Spatiotemporal variability complicates source apportionment of metals in urban lakes, especially when rainfall drives urban non-point source pollution. As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ag, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Sb, Sr and Zn concentrations in 648 water samples collected before and after rain in 6 urban lakes of Beijing, China were determined during 2013–2015. The response of metals concentrations after rain to the interaction between rainfall and antecedent dry days was significant. Metals concentrations were normalized pursuant to the interaction effect as the input of positive matrix factorization (PMF) to develop the interaction normalized-PMF (IN-PMF). Four primary pollution sources were diagnosed. Sediment release was considered to be the main source of Fe, Co and Ni independent of rainfall. Hg, As and some Cr associated with pesticides and fertilizers were likely to come from soil erosion and runoff from green space. It is probable that road runoff was the dominant source for heavy metals related to traffic emissions, including Pb, Cd, Cu, Sb, Mn and Zn. Cr, Sr and some Cu and Zn as key elements of rooftops can be regarded as from roof runoff. The IN-PMF lowered roof and road runoff contributions and raised the contribution of soil erosion from green space, with Pb, Sb, Cu, Zn, Cd and Mn increasing by 15.9%, 10.7%, 13.1%, 12.2%, 13.3% and 16.8%. The results shed more light on the stormwater runoff pollution mitigation on impervious surfaces and metals enrichment problems in infiltration soil on green space in the low impact development (LID) setting. The Bayesian network revealed the spatial variability of transport and fate of metal elements from land surfaces to urban lakes, supplementing the secondary pollution sources from different land use. This study will provide new insights for source apportionment of non-point source pollution under the background of sponge city construction.

Agricultural mulch film (AMF) is deemed an important source of microplastics (MPs) in agricultural soil (AS). However, quantitating the contribution of AMFs to MPs in farmland soil and surface water remains a considerable challenge to date. In the present study, a basic framework was developed to address these concerns. First, the concentrations of MPs in soil derived from AMF abrasion (CMP) and the total MPs from all sources in AS (CTMP) were measured. Then, the ratios of CMP to CTMP, i.e., the contribution of AMFs to MPs in AS, were calculated. The contribution of AMFs to MPs in surface water via soil erosion was calculated based on CTMP values, the ratios of CMP to CTMP, soil erosion intensities (SEIs), and farmland areas. Furthermore, the potential contribution of soil erosion to MPs in the ocean was estimated. In China, the inventory of MPs in surface AS in 2018 ranged from 4.9 × 10⁶ to 1.0 × 10⁷ tons according to our results. AMFs contributed 10%–30% of the CTMP with certainties of 60–95%. Assuming that all MPs in AS can be exhaustively transferred to surface water via soil erosion, the national mass transfer amount of MPs (MTTMP) from AS to surface water reached 1.2 × 10⁵−2.2 × 10⁵ tons (∼2% of the inventory of MPs in the AS of China); the fluxes of MPs into the ocean from AS were 3.4 × 10⁴−6.6 × 10⁴ tons, assuming that all MPs in the AS of coastal provinces enter the ocean. It is likely that AMFs contributed 10%–30% MTTMP and fluxes of MPs to the ocean according to the ratios of CMP to CTMP. Apparently, approximately 30% of the national MTTMP (i.e., the rate of MP flux to the ocean to MTTMP) was input to the ocean.

Biochar addition to soil may change the hydrophobicity of amended soil and influence soil hydraulic properties. Soil hydrophobicity, i.e. soil water repellency (SWR) can interrupt water infiltration and form preferential flow leading to a potential risk of soil erosion or groundwater pollution. Up to date, the effect of different biochars on soil hydrophobicity remains unclear and the association of SWR with soil hydraulic properties is still unknown. To link the biochar hydrophobicity to SWR and soil water holding capacity (WHC), the surface structure and chemical composition of 27 biochars with different feedstocks and pyrolysis temperatures were characterized, and the SWR and soil WHC of biochar-added soil were investigated. Carboxylic groups on the biochar surface, surface area and pore volume were mostly influenced by pyrolysis temperature, which suggested the dominant factor determining the severity of biochar hydrophobicity was pyrolysis temperature. Hydrophilic soil became hydrophobic after biochar amendment. A higher addition rate led to a stronger SWR of hydrophilic soil. Biochar addition increased soil WHC of hydrophilic soil with low total organic carbon (TOC) content. Biochar did not have significant influence on SWR and soil WHC of hydrophobic soil with high TOC content. It implied that the influence of biochar on SWR and soil hydraulic properties mainly depended on soil original hydrophobicity and TOC content. Therefore, the properties of biochar and influence on soil hydrophobicity and hydraulic properties should be considered before processing biochar application.

