International audience | Sublethal exposure to pesticides can alter the survival and reproduction of a wide range of non-target organisms. However, it remains unclear whether this exposure can alter behaviours that are often essential for long-term population dynamics and maintenance, such as parental care. In this study, we tested the effect of pyriproxyfen exposure (an insect growth regulator) on maternal care in the European earwig, an insect that is both used in pest control in pip-fruit orchards and considered a pest in stone fruit orchards. We exposed 424 females at doses either 10 times lower, equivalent or 10 times higher than normal application rates in French orchards. As maternal care can change over the weeks of family life, we exposed the earwig mothers at five different days before and after egg hatching. We then measured the expression of ten forms of maternal care towards eggs and juveniles, six non-caring behaviours, eggs and juveniles development, metabolic reserves in mothers at egg hatching and females' production of a terminal clutch. First, our results revealed that the three tested doses of pyriproxyfen were non-lethal and confirmed that maternal care decreased throughout both pre-and post-hatching family life. However, we did not detect any effect of pyriproxyfen on maternal care and non-care behaviours, eggs and juveniles development, quantities of lipids, proteins and glycogen in mothers at egg hatching, and on the production of a future clutch. Overall, these findings suggest that the maximal doses of pyriproxyfen authorized in French orchards is likely to have limited effects on the short-and long-term maintenance of populations of the European earwig, and raises fundamental questions about the nature of the link between juvenile hormone and parental care in insects.

Volatilization may represent a major dissipation pathway for pesticides applied to soils or crops, and these losses may be modified by soil surface conditions or in the presence of plant residues. This paper investigates the effect of surface conditions on volatilization through experimental results. The two experiments consisted of volatilization flux measurements for 3 days after an application of S-metolachlor together with benoxacor: one with two wind tunnels to compare the effect of the presence of crop residues on the soil on volatilization losses and another one at the field scale from bare soil without crop residues. Volatilization fluxes were large immediately after application (between 77 and 223 ng m−2 s−1 for S-metolachlor depending on experimental conditions), decreasing down to a few nanograms per square meter per second on the last day. Volatilization fluxes followed a diurnal cycle driven by environmental conditions. The losses found for both compounds were in accordance with their physicochemical properties. The crop residue on the soil surface modified soil surface conditions—primarily the soil water content essentially, the degradation of S-metolachlor, and the dynamics of volatilization loss.

