Purpose. To elaborate winter wheat cultivation technologies based on balanced fertilizer system that combines application of mineral fertilizers and the increase of their efficiency by the use of preparations with microelements.Methods. Field and laboratory studies, mathematical and statistical analysis.Results. During 2011–2013, the effect of cultivation technologies on the formation of yield and quality of winter wheat varie­ty ‘Benefis’ (pea is a predecessor) was studied. In case of alternative technologies that provided adding only by-products of the predecessor, the yield of winter wheat was 3.73 t/ha when using integrated protection system, and it was increased to 4.22 t/ha with grain quality of the 4th–5th class of the group B when foliar dressing was applied. Resource saving technologies of cultivation with restricted use of fertilizers (Р45К45N30(II)+30(IV)) provided productivity at the level of 5.19–5.61 t/ha with grain quality of the 2nd–3rd class of the group A. Grain yield of 6.27 t/ha of the 2nd class quality was obtained by the use of intensive cultivation technology, which included application of mineral fertilizers (Р90К90N30(II)+60(IV)+30(VIII)) in addition to the use of predecessor’s by-products and foliar dressing. The highest yield of grain (6.71 t/ha) on average during all years of the study with the 1st class of the group A quality was provided by energy-intensive technology, which included application of P135K135N60(II)+75(IV)+45(VIII) with embedding of predecessor’s by-products into the soil and foliar dressing.Conclusions. It was established that in the northern part of the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine the highest productivity of winter wheat was obtained in dark gray podzolic soils using the energy-intensive technology with application of P135K135N60(II)+75(IV)+45(VIII) against the background of predecessor’s by-products embedded into the soil in case of integrated plant protection, and foliar dres­sing. This technology ensured the yield of 6.71 t/ha with grain quality of the 1st class of the group A.

Purpose. Conduct a spectral assessment of winter wheat varieties (‘MIP Assol’, ‘Balada Myronivska’, ‘Hratsiia Myronivska’, ‘MIP Yuvileina’, ‘MIP Lada’, ‘MIP Dniprianka’, and standard ‘Podolianka’) and perspective breeding lines (‘Erythrospermum 55023’, ‘Lutescens 22198’, ‘Lutescens 37519’, ‘Lutescens 60049’, ‘Lutescens 60107’) of Myronivka Institute breeding during the flowering period and to evaluate the dependence of the obtained NDVI indicator on their productivity.Methods. The research was conducted during the 2018/19–2020/21 growing seasons in the breeding crop rotation of the winter wheat breeding laboratory of the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Wheat Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The main method of research is field, supplemented by analytical studies, measurements, calculations and observations. Obtaining values of vegetation indices of varieties and breeding lines of winter wheat was carried out using the Mavic zoom 2 UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) using the Parrot Sequoia multispectral camera. Pix4Dcapture and Pix4Dmapper programs were used to create an orthophoto map. Photographing was carried out with a multispectral camera at a height of 30 m above the level of the object under study in order to improve the quality of the orthophoto map with an overlap of 80% of the images and a time interval of 2 seconds. The NDVI index (normalized difference vegetation index) was calculated according to the appropriate formula.Results. According to the research results, regardless of the conditions of the year, in the first, optimal sowing period (25.09–05.10), the NDVI indicator in the flowering-ripening phase of wheat had higher values than in the second, late period (05–15.10) (average value over three years for the first semester was 0.69, the second – 0.62). In the course of the research, we established the dependence of the vegetation index NDVI on the level of productivity of wheat genotypes. The best varieties and promising lines among those studied were ‘MIP Lada’, ‘Lutescens 55198’ and ‘Lutescens 60049’, as well as ‘MIP Assol’ and ‘Hratsiia Myronivska’, which were less sensitive to sowing dates and had a higher index and control of yield indicators even with late sowing dates.Conclusions. Although existing today phenotyping methods need to be improved and localized, in the near future they will become an indispensable tool for the breeder, which will increase the volume of studied varieties and improve the quality of the results of morpho-biological analysis