Levels and profiles of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were analyzed for the first time in raw and treated water from five water treatment plants in Shenzhen, South China. The average PCDD/Fs concentrations were 32.93 pg/L (0.057 pg international toxic equivalent quantity (I-TEQ)/L) and 0.64 pg/L (0.021 pg I-TEQ/L) in raw and treated water, respectively. The removal rate of PCDD/Fs in terms of mass concentration varied from 93.4% to 98.8%, whereas a negative removal rate was observed in one plant in terms of TEQ concentration. The PCDD/Fs concentration in raw water was lower than most of the published data from other countries and regions, and the PCDD/Fs concentration in treated water was below the Maximum Contaminants Level (MCL) of 30 pg/L for dioxin in drinking water set by the US EPA. Historical pentachlorophenol usage, local waste incineration and industrial emissions, as well as surface runoff or even soil erosion, might be the main sources for PCDD/F pollution in water. The daily intake of PCDD/Fs for local residents from drinking water was estimated to be 0.69 fg I-TEQ/kg/day, which is negligible compared with that from food consumption (1.23 pg WHO-TEQ/kg/day) in the local area.

Improper land-use changes may lead to a loss of soil resources and cause environmental pollution. Chinese Torreya plantation (hereafter CTP) is an important cash tree plantation for nuts production in the mountainous areas of subtropical China. The increasing development of CTPs, to increase seed production, can result in the complete erasure of local natural vegetation.In this study, the vulnerability to soil erosion, loss of soil organic carbon (SOC) and nutrients in CTPs due to land-use change were evaluated. The results indicated that the rates of diffusive soil erosion in the young CTPs with extreme precipitation were about six-fold higher than with the natural vegetation. At sites with a similar slope, there was no significant difference in soil erosion levels between the young and old CTPs. The old CTPs did not hold significantly higher levels of SOC and soil total nitrogen (STN) in their topsoil when compared with the young CTPs. The natural mixed broadleaved subtropical forests lost about 35% of their SOC and 25% of their STN after they were converted into CTPs, but the CTPs had higher soil total phosphorus. The C: N ratios at the different sites were close to 11:1, but the N: P ratios were diverse. There were high levels of organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in stream water. Adequate coverage of natural vegetation within or around the CTPs should be maintained to decrease soil erosion and nutrient loss. Suggestions to develop CTPs while protecting the environment are discussed. Overall, it was determined that aspects of the current management practices and strategies for developing CTPs should be changed to decrease soil erosion and nutrient loss.

Wildfires may play a role in redistributing radionuclides in the environment in combination with hydrological processes such as surface runoff and soil erosion. We investigated plot-scale radionuclide wash-off at forest sites affected by wildfires in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (CEZ). We also compared speciation of the washed-off radionuclides with those in previous studies conducted just after the accident in 1986. We observed the surface runoff and the radionuclide wash-off with a soil erosion plot at forest and post-fire sites during May–September 2018. In the post-fire site, 2.81 mm of surface runoff was observed in at least three flow events resulting from 285.8 mm total rainfall. The fluxes of dissolved and particulate ¹³⁷Cs were estimated as 4.9 and 161 Bq m⁻², respectively. The dissolved phase ⁹⁰Sr flux was estimated as 214 Bq m⁻². At the forest site, a single surface runoff (0.67 mm) event was generated by rainfall of 182.2 mm. The fluxes of dissolved and particulate ¹³⁷Cs wash-off values were 6.2 and 8.6 Bq m⁻², respectively. The flux of dissolved ⁹⁰Sr wash-off from the forest was estimated as 45.1 Bq m⁻². The distribution coefficient, which indicates the dissolved-particulate form of radionuclides, in the post-fire site was 30 times higher than that in the forest site, indicating the importance of particulate ¹³⁷Cs wash-off after fire in the CEZ. The entrainment coefficients for dissolved and particulate ¹³⁷Cs concentrations were around 50 times lower than those obtained in the corresponding position within the CEZ immediately after the accident in 1987. The effect of downward migration of ¹³⁷Cs over 30 years led to decreased entrainment coefficients for dissolved and particulate ¹³⁷Cs. The effect of downward migration of radionuclides was considered sufficient to indicate changes in normalized liquid and solid radionuclides wash-off entrainment coefficient and the distribution coefficient in this study.

