Fluoride is one of the parameters which is non-degradable and naturally occurring inorganic anion found in many natural streams, lakes, and groundwater. Serious problems are faced in several parts of India due to the high consumption of fluoride through drinking water. These may cause dental and skeletal fluorosis to humans. This study aims to examine the level of fluoride in both Bharalu river water and groundwater within Guwahati city, Assam, India, and also to analyze the impact of fluoride reach river water on the groundwater aquifer adjacent to the river. From the investigation, it has been observed that the concentration of fluoride varies from 0.02 to 3.73 mg/l in river water and 0.04 to 4.7 mg/l in the case of groundwater. The statistical analysis shows that there is a strong correlation between the fluoride concentration of river water and groundwater. This indicates that the groundwater might have contaminated by the polluted river water.

Precipitation chemistry is important for understanding atmospheric chemistry and transportation mechanism for a region. Therefore, 6-h rain samples were collected manually on the Black Sea Region of Turkey between March 2019 and May 2019. Totally, 21 wet deposition samples were collected in 12 rainy days. The collected rain samples were analyzed by ion chromatography for ions, including Cl⁻, NO₂⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺. Volume weighted mean (VWM) concentrations of ions were calculated and were in the order of Na⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Cl⁻ > SO₄²⁻ > NO₃⁻ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ > NH₄⁺> NO₂⁻. The pH values of individual precipitation varied from 4.70 to 8.07. Anion to cation ratio was 0.74 ± 0.34 thus it was an indication of anion deficiency. A strong correlation between NH₄⁺ and SO₄²⁻, NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻, Ca²⁺ and SO₄²⁻, Ca²⁺, and NO₃⁻ was found in the samples due to the neutralization process. The back trajectory model was used to find the long-range sources and the influence of air masses coming from Saharan, Europe, and the Black Sea. Calcium ion was found to be an effective ion in the neutralization processes by analysis of multiple linear regression and neutralization factor calculation. Approximately 79.5% of SO₄²⁻ and 59.7% of NO₃⁻ were neutralized by Ca²⁺ and NH₄⁺. The washout mechanism for Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, and K⁺ was dominantly observed on the March 12, 2019. Rainout mechanism was seen on the April 13, 2019 rain event due to the long-range transportation from Saharan Dust.