The present study investigates the transesterification of corn oil with methanol over two oxides of MgO and ZnO at 65 ͦC and 1 atm. These two catalysts have been prepared via a conventional co-precipitation process. As for MgO, the corresponding mixed metal nitrate solution has been mixed and heated at the presence of urea. ZnO has also been synthesized by co-precipitation of metal acetate at the presence of oxalic acid and ethanol. The catalysts then have been characterized by means of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). XRD results indicate high purity for both catalysts. Also, catalytic activity has been evaluated in methanol reflux temperature through corn oil transesterification, with the impacts of reaction variables, like catalyst amount, methanol/oil molar ratio, and reaction time on biodiesel yield, investigated by means of HNMR spectrum. Under appropriate transesterification conditions at 65 °C (catalyst amount= 5%, methanol/ oil ratio= 20, and reaction time= 10 hr), an ME content of 62.61% can be achieved, using MgO catalyst. Similarly, the experiments have been repeated to achieve the best yield, using ZnO catalyst, with the highest rate, equal to 53.1%, obtained in 9% of catalyst and methanol/oil ratio of 30 over 10 hr. Furthermore, reusability of ZnO and MgO has been evaluated in transesterification reaction.

We performed toxicological study of mice exposed to lead by quantifying fatty acids in brain of the mice. This study suggests that the introduced analytical method had an extremely high tolerance against impurities such as water and extractives; thus, it led to the enhanced resolution in visualizing the spectrum of fatty acid profiles in animal brain. Furthermore, one of the biggest technical advantages achieved in this study was the quantitation of fatty acid methyl ester profiles of mouse brain using a trace amount of sample (e.g., 100 μL mixture). Methanol was screened as the most effective extraction solvent for mouse brain. The behavioral test of the mice before and after lead exposure was conducted to see the effect of lead exposure on fatty acid composition of the mice’ brain. The lead exposure led to changes in disease-related behavior of the mice. Also, the lead exposure induced significant alterations of fatty acid profile (C16:0, C 18:0, and C 18:1) in brain of the mice, implicated in pathology of psychiatric diseases. The alteration of fatty acid profile of brain of the mice suggests that the derivatizing technique can be applicable to most research fields associated with the environmental neurotoxins with better resolution in a short time, as compared to the current protocols for lipid analysis.

A method based on phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis for profiling microbial communities in offshore produced water was optimized. The operation parameters affecting final PLFA profiling performance from the solid phase extraction (SPE) purification and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) yielding process were investigated. Under the selected conditions, 92.9%, 96.3% and 92.8% of the spiked phospholipid standards C16:1 (cis-9) PC, C18:1 (cis-9) PC, and C19:0 PC were recovered, respectively, using 10mL methanol as elution solvent on a non-commercial SPE column. Over 90% of spiked C19:0 PC was recovered before sample transesterification. Four parameters including alkaline reagent, volume of acid for neutralization, time and temperature for FAMEs derivatization were examined. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze FAMEs and the method linearities, recoveries of 29 FAMEs during transesterification, detection limits, relative standard deviations were presented. The results provided valuable information for biological reservoir souring control.

Lipases are utilized in biodiesel production utilizing various types of substrates. The use of lipase in bioenergy production aims to reduce energy crises and environmental pollution. Lipase-producing indigenous bacteria Bacillus licheniformis (Accession no. OP56979) and Bacillus rugosus (Accession no. OP56980) were isolated from various oil-contaminated sites. The isolated potential lipolytic bacteria were screened for maximum lipase production. Then, the bacteria showing the highest lipolytic activity were subjected to identification using the 16s rRNA technique while other isolated were identified biochemically. Lipase [LipBL-WII(c)] from Bacillus licheniformis having the highest lipolytic activity expressed various characteristics. Characterization of crude LipBL-WII(c) expressed that it showed stability in a wide range of pH (4 to 10) with optimum lipolytic activity observed at pH 8. It was then found to be active at a temperature range from 20°C to 80°C with optimal at 50°C. Lipase activity was also stimulated in metal ions such as Ca+1, Mg2+, and Zn2+ the most. Furthermore, LipBL-WII(c) retained lipolytic activity in the presence of various organic solvents and surfactants. The kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) for LipBL-WII(c) were ascertained using Lineweaver- Burk plot. LipBL-WII(c) showed a potential for biodiesel production using olive oil as a source. Lipase gave 84% yield of biodiesel production from olive oil. Thus, it could be employed as a potential candidate for green biodiesel production using oil sources.

Over the past several decades, people from many nations have adopted and supported using biodiesel energy sources due to their accessibility and advantages in reducing CO2 and H.C. emissions to the environment. Today, biodiesel is recognized as a sustainable alternative energy source. Commercially, biodiesel was produced by converting homogenous oil treated with a catalyst like NaOH or KOH in Alcohol. These homogeneous catalysts are hazardous to the environment and cannot be recycled. As an alternative, this research article focuses on biodiesel production from a 1:1 blend of Simarubha glauca (Laxmitharu in Kannada) and Azadirachta indica (Neem) triglyceride via acid-base catalyzed transesterification reaction. The heterogeneous-based graphene-doped CaO was used as a catalyst obtained through the calcination method by doping it with graphene oxide by the hummers’ method. SEM, FTIR, and XRD were used to characterize the GaO-CaO catalyst. The results predict that the prepared catalyst yielded a high percentage of ASFAME (94.0%) and meets the quality as per ASTM standards 6751D.

