خيارات البحث
النتائج 1 - 10 من 84
Determination and occurrence of secondary alkane sulfonates (SAS) in aquatic environments
2013
Baena-Nogueras, Rosa María | González-Mazo, Eduardo | Lara-Martín, Pablo A.
A new methodology has been developed for the determination of secondary alkane sulfonates (SAS), an anionic surfactant, in environmental matrices. Sediment and sludge samples were extracted using pressurized liquid extraction and sonication, whereas wastewater and surface water samples were processed using solid-phase extraction. Extraction recoveries were acceptable for both aqueous (78–120%) and solid samples (83–100%). Determination of SAS was carried out by high or ultra performance liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry using ion trap and time-of-flight detectors. The methodology was applied to samples from Guadalete River (SW Spain), where SAS concentrations below 1 μg L−1 were measured in surface water, and from 72 to 9737 μg kg−1 in sediments. Differential partitioning was observed for SAS homologues as those having a longer hydrocarbon chain which preferentially sorbed onto particulate matter. A preliminary environmental risk assessment also showed that SAS measured levels were not harmful to the aquatic community in the sampling area.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Biomonitoring study of an estuarine coastal ecosystem, the Sacca di Goro lagoon, using Ruditapes philippinarum (Mollusca: Bivalvia)
2013
Sacchi, Ângela | Mouneyrac, Catherine | Bolognesi, Claudia | Sciutto, Andrea | Roggieri, Paola | Fusi, Marco | Beone, Gian Maria | Capri, Ettore
Coastal lagoons are constantly subjected to releases of chemical pollutants, and so organisms may be exposed to such toxicants. This study investigated through a multivariate approach the physiological status of bivalve Ruditapes philippinarum, farmed in Sacca di Goro lagoon. Biomarkers at different levels of biological organization (catalase, superoxide dismutase, genotoxicity, reburrowing behavior) were evaluated at three sites exposed to different environmental conditions. A seasonal trend was observed, and micronucleus frequency was significantly lowest at the relatively pristine reference site. Enzymatic activity toward oxyradicals be quite efficient since variations in responsiveness were not consistent. However, behavioral impairment was observed in reburrowing rates. Sediment concentrations showed low PAH levels and high natural levels of trace metals Cr and Ni. DistLM statistical analysis revealed a non-significant relationship between selected biomarkers and xenobiotics. Therefore other potentially toxic compounds in admixture at low doses may be involved in driving differing spatial distribution of physiological impairment.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Incorporation and mineralization of TNT and other anthropogenic organics by natural microbial assemblages from a small, tropical estuary
2013
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) metabolism was compared across salinity transects in Kahana Bay, a small tropical estuary on Oahu, HI. In surface water, TNT incorporation rates (range: 3–121 μg C L−1 d−1) were often 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than mineralization rates suggesting that it may serve as organic nitrogen for coastal microbial assemblages. These rates were often an order of magnitude more rapid than those for RDX and two orders more than HMX. During average or high stream flow, TNT incorporation was most rapid at the riverine end member and generally decreased with increasing salinity. This pattern was not seen during low flow periods. Although TNT metabolism was not correlated with heterotrophic growth rate, it may be related to metabolism of other aromatic compounds. With most TNT ring-carbon incorporation efficiencies at greater than 97%, production of new biomass appears to be a more significant product of microbial TNT metabolism than mineralization.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Antibiotics in riverine runoff of the Pearl River Delta and Pearl River Estuary, China: Concentrations, mass loading and ecological risks
2013
Xu, Weihai | Yan, Wen | Li, Xiangdong | Zou, Yongde | Chen, Xiaoxiang | Huang, Weixia | Miao, Li | Zhang, Ruijie | Zhang, Gan | Zou, Shichun
Ten antibiotics belonging to three groups (macrolides, fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides) were investigated in riverine runoff of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and Pearl River Estuary (PRE), South China for assessing the importance of riverine runoff in the transportation of contaminants from terrestrial sources to the open ocean. All antibiotics were detected in the eight outlets with concentrations ranging from 0.7 to 127 ng L−1. The annual mass loadings of antibiotics from the PRD to the PRE and coast were 193 tons with 102 tons from the fluoroquinolone group. It showed that antibiotics decreased from the riverine outlets to the PRE and open ocean. Risk assessment showed that most of these antibiotics showed various ecological risks to the relevant aquatic organisms, in which ofloxacin (OFL), erythromycin (ETM) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) posed high ecological risks to the studied aquatic environments.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Antibiotics in the surface water of the Yangtze Estuary: Occurrence, distribution and risk assessment
2013
Yan, Caixia | Yang, Yi | Zhou, Junliang | Liu, Min | Nie, Minghua | Shi, Hao | Gu, Lijun
The occurrence and distribution of five groups of antibiotics were investigated in the surface water of Yangtze Estuary over four seasons. Of the 20 antibiotics, only sulfamerazine was not detected at all sampling sites, indicating widespread occurrence of antibiotic residues in the study area. Detection frequencies and concentrations of antibiotics were generally higher in January, indicating that low flow conditions and low temperature might enhance the persistence of antibiotics in water. Antibiotic levels varied with location, with the highest concentrations being observed around river discharge and sewage outfall. Furthermore, a positive correlation between total antibiotic and DOC concentrations revealed the significant role played by DOC. Risk assessment based on single compound exposure showed that sulfapyridine and sulfamethoxazole could cause medium risk to daphnid in the Yangtze Estuary.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Detecting benthic community responses to pollution in estuaries: A field mesocosm approach
2013
O'Brien, Allyson L. | Keough, Michael J.
