition; therefore, for the prevention of metabolic disorders,it is important to have reference levels aiming to control biochemical parameters during the peripartum of pantaneiras ewes.

Foram determinados os valores de alguns parâmetros bioquímicos clínicos de ovelhas do grupo genético pantaneiro GESTANTES e não GESTANTES. Foram utilizadas vinte fêmeas, GESTANTES (n = 13) e NÃO GESTANTES (n = 7). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas, semanalmente, da 5ª semana pré-parto até a 8a pós-parto das ovelhas GESTANTES e durante oito semanas consecutivas das ovelhas NÃO GESTANTES, correspondendo ao período pós-parto das GESTANTES. Foram realizadas análises de glicose, albumina, fósforo, beta-hidroxibutirato (BHB), aspartatoaminotrasferase (AST), ureia e colesterol. No período pré-parto, as concentrações de ureia foram menores (27,82 mg/dL ± 1,64 - P < 0,0001) e as da enzima AST, maiores (80,93 U/L ± 2,44 - P < 0,0001). Durante o parto, foi observado aumento nas concentrações de glicose (86,17 mg/dL ± 2,93 - P < 0,0001) em relação aos outros períodos; enquanto no pós-parto houve diminuição nas concentrações de fósforo (4,79 mg/dL ± 0,16 - P < 0,0111) e aumento nas concentrações de BHB (2,37 mmol/L ±0,16 - P < 0,0001). As concentrações de albumina foram menores nas ovelhas NÃO GESTANTES (2,22 g/dL ± 0,06 - P < 0,0001). As concentrações dos metabólitos analisados foram semelhantes às encontrados em outras raças da espécie ovina. As alterações metabólicas foram registradas próximo ao parto, o que ressalta a importância do conhecimento dos valores de referência para serem utilizados no monitoramento dos parâmetros bioquímicos durante o periparto de ovelhas pantaneiras, de modo a ser prevenida a ocorrência de transtornos metabólicos.

Studies concerning soil contamination by enteroparasites have been carried out in diverse regions of Brazil, particularly in areas that may represent risks to human health, such as daycare playgrounds and public parks. In this study, contamination of soil by eggs of Toxocaraspp.,  Ascaris spp., trichostrongylids as well as by oocysts of protozoa is reported in a rural community located close to the Pantanal Matogrossense, Brazil. The results highlight the risk of people living in communities with precarious sanitary conditions in relation to parasitic infection. | A investigação da contaminação do solo por enteroparasitos já foi efetuada em várias regiões do Brasil, principalmente em locais que podem apresentar riscos à saúde humana, como creches e praças públicas.  No presente trabalho é relatada, a contaminação do solo por ovos de Toxocaraspp., Ascaris spp, tricostrongilídeos e oocistos de protozoários em uma comunidade rural localizada no Pantanal Matogrossense. Os resultados do presente estudo ressaltam o risco a que podem estar expostos os moradores de comunidades com condições precárias de habitação e saneamento com relação à infecção por parasitas.

A investigação da contaminação do solo por enteroparasitos já foi efetuada em várias regiões do Brasil, principalmente em locais que podem apresentar riscos à saúde humana, como creches e praças públicas.  No presente trabalho é relatada, a contaminação do solo por ovos de Toxocaraspp., Ascaris spp, tricostrongilídeos e oocistos de protozoários em uma comunidade rural localizada no Pantanal Matogrossense. Os resultados do presente estudo ressaltam o risco a que podem estar expostos os moradores de comunidades com condições precárias de habitação e saneamento com relação à infecção por parasitas.

Objetivou-se com a pesquisa avaliar o desempenho de frangos de corte alimentados com dietas contendo níveis crescentes de inclusão de farelo de acerola em substituição ao milho e analisar a viabilidade econômica desse sistema de produção. Foram utilizados 980 pintos de corte com um dia de idade, machos, da linhagem Cobb, distribuídos num delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos - níveis de inclusão (0, 5, 10 e 15%) de farelo de acerola em substituição ao milho - e sete repetições com 35 aves por unidade experimental. Aos 21 e 42 dias de idade as aves foram pesadas para a mensuração dos dados de desempenho. No período de 1 a 21 dias de idade, foram observadas diferenças somente no consumo de ração e na conversão alimentar, onde a inclusão de farelo de acerola diminuiu linearmente o consumo de ração e melhorou a conversão alimentar até o nível de 10,25%. No período total de criação o tratamento controle apresentou maior peso corporal. A conversão alimentar apresentou efeito linear, piorando os resultados com o aumento da quantidade de farelo de acerola nas dietas. Nesse mesmo período, não houve diferença significativa no consumo de ração e no fator de produção. Quanto à análise econômica, verificou-se que o menor custo final por frango foi observado nas dietas com 10% de inclusão de farelo de acerola em substituição ao milho. | It was aimed with this research to evaluate the performance of broiler chickens fed diets containing increasing levels of acerola meal in replacement of corn and analyze the economic viability of that production system. A total of 980 day-old male Cobb chicks were used, allotted in a completely randomized design, with four treatments - inclusion levels (0%, 5%, 10% and 15%) of acerola meal in replacement of corn – and seven replications with 35 birds per experimental unit. The birds were weighed at 21 and 42 days of age to measure the performance data. In the period between 1 and 21 days of age, differences were observed in the feed intake and feed:gain only, in which the inclusion of acerola meal linearly decreased feed intake and improved feed:gain up to a level of 10.25%. For the total rearing period, the control treatment showed higher body weight. The feed:gain showed linear effect, worsening the results with increasing amounts of acerola meal in the diets. In the same period, there was no significant difference in feed intake and productive efficiency index. With regard to the economic analysis, it was found that the lowest final cost per broiler was observed in diets with 10% of acerola meal inclusion in replacement of corn.

