Constructed wetlands integrated with microbial fuel cells (MFC-CWs) have been recently developed and tested for removing antibiotics. However, the effects of carbon source availability, electron transfer flux and cathode conditions on antibiotics removal in MFC-CWs through co-metabolism remained unclear. In this study, four experiments were conducted in MFC-CW microcosms to investigate the influence of carbon source species and concentrations, external resistance and aeration duration on sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and tetracycline (TC) removal and bioelectricity generation performance. MFC-CWs supplied with glucose as carbon source outperformed other carbon sources, and moderate influent glucose concentration (200 mg L⁻¹) resulted in the best removal of both SMX and TC. Highest removal percentages of SMX (99.4%) and TC (97.8%) were obtained in MFC-CWs with the external resistance of 700 Ω compared to other external resistance treatments. SMX and TC removal percentages in MFC-CWs were improved by 4.98% and 4.34%, respectively, by increasing the aeration duration to 12 h compared to no aeration. For bioelectricity generation performance, glucose outperformed sodium acetate, sucrose and starch, with the highest voltages of 386 ± 20 mV, maximum power density (MPD) of 123.43 mW m⁻³, and coulombic efficiency (CE) of 0.273%. Increasing carbon source concentrations from 100 to 400 mg L⁻¹, significantly (p < 0.05) increased the voltage and MPD, but decreased the internal resistance and CE. The highest MPD was obtained when the external resistance (700 Ω) was close to the internal resistance (600.11 Ω). Aeration not only improved the voltage and MPD, but also reduced the internal resistance. This study demonstrates that carbon source species and concentrations, external resistances and aeration duration, all play vital roles in regulating SMX and TC removal in MFC-CWs.

The insufficient removal of pollutants and bioelectricity production have become a bottleneck for high-concentration saline wastewater treatment through microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology. Herein, a novel supercapacitor MFC (SC-MFC) was constructed with carbon nanofibers composite electrodes to investigate pollutant removal ability, power generation, and electrochemical properties using real landfill leachate. The possible extracellular electron transfer and nitrogen element conversion pathways in the bioanode were also analyzed. Results showed that the SC-MFC had higher pollutant removal rates (COD: 59.4 ± 1.2%; NH₄⁺-N: 78.2 ± 1.6%; and TN: 77.8 ± 1.2%), smaller internal impedance Rₜ (∼6 Ω), higher exchange current density i₀ (2.1 × 10⁻⁴ A cm⁻²), and a larger catalytic current j₀ (704 μA cm⁻²) with 60% leachate than those with 10% and 20% leachate, resulting in a power output of 298 ± 22 mW m⁻². Ammonium could be incorporated by chemoautotrophic bacteria to produce organic compounds that could be further utilized by heterotrophs to generate power when biodegradable organic matters are depleted. Three conversion pathways of nitrogen might be involved, including NH₄⁺ diffusion from anode to cathode chamber, nitrification, and the denitrification process. Additionally, cyclic voltammetry tests showed that both the direct electron transfer (DET) and the mediator electron transfer in bioanode were involved and dominated by DET. The microbial analysis revealed that the bioanode was dominated by salt-tolerant denitrifying bacteria (38.5%), which was deduced to be the key functional microorganism. The electrochemically active bacteria decreased significantly from 61.7% to 4% over three stages of leachate treatment. Overall, the SC-MFC has demonstrated the potential for wastewater treatment along with energy harvesting and provides a new avenue toward sustainable leachate management.

Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) convert the energy present in wastewater to recover resources like bioelectricity, hydrogen, nutrients, heavy metals, minerals, and industrial chemicals. Various aspects of BES have been discussed here along with their applications and other advantages towards bioenergy recovery. More scientifically organized cross-discipline research efforts are required to scale-up these systems and to get benefit of recovering useful energy from waste materials. Full-scale implementation of bioelectrochemical wastewater treatment is complicated because certain microbiological, technological, and economic challenges need to be resolved that have not previously been encountered in any other wastewater treatment system. BES has higher prospects for in situ remediation of polluted water body or marshy soils and sediments. This technology is likely to evolve as a way of treating sewage, industrial, or agricultural wastewater, not only by lowering the amount of energy required, but at the same time producing electricity, hydrogen, or other chemicals of high value. Thus, after improving the performance of the BES, widening the scope for products recovery by developing better understanding of the process and with efforts to reduce its production cost, it can become a sustainable technology for treatment of wastewater with added advantage of recovery of resources and bioenergy.

A microbial fuel cell coupled with constructed wetland (CW-MFC) was built to remove heavy metals (Zn and Ni) from sludge. The performance for the effects of substrates (granular activated carbon (GAC), ceramsite) and plants (Iris pseudacorus, water hyacinth) towards the heavy metal treatment as well as electricity generation was systematically investigated to determine the optimal constructions of CW-MFCs. The CW-MFC systems possessed higher Zn and Ni removal efficiencies as compared to CW. The maximal removal rates of Zn (76.88%) and Ni (66.02%) were obtained in system CW-MFC based on GAC and water hyacinth (GAC- and WH-CW-MFC). Correspondingly, the system produced the maximum voltage of 534.30 mV and power density of 70.86 mW·m⁻³, respectively. Plant roots and electrodes contributed supremely to the removal of heavy metals, especially for GAC- and WH-CW-MFC systems. The coincident enrichment rates of Zn and Ni reached 21.10% and 26.04% for plant roots and 14.48% and 16.50% for electrodes, respectively. A majority of the heavy metals on the sludge surface were confirmed as Zn and Ni. Furthermore, the high-valence Zn and Ni were effectively reduced to low-valence or elemental metals. This study provides a theoretical guidance for the optimal construction of CW-MFC and the resource utilization of sludge containing heavy metals.