Мета. Визначити потенціал урожайності нових сортів пшениці озимої миронівської селекції залежно від попередників і строків сівби та встановити їх частки впливу в умовах Центрального Лісостепу України. Методи. Дослідження проводили в польовому чотирифакторному досліді на базі Миронівського інституту пшениці імені В. М. Ремесла НААН упродовж 2018/19–2020/21 рр. Результати. У результаті вивчення п’яти перспективних сортів пшениці озимої, висіяних 25 вересня та 05 жовтня після двох попередників (соя та соняшник), виявили, що незалежно від строків сівби середня врожайність для досліджуваних сортів після попередника соя була вищою і варіювала від 3,77 до 6,24 т/га у порівнянні з попередником соняшник – 3,35–5,52 т/га. Сорт ‘МІП Ювілейна’ сформував максимальну врожайність за першого строку сівби (5,52 та 6,24 т/га після попередників соняшник та соя відповідно), а сорт ‘МІП Фортуна’ – за другого (5,46 т/га після попередника соя). Висновки. Установлено потенціал урожайності сортів пшениці озимої залежно від попередників та строків сівби в умовах Центрального Лісостепу України. За результатами дисперсійного аналізу отриманих даних з’ясовано частку впливу цих факторів на врожайність культури. Максимальний внесок у дисперсію врожайності був за роком висіву (67,8%) та попередником (20,9%). | Purpose. To determine the yield potential of new winter wheat varieties of the Myronivka breeding as a function of preceding crops and sowing dates, and to determine their proportion of influence in the conditions of the central ForestSteppe of Ukraine. Methods. The research was conducted in a four-factor field experiment at the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine during 2018/19–2020/21. Results. As a result of the study of five promising varieties of winter wheat, sown on September 25 and October 5 after two predecessors (soybean and sunflower), it was found that, regardless of the sowing dates, the average yield of the varieties studied was higher after the predecessor soybean and varied from 3.77 to 6.24 t/ha compared to its predecessor sunflower – 3.35–5.52 t/ha. The variety ‘MIP Yuvileina’ produced the maximum yield in the first sowing period (5.52 and 6.24 t/ha after the preceding sunflower and soybean, respectively) and the variety ‘MIP Fortuna’ – in the second sowing period (5.46 t/ha after the preceding soybean). Conclusions. The yield potential of winter wheat varieties was determined in relation to their predecessors and sowing dates in the conditions of the central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. According to the results of the variance analysis of the obtained data, the proportion of influence of these factors on the crop yield was determined. The largest contribution to the yield variance was made by the year of sowing (67.8%) and the predecessor (20.9%).

Purpose. Evaluate the introduced samples of soft winter wheat from the international nursery Common Bunt-Resistant Nursery (CBUNT-RES) of different ecological and geographical origin in the southern part of the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine according to a set of productivity indicators in order to define the most valuable samples and describe them. Methods. During 2016–2019 on the base of Ustymivka Experimental Station for Plant Production of the V. Ya. Yuriev Plant Production Institute of NAAS the authors studied, evaluated and described 75 new soft winter wheat samples of various eco-geographical origins by productivity traits. In the field and laboratory conditions, indicators of yield and productivi­ty were determined: 1000 grains weight, plant height and ear length, the number of spikelets and grains in the ear, weight of ear and grain and early-ripening. Results. Plant material with increased parameters of economic and biological characters was identified. During studies, it was found that ‘F08347G8’, ‘F00628G34-1’ (Romania), ‘91-142A61/KATIA1//GRISET-4’, ‘SAULESKU#44/TR810200//GRISET-4’, ‘ATTILA/BABAX//PASTOR/4/…’ (IU067591) (Turkey), ‘INTENSIVNAYA//PBW343*2/TUKURU’, ‘SANZAR-8/KKTS’ (Mexico) were the high-yielding varieties. The samples of soft winter wheat as ‘F08347G8’, ‘F00628G34-1’ (Romania), ‘INTENSIVNAYA//PBW343*2/…’ (IU067637) (Mexico), ‘ATAY/GALVEZ87/6/TAST/…’ (IU067587), ‘DE9/MERCAN-2’, ‘KRASNODAR/FRTL/6…’ (IU067595), ‘SAULESKU#44/TR810200//GRISET-4’, ‘GANSU-1/3/AUSGS50AT34/…’ (IU067598), ‘ORKINOS-1*2/3/AUS…’ (IU067608), ‘KAMBARA1/ZANDER-17’ , ‘TAM200/KAUZ/4/CHAM6//…’ (IU067612) (Turkey) contained a large grain weight (more than 5.0 g), plant productivity in these samples was rather high due to increased amount of grains and the thousand kernel weight. Conclusions. The introduced soft winter wheat samples of various eco-geographical origins were adapted to the Southern Forest-Steppe and can be recommended as a source material in breeding to increasing productive capacity.