It was aimed with this research to evaluate the performance of broiler chickens fed diets containing increasing levels of acerola meal in replacement of corn and analyze the economic viability of that production system. A total of 980 day-old male Cobb chicks were used, allotted in a completely randomized design, with four treatments - inclusion levels (0%, 5%, 10% and 15%) of acerola meal in replacement of corn – and seven replications with 35 birds per experimental unit. The birds were weighed at 21 and 42 days of age to measure the performance data. In the period between 1 and 21 days of age, differences were observed in the feed intake and feed:gain only, in which the inclusion of acerola meal linearly decreased feed intake and improved feed:gain up to a level of 10.25%. For the total rearing period, the control treatment showed higher body weight. The feed:gain showed linear effect, worsening the results with increasing amounts of acerola meal in the diets. In the same period, there was no significant difference in feed intake and productive efficiency index. With regard to the economic analysis, it was found that the lowest final cost per broiler was observed in diets with 10% of acerola meal inclusion in replacement of corn.

Os tumores das glândulas mamárias são as neoplasias mais comuns em cadelas em nosso país; no entanto, são poucos os trabalhos brasileiros dedicados ao estudo clinicopatológico e de sobrevida nesta doença. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo o estudo clínico e patológico dos tumores mamários caninos na Região Metropolitana de Santos, uma área no estado de São Paulo com uma população canina estimada em 120 mil animais. Dados de 14.298 cães foram coletados retrospectivamente dos prontuários médicos do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Metropolitana de Santos – São Paulo – Brasil. Durante o período do estudo, foram atendidas 317 fêmeas com diagnóstico histopatológico de neoplasia, dos quais, 170 se referiam a lesões mamárias epiteliais distribuídas em 13 tumores benignos, 152 malignos (89,4% dos diagnósticos) e 5 lesões epiteliais não-neoplásicas (hiperplasia ductal). O tumor mais frequente foi o carcinoma tubular (38,2% dos tumores malignos) e tumores de grau I, respondendo por 73,0% do total diagnosticado. Estudos de sobrevida apontaram para o estadiamento clínico das neoplasias mamárias caninas como importante fator prognóstico, e na análise multivariada, diâmetro do tumor, grau histológico, quimioterapia adjuvante e recorrência apresentaram-se como covariáveis com valor preditivo de sobrevida. Levando-se em conta a elevada prevalência de carcinoma tubular simples na população canina de Santos, pode-se considerá-la como promissor modelo translacional para o estudo da doença. | Tumors of the mammary glands are the most common neoplasms in dogs in our country; however, there are few Brazilian reports dedicated to clinicopathological and survival studies about this disease. This report aims the clinical and pathological study of canine mammary tumors in the Santos Metropolitan Region, an area in Sao Paulo state with an estimated canine population of 120,000 animals. Data of 14,298 dogs were collected retrospectively from the medical records of the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the Metropolitan University of Santos – São Paulo – Brazil. During the study period, from records of 317 females with histopathological diagnosis of neoplasia, 170 were mammary epithelial lesions distributed in 13 benign tumors, 152 malignant (89.4% of diagnosis) and 5 non-neoplasic epithelial lesions (ductal hyperplasia). The highest prevalent malignant tumor was tubular carcinoma (38.2% of diagnosis) and Grade I tumors, corresponding to 73.0% of all diagnosis. The results have shown clinical staging of canine mammary neoplasms as an important prognostic survival factor and, in a multivariate analysis, tumor diameter, tumor grade, adjuvant chemotherapy and recurrence as covariates with predictive value for survival. Moreover, the high prevalence of tubular carcinoma qualifies the canine population ofSantosas a promising model for the translational study of this disease.

Tumors of the mammary glands are the most common neoplasms in dogs in our country; however, there are few Brazilian reports dedicated to clinicopathological and survival studies about this disease. This report aims the clinical and pathological study of canine mammary tumors in the Santos Metropolitan Region, an area in Sao Paulo state with an estimated canine population of 120,000 animals. Data of 14,298 dogs were collected retrospectively from the medical records of the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the Metropolitan University of Santos – São Paulo – Brazil. During the study period, from records of 317 females with histopathological diagnosis of neoplasia, 170 were mammary epithelial lesions distributed in 13 benign tumors, 152 malignant (89.4% of diagnosis) and 5 non-neoplasic epithelial lesions (ductal hyperplasia). The highest prevalent malignant tumor was tubular carcinoma (38.2% of diagnosis) and Grade I tumors, corresponding to 73.0% of all diagnosis. The results have shown clinical staging of canine mammary neoplasms as an important prognostic survival factor and, in a multivariate analysis, tumor diameter, tumor grade, adjuvant chemotherapy and recurrence as covariates with predictive value for survival. Moreover, the high prevalence of tubular carcinoma qualifies the canine population ofSantosas a promising model for the translational study of this disease.