Biological stress responses in individuals are used as indicators of pollution in aquatic ecosystems, but detecting ecologically relevant responses in whole communities remains a challenge. We developed an experimental approach to detect the effects of pollution on estuarine communities using field-based mesocosms. Mesocosms containing defaunated sediments from four estuaries in southeastern Australia that varied in sediment contamination were transplanted and buried in sediments of the same four estuaries for six weeks. Mesocosm sediment properties and metal concentrations remained representative of their source locations. In each estuary, fauna communities associated with sediments derived from the site with the highest metal concentrations were significantly different from other communities. This pattern was evident for some of the individual taxa, in particular the polychaete Capitella sp. Consistent responses across estuaries suggest numbers of individuals, and especially Capitella sp., could be used to identify contaminated sediments in estuaries with similar fauna and site characteristics.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]A method to analyze “source–sink” structure of non-point source pollution based on remote sensing technology
2013
Jiang, Mengzhen | Chen, Haiying | Chen, Qinghui
With the purpose of providing scientific basis for environmental planning about non-point source pollution prevention and control, and improving the pollution regulating efficiency, this paper established the Grid Landscape Contrast Index based on Location-weighted Landscape Contrast Index according to the “source–sink” theory. The spatial distribution of non-point source pollution caused by Jiulongjiang Estuary could be worked out by utilizing high resolution remote sensing images. The results showed that, the area of “source” of nitrogen and phosphorus in Jiulongjiang Estuary was 534.42 km2 in 2008, and the “sink” was 172.06 km2. The “source” of non-point source pollution was distributed mainly over Xiamen island, most of Haicang, east of Jiaomei and river bank of Gangwei and Shima; and the “sink” was distributed over southwest of Xiamen island and west of Shima. Generally speaking, the intensity of “source” gets weaker along with the distance from the seas boundary increase, while “sink” gets stronger.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Evaluation of the long-term variability of seawater salinity and temperature in response to natural and anthropogenic stressors in the Arabian Gulf
2013
Elhakeem, Abubaker | Elshorbagy, Walid
Evaluating the long-term variability of the seawater salinity and temperature due to climate change is a limiting economical and operational factor in planning the design of new and expansion of existing desalination plants. This need is amplified in the Arabian Gulf due to the natural arid climate and anthropological stresses related to energy exploration and ongoing major developments. The lack of data in this region further adds additional dimension to the problem. The present work represents a systematic innovative approach to evaluate the anticipated long-term changes in the seawater salinity and temperature under the stresses of projected climate change and massive industrial effluents using statistical correlation and hydrodynamic simulation. The proposed approach employs the direct relation between the net freshwater losses (evaporation) entrenched with the investigated stressors and the mean sea salinity and sea temperature variation of an inverse estuary to formulate the statistical correlation and the hydrodynamic simulation conditions.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]An assessment of temporal variations in physicochemical and microbiological properties of barmouths and lagoons in Chennai (Southeast coast of India)
2013
Jayakumar, Renganathan | Steger, Kristin | Chandra, T.S. | Seshadri, Sundaram
Two estuary and two coastal lagoon stations along Chennai, Southeast coast of India were monitored for 1year to study both physicochemical and microbiological properties of the water. Influence of the marine environment over the systems was evident by elevated salinity levels. Considerable concentrations of total heterotrophic bacterial count and fecal bacteria such as total coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci were observed throughout the study period which evinced a pattern of anthropogenic activities. Principle component analysis was employed for assessing the overall pattern of variation within the data sets. Climatic variation was highly correlated with changes in water quality, i.e. the Northeast monsoon and Summer had influenced considerably the microbial occurrence as well as the physicochemical parameters such as total suspended solids, chloride, sulphate and salinity. However, the effect of the Southwest monsoon was less prominent than the Northeast monsoon with its heavy rains. As both estuaries revealed elevated concentrations of polluted water, these stations can be used as indicators or alerts for the water quality along the coastal zone of Chennai.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Fine scale distribution constrains cadmium accumulation rates in two geographical groups of Franciscana dolphin from Argentina
2013
Polizzi, P.S. | Chiodi Boudet, L.N. | Romero, M.B. | Denuncio, P.E. | Rodríguez, D.H. | Gerpe, M.S.
Franciscana dolphin is an endemic cetacean in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean and is classified as Vulnerable A3d by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Cadmium accumulation was assessed in two geographic groups from Argentina; one inhabits the La Plata River estuary, a high anthropogenic impacted environment, and the other is distributed in marine coastal, with negligible pollution. Despite the environment, marine dolphins showed an increase of renal Cd concentrations since trophic independence; while in estuarine dolphins was from 6years. This is associated with dietary Argentine anchovy which was absent in the diet of estuarine dolphins, being a trophic vector of cadmium in shelf waters of Argentina. Cluster analysis also showed high levels of cd in association with the presence of anchovy in the stomach. The difference in the fine scale distribution of species influences dietary exposure to Cd and, along with other data, indicates two stocks in Argentina.
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