As different chemicals, methyl parathion (MP) and cadmium (Cd) can induce neurotoxicity on the brain of aquatic ecosystems. This study aims to explore the differential expression proteins in the brain induced by their joint stress and their joint effects, which are poorly reported, and devotes finding novel biomarkers for monitoring their contamination in water and assessing their neurological effects. The bioaccumulation of MP and Cd in tissues after 96 h of exposure was first analyzed by GC and inductively coupled plasma–MS to provide insights into the interaction. Protein profile changes in the brains of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to MP and Cd were further investigated using the proteomic approach. The correlation of gene expression on the transcription level of mRNA and the translation level of protein was examined by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting analysis. It showed that Cd and MP have an interaction on their bioaccumulation, which suggests that their joint effect over 96 h might be antagonistic. Proteomics revealed that 22 protein spots changed their expression levels under stress, of which 16 proteins were identified using MS. These proteins were involved in oxidation/reduction, metabolism, energy production, receptor activity, and cytoskeleton assembly. Among them, five proteins with a remarkable abundance change are significantly suggested to play important roles in the joint effect. This work demonstrates that there exists an interaction between MP and Cd toxicities, which may aid in our understanding of the mechanism of neurotoxicity induced by joint stress. The results may also provide the possibility of the establishment of candidate biomarkers for monitoring MP and Cd contamination in water.

PURPOSE: The main goals of this study were (1) to examine the effects of zinc on the microbial community structure of anthropogenically impacted sediments in a tropical coastal ecosystem and (2) to determine whether these microbial benthic communities may enhance the adsorption of zinc. METHODS: The interactions between zinc and bacteria in tropical sediments were studied in sediment microcosms amended with 2.5 mg L−1 of Zn in the water phase and incubated for 8 days under different environmental conditions, oxic/anoxic and glucose addition. At the end of incubation, microbial structure was assessed by molecular fingerprints (T-RFLP) analysis and Zn speciation in the sediment was determined by sequential extraction. RESULTS: In the three studied sediments, Zn spiking resulted in only slight changes in bacterial community structure. In contrast, the addition of low concentrations of glucose (5 mM) strongly modified the bacterial community structure: <20% of similarity with the initial structure concomitant with a strong diminution of the specific richness. Overall, these results suggest that highly labile organic matter has a larger impact on microbial structure than heavy metal. These weak impacts of Zn on bacteria diversity might be partly explained by (1) the strong adsorption of Zn in the presence of bacteria and/or (2) the incorporation of Zn into a nonbioavailable fraction. Nevertheless, Zn spiking resulted in significant changes in nutrient cycles, suggesting that bacterial metabolisms were impacted by the heavy metal. This led to an increase in nutrient supplies to the water column, potentially enhancing eutrophication in a nutrient-limited, oligotrophic ecosystem.

INTRODUCTION: Solar wastewater treatment based on photocatalytic reactions is a green process that utilizes renewable energy resources and minimizes secondary pollution. Reactor design plays an important role in promoting treatment efficiency and throughput density (based on unit volume of the reactor). EXPERIMENTAL: A rotating disk reactor that significantly increases the process efficiency has been designed and evaluated for application to photocatalytic decomposition of dye pollutants in aqueous solutions. In this process, a novel multi-layer rotating disk reactor (MLRDR) was presented. Photocatalyst (TiO2) particles are immobilized on the surfaces of disks. Within each layer of the reactor, methyl orange aqueous solution is allowed to flow from the center of the disk in a radial direction along the surface of the disk, which is rotating at high speed and is irradiated with UV lamps. The effluent is then directed to the center of another layer that lies underneath. Up to four stacked layers have been tested in this study, and the effects due to the number of the layers and volumetric flow rate on reaction conversion are investigated. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The efficiency of this photocatalytic reactor exhibits complex dependence on these parameters. With selected operating conditions, conversions greater than 95% can be achieved within seconds of residence time. Design equations of the reactor have been derived based on fluid dynamics and kinetic models, and the simulation results show promising scale-up potential of the reactor.