Volatilization may represent a major dissipation pathway for pesticides applied to soils or crops, and these losses may be modified by soil surface conditions or in the presence of plant residues. This paper investigates the effect of surface conditions on volatilization through experimental results. The two experiments consisted of volatilization flux measurements for 3 days after an application of S-metolachlor together with benoxacor: one with two wind tunnels to compare the effect of the presence of crop residues on the soil on volatilization losses and another one at the field scale from bare soil without crop residues. Volatilization fluxes were large immediately after application (between 77 and 223 ng m−2 s−1 for S-metolachlor depending on experimental conditions), decreasing down to a few nanograms per square meter per second on the last day. Volatilization fluxes followed a diurnal cycle driven by environmental conditions. The losses found for both compounds were in accordance with their physicochemical properties. The crop residue on the soil surface modified soil surface conditions—primarily the soil water content essentially, the degradation of S-metolachlor, and the dynamics of volatilization loss.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]DTAM [Axe_IRSTEA]DTAM-QT2-ADAPTATION [TR2_IRSTEA]SYNERGIE | International audience | Non-point source pollution is a cause of major concern within the European Union. This is reflected in increasing public and political focus on a more sustainable use of pesticides, as well as a reduction in diffuse pollution. Climate change will likely to lead to an even more intensive use of pesticides in the future, affecting agriculture in many ways. At the same time, the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and associated EU policies called for a “good” ecological and chemical status to be achieved for water bodies by the end of 2015, currently delayed to 2021–2027 due to a lack of efficiency in policies and timescale of resilience for hydrosystems, especially groundwater systems. Water managers need appropriate and user-friendly tools to design agro-environmental policies. These tools should help them to evaluate the potential impacts of mitigation measures on water resources, more clearly define protected areas, and more efficiently distribute financial incentives to farmers who agree to implement alternative practices. At present, a number of reports point out that water managers do not use appropriate information from monitoring or models to make decisions and set environmental action plans. In this paper, we propose an integrated and collaborative approach to analyzing changes in land use, farming systems, and practices and to assess their effects on agricultural pressure and pesticide transfers to waters. The integrated modeling of agricultural scenario (IMAS) framework draws on a range of data and expert knowledge available within areas where a pesticide action plan can be defined to restore the water quality, French “Grenelle law” catchment areas, French Water Development and Management Plan areas, etc. A so-called “reference scenario” represents the actual soil occupation and pesticide-spraying practices used in both conventional and organic farming. A number of alternative scenarios are then defined in cooperation with stakeholders, including socio-economic conditions for developing alternative agricultural systems or targeting mitigation measures. Our integrated assessment of these scenarios combines the calculation of spatialized environmental indicators with integrated bio-economic modeling. The latter is achieved by a combined use of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) modeling with our own purpose-built land use generator module (Generator of Land Use version 2 (GenLU2)) and an economic model developed using General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) for cost-effectiveness assessment. This integrated approach is applied to two embedded catchment areas (total area of 360,000 ha) within the Charente river basin (SW France). Our results show that it is possible to differentiate scenarios based on their effectiveness, represented by either evolution of pressure (agro-environmental indicators) or transport into waters (pesticide concentrations). By analyzing the implementation costs borne by farmers, it is possible to identify the most cost-effective scenarios at sub-basin and other aggregated levels (WFD hydrological entities, sensitive areas). Relevant results and indicators are fed into a specifically designed database. Data warehousing is used to provide analyses and outputs at all thematic, temporal, or spatial aggregated levels, defined by the stakeholders (type of crops, herbicides, WFD areas, years), using Spatial On-Line Analytical Processing (SOLAP) tools. The aim of this approach is to allow public policy makers to make more informed and reasoned decisions when managing sensitive areas and/or implementing mitigation measures.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]ARCEAU | International audience | Pesticide pollution is one of the main current threats on water quality. This paper presents the potential and functioning principles of a "Wet" forest buffer zone for reducing concentrations and loads of glyphosate, isoproturon, metazachlor, azoxystrobin, epoxiconazole, and cyproconazole. A tracer injection experiment was conducted in the field in a forest buffer zone at Bray (France). A fine time-scale sampling enabled to illustrate that interactions between pesticides and forest buffer substrates (soil and organic-rich litter layer), had a retarding effect on molecule transfer. Low concentrations were observed for all pesticides at the forest buffer outlet thus demonstrating the efficiency of "Wet" forest buffer zone for pesticide dissipation. Pesticide masses injected in the forest buffer inlet directly determined concentration peaks observed at the outlet. Rapid and partially reversible adsorption was likely the major process affecting pesticide transfer for short retention times (a few hours to a few days). Remobilization of metazachlor, isoproturon, desmethylisoproturon, and AMPA was observed when non-contaminated water flows passed through the forest buffer. Our data suggest that pesticide sorption properties alone could not explain the complex reaction mechanisms that affected pesticide transfer in the forest buffer. Nevertheless, the thick layer of organic matter litter on the top of the forest soil was a key parameter, which enhanced partially reversible sorption of pesticide, thus retarded their transfer, decreased concentration peaks, and likely increased degradation of the pesticides. Consequently, to limit pesticide pollution transported by surface water, the use of already existing forest areas as buffer zones should be equally considered as the most commonly implemented grass buffer strips.

International audience | The main goals of conservation agriculture are to enhance soil fertility and reduce soil degradation, especially through erosion. However, conservation agriculture practices can increase the risk of contamination by pesticides, mainly through vertical transfer via water flow. Better understanding of their sorption and degradation processes is thus needed in conservation agriculture as they control the amount of pesticide available for vertical transfer. The purpose of our study was to investigate the sorption and degradation processes of nicosulfuron in soil profiles (up to 90 cm deep) of a Vermic Umbrisol and a Stagnic Luvisol managed either in conventional or in conservation agriculture. Two laboratory sorption and incubation experiments were performed. Low sorption was observed regardless of the soil type, agricultural management or depth, with a maximum value of 1.3 +/- 2.0 L kg(-1). By the end of the experiment (91 days), nicosulfuron mineralisation in the Vermic Umbrisol was similar for the two types of agricultural management and rather depended on soil depth (29.0 +/- 2.3% in the 0-60-cm layers against 7.5 +/- 1.4% in the 60-90 cm). In the Stagnic Luvisol, nicosulfuron mineralisation reached similar value in every layer of the conservation agriculture plot (26.5% +/- 0.7%). On the conventional tillage plot, mineralisation decreased in the deepest layer (25-60 cm) reaching only 18.4 +/- 6.9% of the applied nicosulfuron. Regardless of the soil type or agricultural management, non-extractable residue formation was identified as the main dissipation process of nicosulfuron (45.1 +/- 8.5% and 50.2 +/- 7.0% under conventional and conservation agriculture respectively after 91 days). In our study, nicosulfuron behaved similarly in the Vermic Umbrisol regardless of the agricultural management, whereas the risk of transfer to groundwater seemed lower in the Stagnic Luvisol under conservation agriculture.

