Studies regarding the effect of environmental factors on the environmental behaviour and potential toxicity of nanoplastics (NPs) are limited but important. In this study, four polystyrene NPs with different functional groups and charges (PS, PS-COOH, n-PSNH2, p-PSNH2) were selected to investigate the effect of humic acid (HA) and salinity on their aggregation behaviour and toxicity. The results showed that salinity significantly accelerated the aggregation of the four NPs, while HA mainly exerted a stabilizing effect on the three negatively charged NPs. In contrast, the positively charged p-PSNH2 aggregated significantly at first but remained stable as HA concentration further increased. The joint effect mainly depended on their concentration ratio. The aggregation phenomena can be explained by the Derjaguin - Landau - Verwey - Overbeek (DLVO) theory. Also, the acute toxicity of NPs on Daphnia magna was affected by the surface charge of NPs, and the positively charged p-PSNH2 showed the lowest toxicity among the selected NPs. Furthermore, the presence of HA effectively alleviated the toxicity of PS and p-PSNH2, as the survival rates increased from 15% to 45%–95% and 100% respectively. Our results demonstrate that the surface properties of NPs significantly influence their aggregation and toxicity.

A full-factorial test design was applied to systematically investigate the contribution and significance of water chemistry parameters (pH, divalent cations and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration) and their interactions on the behavior and fate of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs). The total amount of Cu remaining in the water column after 48 h of incubation was mostly influenced by divalent cation content, DOC concentration and the interaction of divalent cations and DOC. DOC concentration was the predominant factor influencing the dissolution of CuNPs, which was far more important than the effect of pH in the range from 6 to 9 on the dissolution of the CuNPs. The addition of DOC at concentrations ranging from 5 to 50 mg C/L resulted in a 3–5 fold reduction of dissolution of CuNPs after 48 h of incubation, as compared to the case without addition of DOC. Divalent cation content was found to be the most influential factor regarding aggregation behavior of the particles, followed by DOC concentration and the interaction of divalent cations and DOC. In addition, the aggregation behavior of CuNPs rather than particulate dissolution explained most of the variance in the sedimentation profiles of CuNPs. These results are meaningful for improved understanding and prediction of the behavior and fate of metallic NPs in aqueous environments.

Colony formation is an essential stage of cyanobacterial blooms. High calcium concentration can promote Microcystis aeruginosa aggregation behavior, but the mechanism of colony formation caused by calcium has rarely been reported. In this study, high calcium-induced colony formation was identified as a shift from cell adhesion to cell division, rather than only cell adhesion as previously thought. Algae responded to this calcium-induced environmental pressure by aggregating and forming colonies. Algal cells initially secreted large quantities of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and rapidly aggregated by cell adhesion. The highest aggregation proportion was up to 68.93%. However, high calcium concentrations cannot completely inhibit algal cell growth, but only delay the algae into the rapid growth phase. With adaption to calcium and existing high EPS content, the daughter cells reduced EPS synthesis and the aggregation proportion decreased. The increasing growth rate was also responsible for the decreased xylose content in EPS. The mechanism of colony formation changed to cell division. The downregulation of genes related to EPS secretion also supported this hypothesis. Overall, these results can benefit for our understanding of cyanobacterial bloom formation.

Microplastics are an emerging contaminants of concern in aquatic environments. The aggregation behaviors of microplastics governing their fate and ecological risks in aquatic environments is in need of evaluation. In this study, the aggregation behavior of polystyrene microspheres (micro-PS) in aquatic environments was systematically investigated over a range of monovalent and divalent electrolytes with and without natural organic matter (i.e., Suwannee River humic acid (HA)), at pH 6.0, respectively. The zeta potentials and hydrodynamic diameters of micro-PS were measured and the subsequent aggregation kinetics and attachment efficiencies (α) were calculated. The aggregation kinetics of micro-PS exhibited reaction- and diffusion-limited regimes in the presence of monovalent or divalent electrolytes with distinct critical coagulation concentration (CCC) values, followed the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory. The CCC values of micro-PS were14.9, 13.7, 14.8, 2.95 and 3.20 mM for NaCl, NaNO3, KNO3, CaCl2 and BaCl2, respectively. As expected, divalent electrolytes (i.e., CaCl2 and BaCl2) had stronger influence on the aggregation behaviors of micro-PS as compared to monovalent electrolytes (i.e., NaCl, NaNO3 and KNO3). HA enhanced micro-PS stability and shifted the CCC values to higher electrolyte concentrations for all types of electrolytes. The CCC values of micro-PS were lower than reported carbonaceous nanoparticles CCC values. The CCC[Ca2+]/CCC [Na+] ratios in the absence and presence of HA at pH 6.0 were proportional to Z−2.34 and Z−2.30, respectively. These ratios were in accordance with the theoretical Schulze–Hardy rule, which considers that the CCC is proportional to z−6–z−2. These results indicate that the stability of micro-PS in the natural aquatic environment and the possibility of significant aqueous transport of micro-PS.