PURPOSE: The objectives of this research are to identify the functional groups and determine corresponding pK a values of the acidic sites on dried brown algae Cystoseira barbata using FTIR and potentiometric titrations, and to investigate the biosorption ability of biomass towards divalent nickel, cadmium, and lead ions. Adsorption was studied as a function of solution pH and contact time, and experimental data were evaluated by the Langmuir isotherm model. METHODS: CaCl2 pretreatment was applied to the sorbent for enhancing the metal uptake capacity. The effect of solution pH on biosorption equilibrium was investigated in the pH range of 1.5–5.0. Individual as well as competitive adsorption capacity of the sorbent were studied for metal cations and mixtures. RESULTS: The retention of the tested metal ions was mostly influenced from pH in the range of 1.5–2.5, then stayed almost constant up to 5.0, while Ni(II) uptake showed the highest variation with pH. Potentiometric titrations were performed to find the number of strong and weak acidic groups and their acidity constants. The density of strong and weak acidic functional groups in the biomass were found to be 0.9 and 2.26 mmol/g, respectively. The FTIR spectra of the sorbent samples indicated various functionalities on the biomass surface including carboxyl, hydroxyl, and amino and sulphonate groups which are responsible for the binding of metal ions. CONCLUSIONS: The capacity of the biomass for single metal ions (around 1 mmol/g) was increased to 1.3 mmol/g in competitive adsorption, Pb(II) showing the highest Langmuir intensity constant. Considering its extremely high abundance and low cost, C. barbata may be potentially important in metal ion removal from contaminated water and industrial effluents.

The study highlights the potential of the black-chinned tilapia to be used as a sentinel to assess environmental contaminants based on the use of a set of biomarkers. The usefulness of fish species as sentinels for assessing aquatic environment contamination was tested using a set of biomarkers in Senegalese environments characterized by multi-pollution sources. The black-chinned tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron) was selected as a sentinel because of its abundance, wide distribution in all coastal aquatic ecosystems and physiological properties. The potential influence of confounding factors such as salinity on biomarker in the tilapia has been examined. Individuals were sampled during two seasons (dry and wet) in eight sites characterized by various degrees of anthropogenic contamination and different salinities (from 0 to 102 psu). Biomarkers—including growth rate (GR), condition factor (CF), biotransformation enzymes such as 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE)—were measured. Chemical contaminant [polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs)] levels showed different sources of contamination with relatively high concentrations of PAHs in the Hann Bay and Foundiougne locations. The most sensitive biomarker present in different sites according to the principal component analysis is EROD. Few variations of the AChE activity and TBARS levels were found. No clear relationship was found between biomarker responses and salinity, but GR and CF were lower in hypersaline conditions. Tilapia is responsive to environmental contaminants such as PAHs, OCPs and PCBs. The S. melanotheron multiparametric approach showed a better discrimination of sites.

Electric arc furnaces (EAF) are well recognized as significant sources of dioxins. EAFs have also been speculated to be sources of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) due to the close correlation between dioxin and PCN formation. However, assessment on PCN emissions from EAFs has not been carried out. The primary aim of this preliminary study is to identify and characterize the atmospheric emission of PCNs from EAFs. In this preliminary study, stack gas samples from two typical EAFs with different scales (EAF-1, 160 t batch−1; and EAF-2, 60 t batch−1) were collected by automatic isokinetic sampling technique, and PCN congeners in samples were analyzed by isotope dilution high-resolution gas chromatography combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry method. Emission concentrations of PCNs were 458 and 1,099 ng m−3 for EAF-1 and EAF-2, respectively. The emission factors of PCNs to air were 21.6 and 30.1 ng toxic equivalent t−1 for EAF-1 and EAF-2, respectively, which suggested that EAF is an important source of PCN release. With regard to the characteristics of PCNs from EAFs, lower chlorinated homologues were dominant. The PCN congeners comprised of CN27/30, CN52/60, CN66/67, and CN73 were the most abundant congeners for tetra-, penta-, hexa-, and hepta-chlorinated homologues, respectively. EAFs were identified to be an important PCN source, and the obtained data are useful for developing a PCN inventory. The congener profiles of PCNs presented here might provide helpful information for identifying the specific sources of PCNs emitted from EAFs.

