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Variation patterns in individual fish responses to chemical stress among estuaries, seasons and genders: the case of the European flounder (Platichthys flesus) in the Bay of Biscay
2013
Laroche , Jean (Université Européenne de BretagneInstitut Universitaire Européen de la MerCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueInstitut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la MerLaboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin LEMARUBO,Université de Bretagne Occidentale,Brest (FRA)Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, PlouzanéPlouzané(France).) | Gauthier , Olivier (Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin LEMARInstitut Universitaire Européen de la MerUniversité Européenne de BretagneCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueUBO,Université de Bretagne Occidentale,Brest (FRA)Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer(France). UMR 6539 ) | Quiniou , Louis (Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin LEMARInstitut Universitaire Européen de la MerUniversité Européenne de BretagneUBO,Université de Bretagne Occidentale,Brest (FRA)Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, Plouzané(France). UMR6539) | Devaux , Alain (INRA (France). ) | Bony , Sylvie (INRA , Marcy-L'Étoile (France). UMR 1233 Mycotoxines et Toxicologie Comparée des Xénobiotiques) | Evrard , Esterine (Centre de Recherches Européennes de Rennes(France).) | Cachot , Jérôme (Université de Bordeaux, Talence(France).) | Cherel , Yan (INRA , Nantes (France). UMR 0703 Physiopathologie animale et biothérapies du muscle et du système nerveux) | Larcher , Thibaut (INRA , Nantes (France). UMR 0703 Physiopathologie animale et biothérapies du muscle et du système nerveux) | Riso , Ricardo (Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin LEMARInstitut Universitaire Européen de la MerUniversité Européenne de BretagneUBO,Université de Bretagne Occidentale,Brest (FRA)Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, Plouzané(France). UMR 6539) | Pichereau , Vianney (Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin LEMARInstitut Universitaire Européen de la MerUniversité Européenne de BretagneInstitut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la MerUBO,Université de Bretagne Occidentale,Brest (FRA), Plouzané(France). UMR 6539) | Devier , Marie-Hélène (Université de Bordeaux(France). EPOC UMR 5805) | Budzinski , Hélène (Université Bordeaux 1, Talence(France). EPOC UMR 5805)
The objective was to describe and model varia- tion patterns in individual fish responses to contaminants among estuaries, season and gender. Two hundred twenty- seven adult European flounders were collected in two sea- sons (winter and summer) in four estuaries along the Bay of Biscay (South West France), focusing on a pristine system (the Ster), vs. three estuaries displaying contrasted levels of contaminants (the Vilaine, Loire and Gironde). Twenty-three variables were measured by fish, considering the load of contaminants (liver metals, liver and muscle persistent organic pollutants, muscle polycyclic aromatic hydrocar- bons); the gene expression (Cyt C oxydase, ATPase, BHMT, Cyt P450 1A1, ferritin); the blood genotoxicity (Comet test); and liver histology (foci of cellular alteration–tumour, steatosis, inflammation, abnormal glycogen storage). Ca- nonical redundancy analysis (RDA) was used to model these variables using gender, season and estuary of origin as explanatory variables. The results underlined the homo- geneity of fish responses within the pristine site (Ster) and more important seasonal variability within the three contam- inated systems. The complete model RDA was significant and explained 35 % of total variance. Estuary and season respectively explained 30 and 5 % of the total independent variation components, whilst gender was not a significant factor. The first axis of the RDA explains nearly 27 % of the total variance and mostly represents a gradient of contami- nation. The links between the load of contaminants, the expression of several genes and the biomarkers were ana- lysed considering different levels of chemical stress and a possible multi-stress, particularly in the Vilaine estuary.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Honeybee queen exposure to a widely used fungicide disrupts reproduction and colony dynamic
2023
Pineaux, Maxime | Grateau, Stéphane | Lirand, Tiffany | Aupinel, Pierrick | Richard, Freddie-Jeanne | Écologie, Évolution, Symbiose [Équipe du laboratoire EBI Poitiers] (EES) ; Écologie et biologie des interactions (EBI [Poitiers]) ; Université de Poitiers = University of Poitiers (UP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Poitiers = University of Poitiers (UP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | Abeilles, Paysages, Interactions et Systèmes de culture (APIS) ; Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