Purpose. Analysis of the allelic state of Ppd-1 genes, which control sensitivity to photoperiod, in varieties and lines of bread winter wheat, and comparison of the results obtained with field observations on the duration of periods before heading and flowering, whose originators were the Nosivska Breeding and Research Station of the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine and Poltava State Agrarian Academy of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. Methods. The following methods were used in the work: DNA extraction, allele-specific PCR, agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, analysis of variance. Results. It was revealed that ‘Yuvivata 60’ variety has a recessive Ppd-1 genotype and belongs to the III haplotype by a combination of mutations in the structure of Ppd-D1 gene. Line ‘L41/95’ was heterogeneous by alleles of Ppd-D1 gene, which corresponded to the presence of haplotypes III and VII. All other tested cultivars and lines were characterized by alleles Ppd-A1b, Ppd-B1b and Ppd-D1a, and assigned to haplotype VII. According to the results of statistical data processing, the duration of the period from May, 1 to heading was the smallest for the variety ‘Donskaya polukarlikovaya’ in the conditions of both the Forest-Steppe and Polissia-Forest-Steppe regions of Ukraine, the longest – in the varieties ‘Yuvivata 60’, ‘Myronivska 61’ and ‘L41/95’. The differences between these groups were significant and amounted to 10 days. Conclusions. A breeding material with a high adaptive ability for growing conditions in Polissia-Forest-Steppe zone was studied by the allelic state of the Ppd-1 genes. A low level of polymorphism in the studied varieties and lines was revealed by the alleles of Ppd-1 genes [12.5% – Ppd-D1b (²²²), 12.5% – Ppd-D1à/b (²²²/VII), 75% – Ppd-D1a (VII)], that agrees with the hypothesis that breeders gave a greater preference for the photoperiod-insensitive wheat genotype under Ukrainian conditions. The genotypes with the dominant Ppd-D1a (VII) gene almost completely dominate in the south of Ukraine. At the same time, in northern latitudes, weather conditions negate the advantages of the genotypes with Ppd-D1a gene

Purpose. Improve adaptive technologies for growing winter wheat, which will ensure the planned stem density and the productivity of the ear, what will allow forming the maximum yield with high grain quality. Methods. Field, laboratory stu­dies, mathematical and statistical analysis.Results. During 2011–2015 the process of forming the productivity of winter wheat ‘Benefis’ variety with various cultivation technologies was monitored. In particular, indicators of the stem density, the number of initiated flowers, spikelets and grains in the ear, their reduction according to the stages of organogenesis, the potential yield of winter wheat and the degree to which it is actually realized are given. It was revealed that such elements of cultivation technology as doses of fertilizers, plant protection system positively influenced the density of the productive stems from the IV to XII stages of organogenesis. The largest number of preserved stems (695 pcs./m2) before the XII stage was noted in the variant with the introduction of Р135К135N60(II)+N75(IV)+N45(VIII) against the background of precursor by-products and in the case of integrated protection.The implementation of productive stems under these conditions was 41.3% quantity of the loss of stems from the IV to XII stage of organogenesis ranged from 657–986 pcs./m2 depending on doses of