Ships transport about 80 percent of world trade and transfer approximately three to five billion tons of ballast water internationally every year. Due to the likely presence of pollutants, the ballast water discharged by ships can have negative effects on aquatic ecosystems. This study was conducted on 10 ships that entered the Bushehr port to determine the effectiveness of the ballast water exchange method and also to specify the contents of heavy metals (Ni, Cd, Pb and Cu) in the water and sediment of the ships’ ballast tanks. The samples were collected from January 2017 to July 2018 during a cold and a hot season. The results indicate the values of heavy metals in the samples in this order: Ni> Cu > Pb > Cd. The heavy metals concentrations in the sediment samples did not exceed the standard of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Whereas, Cu and Ni in all water samples and Cd in samples 2 and 7 exceeded the NOAA quality standard value. A correlation analysis of the metals showed that the sources of heavy metals vary in water and sediment samples, except for Pb and Cu in sediment samples which a positively significant relationship were observed. The results also revealed that the ballast water exchange method cannot by itself be effective and an efficient management together with continuous monitoring seems to be essential to prevent pollution of the ballast tanks of the ships entering the Bushehr port.

Microplastic pollution in estuarine and coastal environments has recently been characterised in several countries but few researchers have addressed the influence of different forms of coastal zone use on the distribution of microplastic. Here, microplastic particles were sampled in Hangzhou Bay, which is heavily influenced by a range of human activities, and their abundance, size, and polymer type characterised. The abundance of microplastics was 0.14 ± 0.12 items/m³ in water, 84.3 ± 56.6 items/kg dry weight of sediment, and between 0.25 ± 0.14 and 1.4 ± 0.37 items/individual in biota. These results show that Hangzhou Bay has a low level of microplastic contamination compared to other coastal systems in China, although abundance was spatially variable within the bay; relatively higher microplastic abundances were found in the southern area of the bay, which has adjacent industrial and urban land-use zones, while lower abundances were observed in the central and northern bay areas where mariculture, fisheries, and mineral and energy industries are most common. The relatively low microplastic abundance observed in the biota samples is consistent with the generally low values for the seawater and sediment samples. Pellets were the most common of four particle-shape classes (fibres, fragments, films, and pellets) in surface seawater, while fibres were most abundant in sediment and biota. Smaller-sized microplastics (<1.0 mm) were dominant in all samples. Microplastics in the surface seawater were dominated by low-density polypropylene and polyethylene particles, while rayon was dominant in the sediment and biota samples. Our results demonstrate that regional variability in anthropogenic activity and land-use are important controls on the spatial pattern of microplastic pollution in Hangzhou Bay.

Over three different seasons, seawater, porewater and sediment samples were collected from Jinzhou Bay, a previously heavily contaminated bay, to quantitatively assess the benthic flux of trace metals after a reduction in fluvial/sewage discharge for almost three decades. The spatial distribution patterns of trace metals in seawater, surface sediment, as well as the vertical distribution patterns of metals in porewater and solid phases in short sediment cores were reported. Metal concentrations in seawater and sediment all showed much higher Cd and Zn concentrations inside the Jinzhou Bay compared to the rest of Bohai Sea area. Zn, Ni, Pb and Co all had average benthic fluxes coming out of the sediments to the water column, contributing about 0.5%, 0.3%, 1.4% and 14% to their current standing stock in Jinzhou Bay. Seasonal difference was also identified in seawater and porewater, as well as in the benthic fluxes. In general, benthic fluxes and porewater concentrations all tended to be higher in summer, implying a close relationship between benthic flux and the temperature-dependent organic matter degradation process at the sediment-water interface.Currently, there are clearly still other sources, possibly fluvial/sewage discharge, as the main source of trace metals in Jinzhou Bay waters. For Cd and Cu, concentrations in the water column remain high on an annual basis indicating that sediment still acts as a sink. Conversely, for Pb, Zn, Co, and Ni, the sediment is beginning to act as a source to the water column. Although this may not yet be significant, it will become more and more important with time, and can last for hundreds to thousands of years.

The occurrence of emergent contaminants, 24 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), bisphenol A (BPA) and nonylphenol (NP), was investigated in sediments and fishes collected from the Tamsui River system to determine the factors that influence their distribution and their risk to aquatic ecosystems and human health. The concentrations of total PBDEs, DEHP, DBP, BBP, DEP, DMP, DnOP, BPA and NP in sediments were 1–955, ND-23570, <50–411, <50–430, ND-80, ND-<50, ND-<50, 1–144, 3–19624 μg/kg dw, respectively. The spatial-temporal distribution trends of these compounds in sediments could be attributed to urbanization, industrial discharge and effluents from wastewater treatment plants. The PBDE congener distribution patterns (BDE-209 was the dominant congener) in sediments reflected the occurrence of debromination of BDE-209 and the elution of penta-BDE from the treated products. The concentrations of total PBDEs, DEHP, DBP, BBP, DEP, DMP, DnOP, BPA and NP in fish muscles were 2–66, 17–1046, <10–231, <10–66, <30, ND-<30, ND-<30, 0.4–7 and 3–440 μg/kg ww, respectively. The species-specific bioaccumulation of these compounds by fish was found and four species particularly showed high bioaccumulation potential. BDE-47 was the predominant BDE congener in fish muscles, suggesting high bioavailability and bioaccumulation of this compound. The results of biota–sediment accumulation factors showed that BDE-47, 99, 100, 153 and 154 had relatively high bioavailability and bioaccumulation potential for some fish species. The ecological risk assessment showed that the concentrations of BPA and NP in sediments were likely to have adverse effects on aquatic organisms (risk quotients > 1). The human health risk assessment according to hazard quotients (HQs) and carcinogenic risks (CRs) revealed no remarkable risk to human health through consumption of fish contaminated with BDE-47, 99, 100, 154, 209, DEHP, BPA and NP.