International audience | Pollinators have to cope with a wide range of stressful, not necessarily lethal factors limiting their performance and the ecological services they provide. Among these stressors are pesticides, chemicals that are originally designed to target crop-harming organisms but that also disrupt various functions in pollinators, including flight, communication, orientation and memory. Although all these functions are crucial for reproductive individuals when searching for mates or nesting places, it remains poorly understood how pesticides affect reproduction in pollinators. In this study, we investigated how a widely used fungicide, boscalid, affects reproduction in honey bees (Apis mellifera), an eusocial insect in which a single individual, the queen, fulfills the reproductive functions of the whole colony. Boscalid is a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide mainly used on rapeseed flowers to target mitochondrial respiration in fungi but it is also suspected to disrupt foraging-linked functions in bees. We found that immature queen exposure to sublethal, field relevant doses of boscalid disrupted reproduction, as indicated by a dramatic increase in queen mortality during and shortly after the nuptial flights period and a decreased number of spermatozoa stored in the spermatheca of surviving queens. However, we did not observe a decreased paternity frequency in exposed queens that successfully established a colony. Queen exposure to boscalid had detrimental consequences on the colonies they later established regarding brood production, Varroa destructor infection and pollen storage but not nectar storage and population size. These perturbations at the colony-level correspond to nutritional stress conditions, and may have resulted from queen reduced energy provisioning to the eggs. Accordingly, we found that exposed queens had decreased gene expression levels of vitellogenin, a protein involved in egg-yolk formation. Overall, our results indicate that boscalid decreases honey bee queen reproductive quality, thus supporting the need to include reproduction in the traits measured during pesticide risk assessment procedures.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Honeybee queen exposure to a widely used fungicide disrupts reproduction and colony dynamic
2023
Pineaux, Maxime | Grateau, Stéphane | Lirand, Tiffany | Aupinel, Pierrick | Richard, Freddie-Jeanne | Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) | Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose (EES) ; Ecologie et biologie des interactions (EBI) ; Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Pollinators have to cope with a wide range of stressful, not necessarily lethal factors limiting their performance and the ecological services they provide. Among these stressors are pesticides, chemicals that are originally designed to target crop-harming organisms but that also disrupt various functions in pollinators, including flight, communication, orientation and memory. Although all these functions are crucial for reproductive individuals when searching for mates or nesting places, it remains poorly understood how pesticides affect reproduction in pollinators. In this study, we investigated how a widely used fungicide, boscalid, affects reproduction in honey bees (Apis mellifera), an eusocial insect in which a single individual, the queen, fulfills the reproductive functions of the whole colony. Boscalid is a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide mainly used on rapeseed flowers to target mitochondrial respiration in fungi but it is also suspected to disrupt foraging-linked functions in bees. We found that immature queen exposure to sublethal, field relevant doses of boscalid disrupted reproduction, as indicated by a dramatic increase in queen mortality during and shortly after the nuptial flights period and a decreased number of spermatozoa stored in the spermatheca of surviving queens. However, we did not observe a decreased paternity frequency in exposed queens that successfully established a colony. Queen exposure to boscalid had detrimental consequences on the colonies they later established regarding brood production, Varroa destructor infection and pollen storage but not nectar storage and population size. These perturbations at the colony-level correspond to nutritional stress conditions, and may have resulted from queen reduced energy provisioning to the eggs. Accordingly, we found that exposed queens had decreased gene expression levels of vitellogenin, a protein involved in egg-yolk formation. Overall, our results indicate that boscalid decreases honey bee queen reproductive quality, thus supporting the need to include reproduction in the traits measured during pesticide risk assessment procedures.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Relationships between metal compartmentalization and biomarkers in earthworms exposed to field-contaminated soils
2017
Beaumelle, Léa | Hedde, Mickael | Vandenbulcke, Franck | Lamy, Isabelle | Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS) ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech | Laboratoire de Génie Civil et Géo-Environnement (LGCgE) - ULR 4515 (LGCgE) ; Université d'Artois (UA)-Université de Lille-Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai) ; Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-JUNIA (JUNIA) ; Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL) | ANR-11-INBS-0001,ANAEE-FR,ANAEE-Services(2011)