fertilizers and a protection system. The number of flowers (grains) in the ear from the V to the XII stage changed depending on the nutritional conditions of the plants and enhanced with increasing doses of fertili­zers in the ear of both orders. By the number of flowers per spike, integrated protection had an advantage over the minimum. The largest number of flowers from stage V to IX was received for introducing P135K135N60 (II) + N75 (IV) + N45 (VII) against the background of by-products of the predecessor and in the case of integrated protection.Conclusions. It was found that in the conditions of the northern part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine on the dark gray podzolized soil, the highest productivity of winter wheat was obtained by intensive energy-saturated cultivation technology with the introduction of Р135К135N60(II)+75(IV)+45(VIII) on the background of by-products of the precursor system and in the case of integrated protection. This technology ensure yield of 6.56 t/ha of grade 1 grain of A quality Group | Мета. Удосконалити адаптивні технології вирощування пшениці озимої, які забезпечать заплановану густоту стебло­стою та продуктивність колосу, що дасть можливість сформувати максимальний урожай з високою якістю зерна. Методи. Польові, лабораторні дослідження, математично-статистичний аналіз. Результати. Протягом 2011–2015 рр. проводили спостереження за процесом формування продуктивності пшениці озимої ‘Бенефіс’ за різних технологій вирощування. Зокрема, наведено показники щільності стеблостою, кількості закладених квіток, колосків і зернівок у колосі, їхньої редукції за етапами органогенезу, величини потенційної врожайності пшениці озимої і ступінь реалізації її у фактичній. Встановлено, що такі елементи технології вирощування як дози добрив, система захисту рослин позитивно впливали на щільність продуктивного стеблостою з IV до XII етапів органогенезу. Найбільшу кількість збережених стебел (695 шт./м2) до XII етапу відмічали у варіанті з унесенням на фоні побічної продукції попередника Р135К135N60(ІІ)+N75(ІV)+N45(VІІ), інтегрованого захисту. Реалізація продуктивних стебел за цих умов складала 41,3%. Величина втрат стебел з IV до XII етапу органогенезу коливалась в межах 657–986 шт./м2 залежно від доз добрив, системи захисту. Кількість квіток (зерен) у колосі з V до XII етапу змінювалась залежно від умов живлення рослин і зростала із збільшенням доз внесених добрив в колоссі обох порядків. За кількістю квіток у колосі інтегрований захист мав перевагу над мінімальним. Найбільшу кількість квіток з V до IX етапу отримали за внесення на фоні побічної продукції попередника Р135К135N60(ІІ)+N75(ІV)+N45(VІІ), інтегрованого захисту. Висновки. Встановлено, що в умовах північної частини Лісостепу України на темно-сірому опідзоленому ґрунті найвищу продуктивність пшениці озимої отримано за інтенсивної енергонасиченої технології вирощування з внесенням Р135К135N60(ІІ)+75(ІV)+45(VІІІ) на фоні побічної продукції попередника за інтегрованої системи захисту. Ця технологія забезпечувала урожайність 6,56 т/га зерна першого класу якості групи А. | Цель.