Mercury (Hg) accumulation records spanning the last 16,000 years before present (yr BP, relative to AD 1950) were derived from a peat core collected from Dajiuhu mire, central China. The natural Hg concentration and accumulation rate (free from anthropogenic influence) were 135.5 ± 53.9 ng g−1 and 6.5 ± 4.5 μg m−2 yr−1, respectively. The increase in Hg flux that started from a core depth of 96.5 cm (3358 cal yr BP) is independent of soil erosion and organic matter content. We attribute this to an increase in atmospheric Hg deposition derived from regional anthropogenic activities. Anthropogenic Hg accumulation rates (Hg-ARA) in the pre-industrial period peaked during the Ming and the early Qing dynasties (582–100 cal yr BP), with Hg-ARA of 9.9–24.6 and 10.7–24.4 μg m−2 yr−1, respectively. In the industrial interval (post∼1850 AD), Hg-ARA increased progressively and reached 32.7 μg m−2 yr−1 at the top of the core. Our results indicate the existence of regional atmospheric Hg pollution spanning the past ∼3400 years, and place recent Hg enrichment in central China in a broader historical context.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) transported by surface runoff result in nonpoint source pollution and jeopardize aquatic ecosystems. The transport mechanism of PAHs during rainfall-runoff events has been rarely studied regarding pervious areas. An experimental system was setup to simulate the runoff pollution process on PAHs-contaminated soil. The enrichment behavior of soil-bound PAHs was investigated. The results show that soil organic matters (SOM), rather than clay particles, seem to be the main carrier of PAHs. The enrichment is highly conditioned on runoff and erosion processes, and its magnitude varies among PAH compounds. It is not feasible to build a simple and universal relationship between enrichment ratio and sediment discharge following the traditional enrichment theory. To estimate the flux of PAHs from pervious areas, soil erosion process has to be clearly understood, and both organic carbon content and composition of SOM should be factored into the calculation.

Inland freshwater aquaculture ponds (IFAPs) represent the key component of the global lentic freshwater environment and are increasingly important for global aquaculture production, yet the occurrence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in these pond systems remains largely unknown. Here, we characterized the residual concentrations of 19 individual OCPs in sediments and in cultured fish and crustacean species (crabs, shrimp, crayfish and lobster), which were on-spot sampled from the IFAPs at a large region-scale in China. The total OCP levels in sediments varied dramatically between regions. Crabs presented the greatest OCP contamination among the studied species. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) was the dominating contaminant in sediments and crabs and its stable degradation products 4,4′-DDE and 4,4′-DDD were co-occurrent between these two compartments. The diagnostic ratio analysis indicated fresh inputs of DDTs, lindane and aldrin in multiple regions, which may be resulted from agricultural soil erosion, surface runoff and local anthropogenic activities. Ecological impacts of these pesticides could be expected at some sites due to their levels in sediments above the risk level. Risk assessment based on the OCP levels corrected by the cooking loss revealed that daily consumption of the IFAPs-derived aquatic foods may pose carcinogenic risks in humans.

Water pollution by veterinary antibiotics (VAs) resulting from livestock production is associated with severe environmental and human health risks. While upward trends in global animal product consumption signal that these risks might exacerbate toward the future, VA related water pollution is currently insufficiently understood. To increase this understanding, the present research assesses processes influencing VA pollution from VA administration to their discharge into freshwater bodies, using an integrated modelling approach (IMA). For the VAs amoxicillin, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, sulfamethazine, and tetracycline we estimate loads administered to livestock, excretion, degradation during manure storage, fate in soil and transport to surface water. Fate and transport are modelled using the VA transport model (VANTOM), which is fed with estimates from the Pan-European Soil Erosion Risk Assessment (PESERA). The grey water footprint (GWF) is used to indicate the severity of water pollution in volumetric terms by combining VA loads and predicted no effect concentrations. We apply our approach to the German-Dutch Vecht river catchment, which is characterized by high livestock densities. Results show a VA mass load decrease larger than 99% for all substances under investigation, from their administration to surface water emission. Due to metabolization in the body, degradation during manure storage and degradation in soil, VA loads are reduced by 45%, 80% and 90% on average, respectively. While amoxicillin and sulfamethazine dissipate quickly after field application, significant fractions of doxycycline, oxytetracycline and tetracycline accumulate in the soil. The overall Vecht catchment's GWF is estimated at 250,000 m³ yr⁻¹, resulting from doxycycline (81% and 19% contribution from the German and Dutch catchment part respectively). Uncertainty ranges of several orders of magnitude, as well as several remaining limitations to the presented IMA, underscore the importance to further develop and refine the approach.