Partitioning tissue metal concentration into subcellular compartments relecting 'toxicologically available'pools may provide good descriptors of the toxicological efects of metals on organisms. Here we investigatedthe relationships between internal compartmentalization of Cd, Pb and Zn and biomarker responses in a model soil organism: the earthworm. The aim of this study was to identify metal fractions reflecting the toxic pressure in an endogeic, naturally occurring earthworm species (Aporrectodea caliginosa) exposed torealistic field-contaminated soils.After a 21 days exposure experiment to 31 field contaminated soils, Cd, Pb and Zn concentrationsin earthworms and in three subcellular fractions (cytosol, debris and granules) were quantified. Differentbiomarkers were measured: the expression of a metallothionein gene (mt), the activity of catalase (CAT) andof glutathione-s-transferase (GST), and the protein, lipid and glycogen reserves. Biomarkers were furthercombined in an integrated biomarker index (IBR).The subcellular fractionation provided better predictors of biomarkers than the total internal contentshence supporting its use when assessing toxicological bioavailability of metals to earthworms. The mostsoluble internal pools of metals were not always the best predictors of biomarker responses. metallothioneinexpression responded to increasing concentrations of Cd in the insoluble fraction (debris + granules). Proteinand glycogen contents were also mainly related to Cd and Pb in the insoluble fraction. On the other hand,GST activity was better explained by Pb in the cytosolic fraction. CAT activity and lipid contents variationswere not related to metal subcellular distribution. The IBR was best explained by both soluble and insolublefractions of Cd and Pb.This study further extends the scope of mt expression as a robust and specific biomarker in an ecologicallyrepresentative earthworm species exposed to field-contaminated soils. The genetic lineage of the individuals,assessed by DNA barcoding with cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, did not inuence mt expression.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Biomarker responses of Eisenia andrei to a polymetallic gradient near a lead mining site in North Tunisia
2016
Boughattas, Iteb | Hattab, Sabrine | Boussetta, Hamadi | Sappin-Didier, Valerie | Viarengo, Aldo | Banni, Mohamed | Sforzini, Susanna | Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology ; Institut Supérieur Agronomique Chott-Mériem (ISA) | Laboratory of Soil Sciences ; Regional Center for Research in Horticulture and Organic Agriculture | Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA) ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro) | Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation (DiSIT) ; Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale - Amedeo Avogadro (UPO)
Eisenia andrei earthworms were exposed for 7 and 14 days to six samples of soil taken from around an abandoned lead (Pb) mine and characterized by different levels of metal contamination (S6-S1, this latter being the most contaminated soil). The organisms were analyzed for metal bioaccumulation and for biological parameters as biomarkers of stress (lysosomal membrane stability; lipofuscin lysosomal content; lysosomal/cytoplasmic volume ratio) and genotoxicity (Micronucleus frequency). Chemical analysis showed the loads of Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu in the worms following exposure. Among the stress biomarkers, lysosomal membrane stability was significantly affected in the coelomocytes of the earthworms exposed already 7 days to different contaminated soils. Organisms exposed for 14 days to S1 showed in the cells of the chloragogenous tissue, a particularly relevant increase in lipofuscin, a biomarker of oxidative stress, and an increase in the lysosome/cytoplasm volume ratio, indicating stressful condition at the tissue level. Moreover, in the same conditions, a decrease in total body weight was observed. At the longer exposure time, the coelomocytes of worms exposed to S1, S2, and S3 (soils with higher metal concentrations) showed a significant increase in micronuclei (MNi) frequency. Expressions of the P21 and topoisomerase genes, which are involved in DNA repair, showed significant up-regulation in the cells of worms exposed to S1, S2, S3, S4 and to a less extend S6. This may indicate that the worms were only able to successfully reduce the level of DNA damage in S4 and S5 if considering MN frequency data. The biomarker data was integrated by the Earthworm Expert System, allowing an objective interpretation of the complex biological data and clearly defining the areas in which the presence of chemicals is toxic for the edaphic organisms.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Relationships between metal compartmentalization and biomarkers in earthworms exposed to field-contaminated soils
2017
Beaumelle, Léa | Hedde, Mickael | Vandenbulcke, Franck | Lamy, Isabelle | Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS) ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech | Equipe Ecologie Numérique et Ecotoxicologie ; Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies
Partitioning tissue metal concentration into subcellular compartments relecting 'toxicologically available'pools may provide good descriptors of the toxicological efects of metals on organisms. Here we investigatedthe relationships between internal compartmentalization of Cd, Pb and Zn and biomarker responses in a model soil organism: the earthworm. The aim of this study was to identify metal fractions reflecting the toxic pressure in an endogeic, naturally occurring earthworm species (Aporrectodea caliginosa) exposed torealistic field-contaminated soils.After a 21 days exposure experiment to 31 field contaminated soils, Cd, Pb and Zn concentrationsin earthworms and in three subcellular fractions (cytosol, debris and granules) were quantified. Differentbiomarkers were measured: the expression of a metallothionein gene (mt), the activity of catalase (CAT) andof glutathione-s-transferase (GST), and the protein, lipid and glycogen reserves. Biomarkers were furthercombined in an integrated biomarker index (IBR).The subcellular fractionation provided better predictors of biomarkers than the total internal contentshence supporting its use when assessing toxicological bioavailability of metals to earthworms. The mostsoluble internal pools of metals were not always the best predictors of biomarker responses. metallothioneinexpression responded to increasing concentrations of Cd in the insoluble fraction (debris + granules). Proteinand glycogen contents were also mainly related to Cd and Pb in the insoluble fraction. On the other hand,GST activity was better explained by Pb in the cytosolic fraction. CAT activity and lipid contents variationswere not related to metal subcellular distribution. The IBR was best explained by both soluble and insolublefractions of Cd and Pb.This study further extends the scope of mt expression as a robust and specific biomarker in an ecologicallyrepresentative earthworm species exposed to field-contaminated soils. The genetic lineage of the individuals,assessed by DNA barcoding with cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, did not inuence mt expression.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]A sub-individual multilevel approach for an integrative assessment of CuO nanoparticle effects on Corbicula fluminea
2019
Koehle-Divo, Vanessa | Sohm, Benedicte | Giamberini, Laure | Pauly, Daniele | Flayac, Justine | Devin, Simon | Auffan, Melanie | Mouneyrac, Catherine | Pain-Devin, Sandrine | Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC) ; Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE) ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Terre et Environnement de Lorraine (OTELo) ; Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE) ; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | Mer, molécules et santé EA 2160 (MMS) ; Le Mans Université (UM)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST) ; Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques ; Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN) | Region Grand-Est | Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)European Commission | Ministry of Research, France | ANR-13-CESA-0014,nanoSALT,Nanomatériaux à travers un gradient de salinité: exposition et effets ecotoxicologiques au cours de leur cycle de vie (production, utilisation, fin de vie)(2013)
International audience | Because they are widely used, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are likely to enter the aquatic environment and then reach the sediment. We have examined the effect of CuO NPs in the freshwater endobenthic bivalve Corbicula fluminea. Some previous studies have investigated effects at biochemical and physiological levels, but molecular endpoints are still poorly studied despite they are sensitive in early detection of NPs effect. In the present study, we have investigated short-term effects (96 h) of CuO NP (12, 30 nm; 0, 20 and 100 mg/L) using molecular endpoints as well as more conventional biochemical and physiological markers. The expression of antioxidant (CuZnSOD, MnSOD, Cat, Se-GPx, Trxr) and antitoxic (GST-Pi, HSP70, MT, Pgp, MRP1) related genes was measured at the mRNA level while anti-oxidant (SOD, TAC) and antitoxic (GST, ACP) defenses, energetic reserves and metabolism (ETS, Tri, LDH), and cellular damages (LPO) were assessed using a biochemical approach. The filtration rate measured at 96 h provided information at the physiological scale. Gene expression and filtration rate were responsive to CuO NPs but the effects differed according to the NP size. The results suggest that defense mechanisms may have been set up following 30 nm-NP exposure. The response to 12 nm-NP was lower but still showed that exposure to 12 nm-NP led to activation of cellular elimination mechanisms. The lowering of the filtration rate may have protected the organisms from the contamination. However, this raised the question of further repercussions on organism biology. Together, the results (i) indicate that CuO NP may exert effects at different levels even after a short-term exposure and (ii) point out the precocity of molecular response.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Molecular and phenotypic effects of early exposure to an environmentally relevant pesticide mixture in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas.