Усовершенствовать адаптивные технологии выращивания озимой пшеницы, которые обеспечат запланированную густоту стеблестоя и производительность колоса, что позволит сформировать максимальный урожай с высоким качеством зерна. Методы. Полевые, лабораторные исследования, математически-статистический анализ. Результаты. В течение 2011–2015 гг. проводили наблюдение за процессом формирования продуктивности озимой пшеницы сорта ‘Бенефіс’ при различных технологиях выращивания. В частности, приведены показатели плотности стеблестоя, количества заложенных цветков, колосков и зерновок в колосе, их редукции по этапам органогенеза, величины потенциальной урожайности пшеницы озимой и степень реализации ее в фактической. Установлено, что такие элементы технологии выращивания как дозы удоб­рений, система защиты растений положительно влияли на плотность продуктивного стеблестоя с IV до XII этапа органогенеза. Наибольшее количество сохранившихся стеблей (695 шт./м2) до XII этапа отмечали в варианте с внесением на фоне побочной продукции предшественника Р135К135N60(II)+N75(IV)+N45(VIII), интегрированной защиты. Реализация продуктивных стеблей при этих условиях сос­тавляла 41,3%. Величина потерь стеблей с IV до XII этапа органогенеза колебалась в пределах 657–986 шт./м2 в зависимости от доз удобрений, системы защиты. Количество цветков (зерен) в колосе с V до XII этапа менялась в зависимости от условий питания растений и росла с увеличением доз вносимых удобрений в колосе обоих порядков. По количеству цветков в колосе интегрированная защита имела преимущество над минимальной. Наибольшее количество цветков с V до IX этапа получили при внесении на фоне заделки побочной продукции предшественника Р135К135N60(II)+N75(IV)+N45(VIII), интегрированной защиты. Выводы. Установлено, что в условиях северной части Лесостепи Украины на темно-серой оподзоленной почве наибольшая продуктивность озимой пшеницы получена при интенсивной энергонасыщенной технологии выращивания с внесением Р135К135N60(II)+75(IV)+45(VIII) на фоне побочной продукции предшественника при интегрированной сис­теме защиты. Эта технология обеспечивала урожайность 6,56 т/га зерна первого класса качества группы А.

Purpose. To establish correlation dependence of influence of such factors as seeding rate, sowing time and seeding methods on yield indicators, as well as individual response of winter wheat varieties to them in case of the ecological system of seed production, that would allow to form elements of intensive varietal technology and obtain the genetically determined productivity potential of the variety in the future. Methods. Weight measuring was used to determine seed yield; the reliability of the experiment results was identified by statistical evaluation, analysis of variance and regression procedure. Results. During the period of investigation, the weather conditions differed significantly both for the temperature regime and the amount of precipitation, but the stability of grain and seed yield over years was the main requirement to varieties, that allowed to study the intergenotypic correlation relationships of crop yield indices and the dynamics of their changes under the effect of ecological factors. In the course of investigation, winter wheat yield indices were fixed annually from 684 plots, which were grouped and analyzed for factors of influence in order to ensure the complete certainty. Conclusions. Variants of investigation were defined for the certified seed yield and environmental factors (sowing time and seeding method, seeding rate), that had strong positive correlation relationships. Seeding rate and seeding method had the greatest impact on 1000 kernel weight. For tille­ring coefficient, varieties depending on the variant of the investigation had a negative close correlation relationship, which was greatly affected by seeding rate. For correlation relationships, winter wheat varieties ‘Bohdana’ and ‘Slavna’ appeared to be the most stable, ‘Chorniava’ and ‘Astarta’ were the most plastic.