In shallow eutrophic lakes, metal remobilization is closely related to the resuspension and eutrophication. An improved understanding of metal dynamics by biogeochemical processes is essential for effective management strategies. We measured concentrations of nine metals (Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Fe, Al, Mg, and Mn) in water and sediments during seven periods from 2014 to 2018 in northern Lake Taihu, to investigate the metal pollution status, spatial distributions, mineral constituents, and their interactions with P. Moreover, an automatic weather station and online multi-sensor systems were used to measure meteorological and physicochemical parameters. Combining these measurements, we analyzed the controlling factors of metal dynamics. Shallow and eutrophic northern Lake Taihu presents more serious metal pollution in sediments than the average of lakes in Jiangsu Province. We found chronic and acute toxicity levels of dissolved Pb and Zn (respectively), compared with US-EPA “National Recommended Water Quality Criteria”. Suspended particles and sediment have been polluted in different degrees from uncontaminated to extremely contaminated according to German pollution grade by LAWA (Bund/Länder-Arbeitsgemeinschaft Wasser). Polluted particles might pose a risk due to high resuspension rate and intense algal activity in shallow eutrophic lakes. Suspended particles have similar mineral constituents to sediments and increased with increasing wind velocity. Al, Fe, Mg, and Mn in the sediment were rarely affected by anthropogenic pollution according to the geoaccumulation index. Among them, Mn dynamics is very likely associated with algae. Micronutrient uptake by algal will affect the migration of metals and intensifies their remobilization. Intensive pollution of most particulate metals were in the industrialized and down-wind area, where algae form mats and decompose. Moreover, algal decomposition induced low-oxygen might stimulate the release of metals from sediment. Improving the eutrophication status, dredging sediment, and salvaging cyanobacteria biomass are possible ways to remove or reduce metal contaminations.

In this study, the Songgang River (SR) was selected as a typical tributary that is heavily polluted by rapid urbanization and industrialization. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) distribution at five representative sampling sites from different urban functional areas was studied. The chemical and physical properties and spatial and vertical distribution of PAHs in sediments were investigated. PAH source identification and the ecological risks of the sediments were evaluated. The results suggested that the industrial zone and dense residential and commercial areas were the most contaminated areas of the SR, as the chemical and physical properties of total organic carbon content in sediments was the highest at the dense residential and commercial areas (0.1–4.5%); however, the acid volatile sulfide, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus contents were the highest in the industrial zone, with ranges of 700.0–1618.4 mg/kg dw, 22.4–3543.9 mg/kg dw, and 82.3–4550.7 mg/kg dw, respectively. The spatial distribution of residual PAHs in the sediment cores showed a wide variation among different urban functional areas, and the vertical characterization (0–300 cm) depicted a significant decreasing trend with depth and with an abrupt increase at 180 cm. The concentration of ∑16 PAHs ranged from 208.7 to 7709.8 ng/g dw, with the highest concentrations obtained in the industrial zone. The low molecular weight-PAHs (153–6720 ng/g dw) were predominant in the sediments. Furthermore, there were combined sources (biomass burning: 40.3%; fossil fuel combustion: 25.5%; mixed source: 21.5%; oil pollution: 12.7%) and a long term accumulation effect, with anthropogenic activities and industrial pollution as the major contributing sources. The concentrations of Nap, Acy, Ace, Flu, and Ant exceeded the lower limit of the sediment quality criteria, and higher toxic equivalent concentration values of the total carcinogenic PAHs were observed nearby the midstream of the SR, which may cause adverse biological effects and implies a need for regular monitoring.

Contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been observed at high elevation environments; however, the occurrence and spatial variation of PAHs in alpine lakes of China is not well understood. We measured 15 priority PAHs in the sediments of Lake Qinghai in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and assessed their distribution, source, and ecological risks. The total PAH concentration ranged from 30.4 to 125.2 ng g⁻¹. Low molecular weight PAHs were dominant in the sediments, suggesting a local source for the emissions. Sediment sites closer to local settlements and rivers had higher concentration of PAHs. The concentration of PAHs was significantly correlated with pH, probably as a result of the high salinity of the lake, while it was not significantly correlated with organic matter content. Molecular diagnostic ratio analysis indicated that PAHs were derived mainly from coal and biomass combustion. Specifically, the positive matrix factorization model showed that petrogenic sources, vehicular emissions, biomass combustion, and coal combustion contributed for 11.6, 16.3, 23.6, and 48.5% of the PAHs, respectively. The risk quotient method was used to assess ecological risk of PAHs individually. The results indicate that indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, phenanthrene, and anthracene would produce moderate ecological risks in 5, 20, 65, 100, and 100% of the sediment sites, respectively, while the other 10 PAH homologues would scarcely produce any serious ecological risk. We used the hierarchical Archimedean copula integral assessment model to evaluate the integral risk of PAHs. The result showed that 10, 40, and 50% of the sediment sites belong to mid-high, low, and mid-low risk levels, respectively. The current concentration and risk levels of PAHs in this study might be used as a baseline to assess the influence of future anthropogenic activities.

Environmental emissions of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) often contaminate aquatic ecosystems and accumulate in the species therein. This can represent an exposure pathway for human populations where seafood is consumed. Concentrations of PFAAs in water breathing animals may be a function of many different factors, however, little is known about how these different factors impact contaminant accumulation in estuarine and marine species. This study explores the relationships between PFAA accumulation and two key variables, animal size and sediment concentrations, for a number of important seafood species. Sixty Dusky Flathead (Platycephalus fuscus), 58 Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) and 53 Giant Mud Crab (Scylla serrata) were tested for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) in edible tissues, and the concentrations compared with animal size and sediment concentrations at the location of capture. PFAAs showed a high degree of variation among species, and PFOA and PFHxS were only common in Giant Mud Crab. Log-transformed PFOS concentrations in all three species showed negative correlations with animal size (weight). There was limited evidence for relationships between PFOS muscle tissue concentration and sediment PFOS concentration. The patterns observed are potentially explained by changes in trophic position, relative growth rate, consumption rate and metabolic rate, throughout the species life history. The results contrast with observations for other persistent organic pollutants, whereby larger individuals tend to carry greater contaminant loads. Future work is required to establish whether these patterns are evident for PFAAs in other species and contaminant sources.

Dissolved phosphate (Pᵢ) can be released during resuspended sediments exposed to sunlight. However, the significance of this phenomenon in the process of eutrophication is not clear. In this study, the behavior of photo-induced Pᵢ release during sediment resuspension in shallow lakes with the different trophic states was investigated. The amount of photo-induced Pᵢ release in the sediment resuspension from Lake Liangzi, Lake Dong, Lake Tangxun and Lake Longyang in China was 0.013, 0.019, 0.032, and 0.048 mg/L, respectively, and increased as the trophic states of the lakes increased. The results of phosphorus speciation analysis showed that the phosphate monoester in the particulate phosphorus is the organic phosphorus species participated in the photochemical reaction. The steady-state concentration of hydroxyl radical (OH) in the sediment resuspension also increased along with the trophic states of lakes increased and dissolved organic matter (DOM), nitrate, and Fe³⁺ presented in sediment resuspension were the main photosensitizers for OH production. All these results indicate that the increase of trophic states of lakes leads to the accumulation of organic phosphorus and OH, resulting in more dissolved phosphate photo-released, which accelerate the eutrophication process in a form of positive feedback.

In vitro bioassays have been used as a bioanalytical means of detecting dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) in environmental matrices and have been suggested as a tool for quantifying DLCs in sediments. The present study evaluated the relationship between bioanalytical results from the micro-7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) bioassay and chemical analytical results in 25 sediment samples collected from rivers across Germany. Sediments were collected, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) were extracted from the sediments, biological toxicity equivalent quotients (BEQs) were determined by micro-EROD assay and toxicity equivalent quotients (TEQs) were calculated from chemical analysis. Correlations between BEQs and TEQs were evaluated, and linear regression modeling was performed, excluding 6 samples as validation data, to derive equations for predicting TEQs from BEQs. Validation data was tested to evaluate predictive capabilities of the models. Correlations were observed between BEQ and TEQ for PCDD/Fs (r=0.987), PCBs (r=0.623), measured sum of PCDD/F and PCBs (r = 0.975) and calculated sum of PCDD/F and PCBs (r = 0.971). The modeling equations provided low variances as evaluated by mean absolute error (MAE) (≤10.3 pg/g) and root mean square error (RMSE) (≤15.8 pg/g) indicating that expected TEQs could be reasonably well calculated from BEQs. Predicted TEQs from validation data fell within the 95% probability intervals of the test data and had low variances (MAE≤6.5 pg/g) and (RMSE≤10.7 pg/g). Our results indicate that the micro-EROD bioassay can be used as a screening tool for DLCs in sediment and has the capability to be used as an alternate method to chemical analysis for quantifying dioxin-like potential of sediments.