The aim of this research was to assess marine litter abundance and its effects on the benthic fauna in an area of the central Mediterranean Sea exploited by fisheries using fish aggregating devices (FAD). The study was carried out by means of a remotely-operated vehicle (ROV). Derelict fishing gear, mainly FAD ropes, represented the main source of marine debris, contributing 96.2% to the overall litter. About 47% of debris items (mostly FAD ropes) entangled colonies of the protected black coral Leiopathes glaberrima. The results of this research will assist in the monitoring of “impact/harm” to the coral and other benthic communities, as recommended by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and by the Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Programme. Preventive and mitigation measures (i.e., biodegradable fishing gear, onboard technology to locate and retrieve gear, reception and/or payment for old/retrieved gear, and introduction of no-take zones) to reduce the problem are discussed.

Fishing gears are marked to establish and inform origin, ownership and position. More recently, fishing gears are marked to aid in capacity control, reduce marine litter due to abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear (ALDFG) and assist in its recovery, and to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. Traditionally, physical marking, inscription, writing, color, shape, and tags have been used for ownership and capacity purposes. Buoys, lights, flags, and radar reflectors are used for marking of position. More recently, electronic devices have been installed on marker buoys to enable easier relocation of the gear by owner vessels. This paper reviews gear marking technologies with focus on coded wire tags, radio frequency identification tags, Automatic Identification Systems, advanced electronic buoys for pelagic longlines and fish aggregating devices, and re-location technology if the gear becomes lost.

Predicting the aggregation tendency of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), oxidized nZVI, in particular, is crucial for the risk assessment of nZVI in aquatic environments. In this study, the comprehensive effects of the pH and ionic strength (IS) on the aggregation behaviors of two highly oxidized nZVIs (HO-nZVI) were examined. Compared with hematite nanoparticles, HO-nZVI presented a sudden acceleration in aggregation under critical conditions; moreover, the morphology of the HO-nZVI aggregates at pH and IS values higher or lower than the critical conditions was significantly different. Furthermore, owing to the differences in magnetization between the two prepared HO-nZVI samples, their critical coagulation conditions were significantly different. The significant changes in the aggregation behavior of the HO-nZVI samples were analyzed using colloidal theories, and the aggregation tendency of HO-nZVI under specific conditions could be simulated by calculating the theoretical critical conditions of aggregation via a method that takes into account the hydrochemical properties, magnetization, and surface charge of HO-nZVI. To examine the correctness of the method, we compared the experimentally determined colloidal stability of HO-nZVI in water samples collected from nearby rivers with the theoretically predicted value. The results indicated that the method was adequate for most situations, except for those in which the hydrochemical properties of the water samples were close to the critical coagulation conditions. Our study proposes a theoretical approach that is viable for simulating the colloidal stability of magnetic nanoparticles in aquatic environments; we anticipate that it will further facilitate the risk assessment of nanoparticles.

The stability of nanoparticles (NPs) in aquatic environments is important to evaluate their adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems and human health. Nanoparticle stability is known to be influenced by coexisting ions and dissolved organic matter. This study was designed to investigate the effects of coexisting low-level Cd(II) on the stability of humic acid-coated nano-TiO₂ (HA-TiO₂) particles in aquatic environments by measuring their aggregation kinetics through time-resolved dynamic light scattering (DLS) and monitoring suspended HA-TiO₂ concentrations via optical absorbance changes over time. The particles exhibited aggregation behavior consistent with the classic Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory. The results showed that Cd(II) concentration, pH, and ionic strength had various effects on the aggregation kinetics of the HA-TiO₂ NPs. The HA-TiO₂ particles aggregated faster as the Cd(II) concentration increased whereas the stability of the nanoparticles increased as the solution pH increased or ionic strength decreased regardless of the Cd(II) concentration. At the fixed pH and ionic strength conditions, the addition of Cd(II) promoted aggregation of nanoparticles, leading to higher attachment efficiencies. The enhanced aggregation of the HA-TiO₂ NPs in the presence of coexisting cadmium ions in aqueous solutions indicated that the fate and transport of nanoparticles could be greatly affected by heavy metals in aquatic environments.

The increasing consumption of medications by humans has negative effects such as the increased disposal of these compounds in the environment. Little is known about how the disposal of a “drug mix” (DM) in aquatic ecosystems can affect their biota. Thus, we evaluated whether the exposure of Lithobates casteibeianus tadpoles to a DM composed of different medication classes (antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, anxiolytic, analgesic, and antacid drugs)—at environmentally relevant concentrations—may change their oral morphology, trigger behavioral disorders, and have mutagenic effects on erythrocyte cells. Based on our data, animals exposed to the DM showed changes in mandibular sheath pigmentation, dentition, and swimming activity, as well as atypical behavior in the social aggregation test [with co-specific and interspecific (Physalaemus cuvieri) individuals] and antipredatory defensive response deficit (chemical stimulus from Odonata larvae), after 15 exposure days. The mutagenic analysis revealed higher frequency of nuclear abnormalities in the erythrocytes of tadpoles exposed to the DM (e.g., multilobulated, blebbed, kidney-shaped, notched nucleus, binuclear, and micronucleated erythrocytes). Given the chemical complexity of the DM, we assumed that several organic functions may have been affected, either by the isolated, synergistic, antagonistic, or additive action of DM compounds. Finally, our study confirms the toxicological potential of DM in L. catesbeianus tadpoles, with emphasis to impacts that can affect the fitness of individuals and their natural populations. Thus, we suggest that more attention should be given to the disposal of medications in the environment and reinforce the need of improving water and sewage treatment systems.