Purpose. To define the level of impact of such factors as rate, time and methods of sowing on seed productivity and certified seeds, and the individual response of winter wheat varieties to these factors if used the ecological system of seed farming, that would allow to form and obtain genetically determined potential of variety productivity. Methods. Weight measurement for determining seed yield; statistical, variance and regression analysis for identifying the reliabi­lity of the experiment results. Results. During the research period, weather conditions were greatly differed both by temperature regime and precipitation, but stability of grain and seeds yield on an annual basis was the main requirement to varieties. During the study of «grain productivity» value and quantitative indices of winter wheat yield structure, the results from 684 plots were obtained which were grouped and analyzed for impact factors for complete certainty, and NIR0,05 was calculated. Conclusions. Thus, in case of shifting sowing time from optimum to later period, efficiency of water use by plants was decreasing to a greater extent during years with insufficient precipitation. The shift of sowing time to later period providing optimal seeding rate and row seeding method did not reduce yield. The yield of winter wheat varieties to be studied when sowing in usual manner with seeding rate of 5,5 million seeds/ha in the period from September 15 and October 5 was the highest. Varieties ‘Slavna’ and ‘Chorniava’ provided the highest grain productivity for seeding rate of 5,5 million seeds/ha and using row seeding method, with slight impact of sowing time factor. Grain yield of studied varieties showed negative response during the experiment when seeding rate decreased up to 2,5–3,0 million seeds/ha. ‘Astarta’ varie­ty provided the highest productivity for certified seeds yield as compared to the control (from 1,59 to 3,38 t/ha). The variant of the experiment when sowing on October, 5 in usual manner with seeding rate of 5,5 million seeds/ha showed the highest productivity of 7,02 t/ha (+3,38 t/ha, or +92,9%). Shifting of sowing time for October, 5 resulted in a significant decrease in yields of certified seeds as compared to sowing time on September 15 and 25. Seed yield of studied varieties when sowing on October, 5 was higher than in case of sowing on September, 25. The highest percentage of certified seeds output in the studied varieties was observed for a seeding rate of 2,5–3,0 million seeds/ha. For seeding rate of 5,5 million seeds/ha for varieties with seeding time between September 15 and 25, the difference in grain yield was negligible. The winter wheat variety ‘Astarta’ provided the highest yield of seeds during the research years – 9,36 t/ha, the standard variety ‘Bogdan’ – the lowest one in the best variant of 5,55 t/ha.

Purpose. Comparative studies of the photosynthetic apparatus of winter wheat varieties of modern and earlier breeding in the relation to their productivity. Methods. Field, pot experiment, biometrical, gas analysis, analytical and statistical ones. Results. It is found that the modern high-yielding winter wheat varieties have a higher rate of flag leaf photosynthesis during generative period of development, particularly at grain filling period, improved ability to store assimilates in stem and effectively use them later for grain growth. The modern varieties form crop canopy with greater leaf area and chlorophyll indexes and larger photosynthetic capacity and maintain functional activity of photosynthetic apparatus longer at the end of the growing season. Conclusions. The superiority for grain productivity of modern high-yielding wheat varieties, originated from the Institute of Plant Physio­logy and Genetics, NAS of Ukraine, over varieties released before the “green revolution”, results from increased capacity and durability of functioning the crop photosynthetic apparatus, higher CO2 assimilation rate and optimization of source-sink relations in whole plant.

Purpose. Defining marker-trait associations of microsatellite markers with specific regions of the genome that control important agronomical traits in the investigated varieties originated in the Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute – National Center of Seed and Cultivar Investigations and entered into the State register of plant varieties suitable for dissemination in Ukraine during different years. Methods. Molecular genetic methods (extraction of genomic DNA, polymerase chain reactions (PCR), electrophoresis of amplification products in polyacrylamide gel), field methods (phenological observations of heading date and analysis of plant height, visual assessment of the colour and length of wheat ear and awns), statistical methods (evaluation of trait means by descriptive statistic instruments of EXCEL package, ANOVA method performed by GLM instrument from AGROBASE 21 package). Results. During four gro­wing years (2010/11, 2011/12, 2012/13, 2013/14), 47 bread winter wheat varieties were phenotypically measured and analyzed with 17 microsatellite loci. 35 marker-trait associations (MTA) for heading date, 39 for plant height, 33 for awn size, 20 for ear colour and 8 for ear size were found to be stable and significant during two–four different gro­wing years. Conclusions. Microsatellite markers that showed substantial and stable during different growing years associations with agronomical traits can be useful and suitable for marker-assisted selection (MAS) in Ukrainian wheat breeding programs.