Microbial fuel cell is an efficient technology to reduce pollutants of the heavy metal ions. Herein, a dual-chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) coupled with abio-cathode and electrochemically active bacteria is fabricated to treat Cr (VI) containing wastewater and harvest bioelectricity simultaneously. To investigate the wide application of MFC for various industries, four different concentrations of Cr (VI) (6 mg/L, 15 mg/L, 40 mg/L, 100 mg/L) are used to explore the removal efficiency of Cr (VI) and the corresponding power performance. We find that the power performance gradually increases with the increment of the initial Cr (VI) concentration. Significantly, a maximum power density of 35.3 mW/m² can be achieved with the initial concentration of 100mg/L Cr (VI), while MFC only generate negligible power density (2.6 mW/m²) without the presence of Cr (VI). Meanwhile, MFC combined with the initial Cr (VI) concentration of 15 mg/L shows the highest Cr (VI) removal of 66.5%. Moreover, partial precipitates are found on the cathode surface and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis has demonstrated that the Cr (VI) is successfully reduced into Cr (III). This study offers an alternative technology to remove Cr (VI) and synchronous electricity generation.

Worldwide, the requirement of electrical energy has increased with an increase in population. Thus, there is a need to develop an alternative source of sustainable energy, such as microbial fuel cell (MFC). MFC is a better option of energy generation and can provide a renewable resource which utilizes wastewater into power by the help of microorganisms. MFC is one of the advanced methods for treating wastewater and simultaneously producing current and voltage. Dual-chambered MFC was prepared using two plastic boxes (500 ml) by using wastewater as an anolyte. Different types of mediators are used in MFC including methylene blue, potassium ferricyanide, and EDTA to facilitate and higher the efficiency of electron transfer from the MFC to the electrode. Maximum OCV and current output of sample 1 (Budha Talab pond water) were 0.86 V and 75.1 mA and of sample 2 (Jaypee cement plant) were 1.42 V and 122 mA. The maximum current output of sample 3 (sugar industry, sewage waste, NIT canteen) was 1.3 V. Various physiochemical parameters such as dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were analyzed which affect the power output. The obtained result concluded that wastewater should be feed at a certain time interval to avoid the loss of substrate for organisms in the anodic chamber which lead to the death of the microorganism. Among all, sugar industry wastewater has a high potential for power generation as their physiochemical results are suitable for better power output.

In this study, a new ecological dam based on the microbial fuel cell principle (MFCED) was designed to remove pollutants from river sediments and water bodies. Sediment organics were better removed in the MFCED mode in comparison with the other two modes (ecological dam with open circuit (OCED) and ecological dam filled with gravel in cathode chamber (GMFCED)). The difference of nitrogen source in water had little effect on the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) (70–80%), while nitrate was more readily removed in the MFCED. The voltage curve and power curve were measured to understand the bioelectricity generation of MFCED. During the stable operation phase of MFCED, the voltage was stabilized between 0.09–0.15 V. The results of high-throughput sequencing indicated that the anode and cathode diversities of MFCED were more than the other systems, and the species diversity of the anode was more than that of the cathode in the MFCED. Graphical abstract

The present work focused on the utilization of three local wastes, i.e., rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), langsat (Lansium parasiticum), and mango (Mangifera indica) wastes, as organic substrates in a benthic microbial fuel cell (BMFC) to reduce the cadmium and lead concentrations from synthetic water. Out of the three wastes, the mango waste promoted a maximum current density (87.71 mA/m²) along with 78% and 80% removal efficiencies for Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺, respectively. The bacterial identification proved that Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter, and Citrobacter were responsible for metal removal and energy generation. In the present work, the BMFC mechanism, current challenges, and future recommendations are also enclosed.

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a recommended treatment to remediate hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in wastewater. In this study, a wood carbon (WC) electrode was introduced in MFC to enhance the Cr(VI) removal efficiency. WC electrode in MFC completely removed Cr(VI) as compared to the carbon cloth (31.12%) and carbon felt (34.83) within 48 h of operation at 20 mg L⁻¹ of Cr(VI) concentration. The maximum power density of WC electrode was 62.59 mW m⁻² higher than 0.115 and 3.154 mW m⁻² of carbon cloth and felt respectively. The specific surface area of WC increased to 158.47 m⁻² g⁻¹ after high-temperature carbonization, and electrochemical tests indicate it has higher electrocatalytic ability. Therefore, WC might be a good electrode material to effectively remove Cr(VI) and generate bioelectricity simultaneously.

Petrochemical industry is one of the major and rapidly growing industry that generates a variety of toxic and recalcitrant organic pollutants as by-products, which are not only harmful to the aquatic animals but also affects human health. The majority of the components of petrochemical wastewater (PW) are carcinogenic, genotoxic and phytotoxic in nature; hence, this complex wastewater generated from different petrochemical processes should be efficiently treated prior to its disposal in natural water bodies. The established technologies like advanced oxidation, membrane bioreactor, electrocoagulation and activated sludge process employed for the treatment of PW are highly energy intensive and incurs high capital and operation cost. Moreover, these technologies are not effective in completely eliminating petroleum hydrocarbons present in PW. Thus, to reduce the energy requirement and also to transform the chemical energy trapped in these organic matters present in this wastewater into bioelectricity and other value-added products, microbial electrochemical technologies (METs) can be efficaciously used, which would also compensate the treatment cost by transforming these pollutants into bioenergy and valuables. In this regard, this review elucidates the feasibility and application of different METs as an appropriate alternative for the treatment of PW. Furthermore, the numerous bottlenecks towards the real-life application and commercialization of pioneering METs have also been articulated.