The primary motivation for researching biofuels is to meet the world’s energy requirements. Demand for fossil fuels is rising significantly due to population expansion. Biodiesel is a promising renewable energy source that, if implemented effectively, has the potential to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels. Because biodiesel is a cleaner fuel that requires no engine modification, its implementation is not complicated. It can directly be used in diesel engines or as a blended diesel with fossil diesel. Seven different vegetable oils were utilized to replicate restaurant waste cooking oil in the laboratory to make biodiesel. The qualities of biodiesel produced were investigated and compared to determine how they vary depending on the chemical composition of the oil source. The physical appearance of biodiesel varies slightly depending on the oil source. Density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, and acid levels, on the other hand, are all within acceptable biodiesel criteria for all types of oil sources used.

This paper for the first time synthesizes novel biodiesel experimentally using low-cost feedstocks of coconut oil, caustic soda, and fermented palm wine contaminated by microorganisms. The alkaline catalyzed transesterification method was used for biodiesel production with minimal glycerol. The produced biodiesel was biodegradable and effective in cleaning a shoreline oil spill experiment verified by our developed oil spill radial numerical simulator. For the first time, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was hybridized with invasive weed optimization (IWO), imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA), and shuffled complex evolution (SCE-UA) to predict biodiesel yield (BY) using obtained Monte Carlo simulation datasets from the biodiesel experimental seed data. The test results indicated ANFIS-IWO (MSE = 0.0628) as the best model and also when compared to the benchmarked ANFIS genetic algorithm (MSE = 0.0639). Additionally, ANFIS-IWO (RMSE = 0.54705) was tested on another coconut biodiesel data in the literature and it outperformed both response surface methodology (RMSE = 0.72739) and artificial neural network (RMSE = 0.68615) models used. The hybridized models proved to be robust for biodiesel yield modeling in addition to the produced biodiesel serving as an environmentally acceptable and cost-effective alternative for shoreline bioremediation.

Scale-up and commercialization of biodiesel is often delimited by costly feedstock that adds up to the process costs. These underlying issues demand the exploration of unconventional cheap feed to improve the process economics. Conversion of waste cooking oil (WCO) into biodiesel could reduce the process costs by 60–70%. However, the continuous exposure to heat during frying leads to oxidation as well increase in the free fatty acid (FFA) content which intensifies the time and energy required for transesterification. The present study analyzes the effect of parameters over the conversion of WCO (with 8.17% FFA) into biodiesel via two-step acid-alkali-based microwave-assisted transesterification. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the oil:methanol volume ratio, microwave power, and reaction time during the acid-catalyzed esterification to bring down the FFA below 1%. Microwave irradiation of 250 W, with methanol:oil molar ratio of 19.57:1 [oil:methanol volume ratio of 1.31 (expressed as decimal)] and reaction time of 35 s, resulted in 0.082% of FFA. Alkali-catalyzed transesterification with methanol:oil molar ratio of 5:1 with 2% sodium hydroxide at 65 °C thereby produced fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) with the volumetric biodiesel yield of 94.6% in 30 min. Physiochemical properties of the transesterified WCO were well comparable with the biodiesel standards. The study highlights the essentiality of multivariate optimization for the esterification process that could aid in understanding the interactive effects of variables over FFA content. Such studies would benefit in scaling up of the transesterification process at industrial level by improving the economics of the overall bioprocess.

In the present research work, different types of biodiesel were produced by a homogeneous alkali transesterification reaction using soybean oil, pork lard, and castor bean oil as raw materials, to evaluate how their different compositions may affect the biodegradability, namely, in the presence of benzene. Biodiesel was characterized according to the European standard EN 14214. The anaerobic biodegradation of the different types of biodiesel was examined as well as its influence on the biodegradation of benzene. Analyses were performed to determine the volume of methane (directly related to the anaerobic biodegradation of biodiesel), the concentration of benzene over time, and the production of organic acids. The results showed methane production resulting from the anaerobic degradation of all biodiesel types. The differences between the degradation behavior of each fuel were negligible, contrary to what was expected; however, the amount of methane produced was low due to nutrient limitations. This fact was confirmed by the organic acid analysis as well as by the addition of new media. Anaerobic benzene biodegradation was found to be negatively impacted by the presence of all biodiesel types on average; therefore, the results of this study may impact management of sites that contain biodiesel and fuel hydrocarbon contamination.

Biodiesel production from Pongamia pinnata, a tree-based oil using healthcare industrial waste dolomite as a catalyst, was studied. The studies aimed to establish the ideal parameters for producing biodiesel, such as temperature, the ratio of methanol to oil, and the weight percentage of the catalyst. The healthcare industrial waste was procured and characterized. With the operating conditions, temperature maintained at 75°C, methanol to oil molar ratio of about 20:1, and a catalyst weight of 5%, the optimum yield of 92.3% was obtained. The tree-based nonedible oil source for biodiesel production was suggested widely due to its ability to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs). The Pongamia Pinnata cultivation on barren land supports the afforestation projects with economic and environmental values; further biodiesel from renewable bioresources reduces emissions, and livelihood development to eradicate unemployment are the primary objectives for achieving the SDGs. The tree-based biodiesel production and adaptation of dolomite as a heterogeneous catalyst have proven to be a recent attraction among scientists. The present study is the first report on Pongamia pinnata for biodiesel production catalyzed by dolomite.