INTRODUCTION: There is still interest in a unified methodology to quantify the mass of particulate material emitted into the atmosphere by activities inherent to open-pit mining. For the case of total suspended particles (TSP), the current practice is to estimate such emissions by developing inventories based on the emission factors recommended by the USEPA for this purpose. However, there are disputes over the specific emission factors that must be used for each activity and the applicability of such factors to cases quite different to the ones under which they were obtained. There is also a need for particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm (PM₁₀) emission inventories and for metrics to evaluate the emission control programs implemented by open-pit mines. STANDARDIZED EMISSION INVENTORY METHODOLOGY: To address these needs, work was carried out to establish a standardized TSP and PM₁₀ emission inventory methodology for open-pit mining areas. The proposed methodology was applied to seven of the eight mining companies operating in the northern part of Colombia, home to the one of the world’s largest open-pit coal mining operations (∼70 Mt/year). RESULTS: The results obtained show that transport on unpaved roads is the mining activity that generates most of the emissions and that the total emissions may be reduced up to 72% by spraying water on the unpaved roads. Performance metrics were defined for the emission control programs implemented by mining companies. It was found that coal open-pit mines are emitting 0.726 and 0.180 kg of TSP and PM₁₀, respectively, per ton of coal produced. It was also found that these mines are using on average 1.148 m² of land per ton of coal produced per year.

INTRODUCTION: An aerobic denitrifier was isolated from the Hua-Jia-Chi pond in China and identified as Pseudomonas mendocina 3-7 (Genbank No. HQ285879). This isolated strain could express periplasmic nitrate reductase which is essential for aerobic denitrification occurred when the dissolved oxygen (DO) level maintains at 3–10 mg L−1. METHODS: To determine whether the ability of isolated strain is exhibited in the bioremediation of polluted drinking source water, the heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification characteristics of P. mendocina 3-7 under different cultural conditions such as oxygen level, nitrate and organic concentrations were studied from the nitrogenous balance in the paper. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: By measuring the nitrogen balance in all experiments under different culture conditions, the removal of total organic carbon and ammonium was positively correlated with total nitrogen removal, especially under high substrate level. With substrate concentration decreasing, ammonium and nitrate removal occurred separately, and ammonium was completely utilized first under low substrate concentration. Compared to that under high substrate level, the specific growth rate of P. mendocina 3-7 was not low under the low substrate level and the pollutant removal efficiencies remained high, which implies the stronger nitrogen removal and acclimatization capacities of the strain in oligotrophic niches.

PURPOSE: This study was aimed to the development of an integrated approach for the characterization of particulate matter (PM) pollution events in the South of Italy. METHODS: PM10 and PM2.5 daily samples were collected from June to November 2008 at an urban background site located in Bari (Puglia Region, South of Italy). Meteorological data, particle size distributions and atmospheric dispersion conditions were also monitored in order to provide information concerning the different features of PM sources. RESULTS: The collected data allowed suggesting four indicators to characterize different PM10 exceedances. PM2.5/PM10 ratio, natural radioactivity, aerosol maps and back-trajectory analysis and particle distributions were considered in order to evaluate the contribution of local anthropogenic sources and to determine the different origins of intrusive air mass coming from long-range transport, such as African dust outbreaks and aerosol particles from Central and Eastern Europe. The obtained results were confirmed by applying principal component analysis to the number particle concentration dataset and by the chemical characterization of the samples (PM10 and PM2.5). CONCLUSIONS: The integrated approach for PM study suggested in this paper can be useful to support the air quality managers for the development of cost-effective control strategies and the application of more suitable risk management approaches.

In order to use photocatalysis with solar light, finding more active and especially visible light active photocatalysts is a very important challenge. Also, studies of these photocatalysts should employ a standardized test procedure so that their results can be accurately compared and evaluated with one another. A systematic study of transition metal-modified zinc oxide was conducted to determine whether they are suitable as visible light photocatalysts. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO modified with eight different transition metals (Cu, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Ru, Ti, Zr) in three different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, and 1 at.%) was investigated under irradiation with UV as well as with visible light. The employed activity test is the gas-phase degradation of acetaldehyde as described by the ISO standard 22197-2. The results suggest that the UV activity can be improved with almost any modification element and that there exists an optimal modification ratio at about 0.1 at.%. Additionally, Mn- and Ru-modified ZnO display visible light activity. Especially the Ru-modified ZnO is highly active and surpasses the visible light activity of all studied titania standards. These findings suggest that modified zinc oxides may be a viable alternative to titanium dioxide-based catalysts for visible light photocatalysis. Eventually, possible underlying mechanisms are proposed and discussed.