2023
Sol Dourdin, Thomas | Rivière, Guillaume | Cormier, Alexandre | Di Poi Broussard, Carole | Guyomard, Killian | Rabiller, Manuella | Akcha, Farida | Bah, Thierno Sadialiou | Le Monier, Pauline | Sussarellu, Rossana
Early life stages are crucial for organism development, especially for those displaying external fertilization, whose gametes and early stages face environmental stressors such as xenobiotics. The pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, is considered a model species in ecotoxicology because of its ecological characteristics (benthic, sessile, filter feeding). So far studies have investigated the impact of xenobiotics at embryotoxic, genotoxic and physiological endpoints, sometimes at the multigeneration scale, highlighting the role of epigenetic mechanisms in transmitting alterations induced by exposure to single xenobiotics. However, to date, little is known about the impact of environmentally-mimicking contaminants cocktails. Thus, we examined the impact of an early exposure to environmentally relevant mixture on the Pacific oyster life history. We studied transcriptomic, epigenetic and physiological alterations induced in oysters exposed to 18 pesticides and metals at environmental concentration (nominal sum concentration: 2.85 μg.L−1, measured sum concentration: 3.74 ± 0.013 μg.L−1) during embryo-larval stage (0–48 h post fertilization, hpf). No significant differences in embryo-larval abnormalities at 24 hpf were observed during larval and spat rearing; the swimming behaviour of exposed individuals was disturbed, while they were longer and heavier at specific time points, and exhibited a lower epinephrine-induced metamorphosis rate as well as a higher survival rate in the field. In addition, RNA-seq analyses of gastrula embryos revealed the differential expression of development-related genes (e.g. Hox orthologues and cell cycle regulators) between control and exposed oysters. Whole-genome DNA methylation analyses demonstrated a significant modification of DNA methylation in exposed larvae marked by a demethylation trend. Those findings suggest that early exposure to an environmentally relevant pesticide mixture induces multi-scale latent effects possibly affecting life history traits in the Pacific oyster.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Understanding aquaporin regulation defining silicon uptake and role in arsenic, antimony and germanium stress in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)
2022
Mandlik, Rushil | Singla, Pankaj | Kumawat, Surbhi | Khatri, Praveen | Ansari, Waquar | Singh, Anuradha | Sharma, Yogesh | Singh, Archana | Solanke, Amol | Nadaf, Altafhusain | Sonah, Humira | Deshmukh, Rupesh
Understanding of aquaporins (AQPs) facilitating the transport of water and many other small solutes including metalloids like silicon (Si) and arsenic (As) is important to develop stress tolerant cultivars. In the present study, 40 AQPs were identified in the genome of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), a pulse crop widely grown in semi-arid region and areas known to affected with heavy metals like As. Conserved domains, variation at NPA motifs, aromatic/arginine (ar/R) selectivity filters, and pore morphology defined here will be crucial in predicting solute specificity of pigeonpea AQPs. The study identified CcNIP2-1 as an AQP predicted to transporter Si (beneficial element) as well as As (hazardous element). Further Si quantification in different tissues showed about 1.66% Si in leaves which confirmed the predictions. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy showed a higher level of Si accumulation in trichomes on the leaf surface. A significant alleviation in level of As, Sb and Ge stress was also observed when these heavy metals were supplemented with Si. Estimation of relative water content, H₂O₂, lipid peroxidation, proline, total chlorophyll content and other physiological parameters suggested Si derived stress tolerance. Extensive transcriptome profiling under different developmental stages from germination to senescence was performed to understand the tissue-specific regulation of different AQPs. For instance, high expression of TIP3s was observed only in reproductive tissues. Co-expression network developed using transcriptome data from 30 different conditions and tissues, showed interdependency of AQPs. Expression profiling of pigeonpea performed using real time PCR showed differential expression of AQPs after Si supplementation. The information generated about the phylogeny, distribution, molecular evolution, solute specificity, and gene expression dynamics in article will be helpful to better understand the AQP transport system in pigeonpea and other legumes.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Abnormal neurotransmission of GABA and serotonin in Caenorhabditis elegans induced by Fumonisin B1
2022
Zhang, Xiaojuan | Ye, Yongli | Sun, Jiadi | Wang, Jia-Sheng | Tang, Lili | Xu, Yida | Ji, Jian | Sun, Xiulan
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a neurodegenerative mycotoxin synthesized by Fusarium spp., but the potential neurobehavioral toxicity effects in organisms have not been characterized clearly. Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) has emerged as a promising model organism for neurotoxicological studies due to characteristics such as well-functioning nervous system and rich behavioral phenotypes. To investigate whether FB1 has neurobehavioral toxicity effects on C. elegans, the motor behavior, neuronal structure, neurotransmitter content, and gene expression related with neurotransmission of C. elegans were determined after exposed to 20–200 μg/mL FB1 for 24 h and 48 h, respectively. Results showed that FB1 caused behavioral defects, including body bends, head thrashes, crawling distance, mean speed, mean amplitude, mean wavelength, foraging behavior, and chemotaxis learning ability in a dose-, and time-dependent manner. In addition, when C. elegans was exposed to FB1 at a concentration of 200 μg/mL for 24 h and above 100 μg/mL for 48 h, the GABAergic and serotonergic neurons were damaged, but no effect on dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and cholinergic neurons. The relative content of GABA and serotonin decreased significantly. Furthermore, abnormal expression of mRNA levels associated with GABA and serotonin were found in nematodes treated with FB1, such as unc-30, unc-47, unc-49, exp-1, mod-5, cat-1, and tph-1. The neurobehavioral toxicity effect of FB1 may be mediated by abnormal neurotransmission of GABA and serotonin. This study provides useful information for understanding the neurotoxicity of FB1.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]