Livret Guide | Depuis l'adoption de la Directive Cadre sur l'Eau (DCE) en 2000 les autorités portent une attention accrue envers les contaminations de l'eau par les pesticides. Les autorités en charge de la question ont alors conçu de nombreux instruments d'action publique visant à les réduire. Néanmoins, la situation est toujours très préoccupante aujourd'hui. Selon le service de la donnée et des études statistiques (SDES), les pesticides sont présents en France dans la plupart des cours d'eau et des eaux souterraines. Ainsi, bon nombre de masses d'eau n'ont pas atteint l'objectif de "bon état" en 2015, au regard des indicateurs fixés par la DCE. Pour appuyer l'action publique, de nombreux projets de recherche ont été engagés afin de concevoir de nouveaux outils et méthodes de gestion des pollutions mais aussi produire des références (études de cas, analyse partagée, norme technique, etc.). Il existe un grand nombre d'outils développés dans le cadre de travaux de recherche pouvant apporter un appui aux institutions impliquées dans la protection des ressources en eau vis-à-vis des pesticides. Ils ne sont pas souvent connus ou accessibles que dans un cercle restreint d'initiés. Afin d'offrir une vue d'ensemble, ainsi que d'informer et de guider les utilisateurs potentiels, un référentiel a été établi à partir de l'inventaire des outils, méthodes et dispositifs de production de références existants ou en cours de développement.

Livret Guide | Depuis l'adoption de la Directive Cadre sur l'Eau (DCE) en 2000 les autorités portent une attention accrue envers les contaminations de l'eau par les pesticides. Les autorités en charge de la question ont alors conçu de nombreux instruments d'action publique visant à les réduire. Néanmoins, la situation est toujours très préoccupante aujourd'hui. Selon le service de la donnée et des études statistiques (SDES), les pesticides sont présents en France dans la plupart des cours d'eau et des eaux souterraines. Ainsi, bon nombre de masses d'eau n'ont pas atteint l'objectif de "bon état" en 2015, au regard des indicateurs fixés par la DCE. Pour appuyer l'action publique, de nombreux projets de recherche ont été engagés afin de concevoir de nouveaux outils et méthodes de gestion des pollutions mais aussi produire des références (études de cas, analyse partagée, norme technique, etc.). Il existe un grand nombre d'outils développés dans le cadre de travaux de recherche pouvant apporter un appui aux institutions impliquées dans la protection des ressources en eau vis-à-vis des pesticides. Ils ne sont pas souvent connus ou accessibles que dans un cercle restreint d'initiés. Afin d'offrir une vue d'ensemble, ainsi que d'informer et de guider les utilisateurs potentiels, un référentiel a été établi à partir de l'inventaire des outils, méthodes et dispositifs de production de références existants ou en cours de développement.

eISSN: 1614-7499 | International audience | Buffer zones such as ponds and ditches are used to reduce field-scale losses of pesticides from subsurface drainage waters to surface waters. The objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of these buffer zones, in particular constructed wetlands, focusing specifically on sorption processes. We modelled the sorption processes of three herbicides [2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-MCPA), isoproturon and napropamide] and three fungicides (boscalid, prochloraz and tebuconazole) on four substrates (two soils, sediment and straw) commonly found in a pond and ditch in Lorraine (France). A wide range of Freundlich coefficient (K (fads)) values was obtained, from 0.74 to 442.63 mg(1 -aEuro parts per thousand n) L (n) kg(-1), and the corresponding K (foc) values ranged from 56 to 3,725 mg(1 -aEuro parts per thousand n) L (n) kg(-1). Based on potential retention, the substrates may be classified as straw >> sediments > soils. These results show the importance of organic carbon content and nature in the process of sorption. Similarly, the studied pesticides could be classified according to their adsorption capacity as follows: prochloraz >> tebuconazole-boscalid > napropamide >> MCPA-isoproturon. This classification is strongly influenced by the physico-chemical properties of pesticides, especially solubility and K (oc). Straw exhibited the largest quantity of non-desorbable pesticide residues, from 12.1 to 224.2 mg/L for all pesticides. The presence of plants could increase soil-sediment sorption capacity. Thus, establishment and maintenance of plants and straw filters should be promoted to optimise sorption processes and the efficiency of ponds and ditches in reducing surface water pollution.

Two basic processes contribute to dispersal of soils pesticide : scattering, which is ensured by different modes of transfer, and degradation, which requires chemical or biochemical reactions that use soil micro-organisms. Last, pesticide or its alteration products can interact with soil constituents. | Deux processus fondamentaux contribuent à la dissipation d'un pesticide appliqué au sol. La dispersion, qui entraîne le produit et éventuellement ses dérivés hors du point d'application ou du volume de sol dans lequel il est recherché et la dégradation, qui assure la transformation de la molécule initiale d'une manière plus ou moins prononcée et pouvant aller jusqu'à sa minéralisation. La dispersion est assurée par différents modes de transfert (volatilisation, lixiviation-lessivage, entraînement par ruissellement, absorption par la plante), tandis que la dégradation fait intervenir des réactions chimiques ou biochimiques (photolyse, hydrolyse, ...) impliquant l'intervention des micro-organismes du sol. Enfin, le pesticide ou ses produits de transformation peuvent interagir avec les constituants du sol pour former des résidus "non extractibles". Ceux-ci sont alors soustraits au dosage par voie physico- chimique.