The effect of fluoride as an ongoing topic has attracted much attentions due to the decline in overall human fertility worldwide. However, whether fluorine causes a temporary stimulus or permanent damage to the male reproductive system, as well as the mechanism of fluoride influencing spermatogenesis remained unclear. 48 adult male rats were randomly divided into four groups (twelve each). Control group received the distilled water, while the other three groups were treated with 25, 50, 100 mg/L NaF via drinking water for 8 weeks. Six rats from each group were selected randomly to detect the levels of various indices related to spermatogenesis. The remaining rats were given only distilled water and left for recovery of a period of 2 weeks. Results showed that the levels of serum CK, ALP, CHE, BUN, UA, and Cr, testis morphology and the ultrastructure of sperm acrosome and chromatoid body (CB) were significantly changed by fluoride. Interestingly, the elongated spermatid counts, spermatids elongation ratio, and mRNA expressions of Prm1/2 and MIWI, TDRD1, TDRD 6, TDRD7, PABP, and Hsp72 related to CB decreased markedly in fluoride treatment groups compared to the control. Furthermore, the expression levels of DDX25 and associated regulatory proteins like CRM1, HMG2, H4, TP2, and PGK2 were down-regulated by fluoride. After 2-weeks withdrawal period, out of the 19 altered spermatogenesis indicators, 15 indicators in 100 mg/L group and 3 indicators in 50 mg/L group still exhibited a significant change, while none showed change in 25 mg/L group. These results proved that the reversibility of fluoride toxicity is dose-dependent on the male reproductive system. Meanwhile, fluoride caused unrestored arrest during the haploid period of spermatogenesis, where reduced DDX25 and associated regulatory proteins play a crucial role in this process, which could provide the underlying insights to the toxic mechanism of fluoride induced male reproductive toxicity.

Timber harvest has many effects on aquatic ecosystems, including changes in hydrological, biogeochemical, and ecological processes that can influence mercury (Hg) cycling. Although timber harvest's influence on aqueous Hg transformation and transport are well studied, the effects on Hg bioaccumulation are not. We evaluated Hg bioaccumulation, biomagnification, and food web structure in 10 paired catchments that were either clear-cut in their entirety, clear-cut except for an 8-m wide riparian buffer, or left unharvested. Average mercury concentrations in aquatic biota from clear-cut catchments were 50% higher than in reference catchments and 165% higher than in catchments with a riparian buffer. Mercury concentrations in aquatic invertebrates and salamanders were not correlated with aqueous THg or MeHg concentrations, but rather treatment effects appeared to correspond with differences in the utilization of terrestrial and aquatic basal resources in the stream food webs. Carbon and nitrogen isotope data suggest that a diminished shredder niche in the clear-cut catchments contributed to lower basal resource diversity compared with the reference of buffered treatments, and that elevated Hg concentrations in the clear-cut catchments reflect an increased reliance on aquatic resources in clear-cut catchments. In contrast, catchments with riparian buffers had higher basal resource diversity than the reference catchments, indicative of more balanced utilization of terrestrial and aquatic resources. Further, following timber harvest THg concentrations in riparian songbirds were elevated, suggesting an influence of timber harvest on Hg export to riparian food webs. These data, coupled with comparisons of individual feeding guilds, indicate that changes in organic matter sources and associated effects on stream food web structure are important mechanisms by which timber harvest modifies Hg bioaccumulation in headwater streams and riparian consumers.

Biological tests with plant seeds have been adopted in many studies to investigate the phytotoxicity of pollutants to facilitate the control of risks and remain to be optimized. In this work, the experiment with a small sample size (Experiment 1) and the experiment with a large one (Experiment 2) were designed to study the effect of tetracycline (TC) on Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.) at seed germination and radicle elongation stages. At the former stage, germination number data were obtained to analyze the germination energy (GE) and to judge the probability of the number of germinated seeds (Pₙ) by the binomial distribution model in Experiment 1. While germination time-to-number data were obtained to analyze the mean time to germination (MGT), the estimate of mean time to germination (EMGT) by survival analysis method, the time to germination for 50% of total seeds (T₅₀) and the germination rate (GR) besides GE in Experiment 2. At the latter stage, the data of radicle length (RL) were obtained in all the experiments and the influence from the former stage on this stage was excluded in Experiment 2 but not in Experiment 1. Results showed that TC had universal adverse effects on the latter stage but not on the former stage in the experiments. Considering the availability of germination data for statistical analysis and the robustness of RL data, the methods adopted in Experiment 2 were more feasible than those in Experiment 1. In addition, Chinese cabbage seeds with medium size have the character of rapid germination compared with the commonly used crop species and can be used to shorten the experimental cycle to study the responses of seeds to pollutants to evaluate the phytotoxicity.We introduced survival analysis method to analyze the germination time-to-number data obtained in seed germination test to evaluate the phytotoxicity of tetracycline.

Sustainable alternatives to landfill disposal for municipal mixed wastes represents a major challenge to governments and waste management industries. In the state of New South Wales (NSW) Australia, mechanical biological treatment (MBT) is being used to reduce the volume and pathogen content of organic matter isolated from municipal waste. The product of this treatment, a compost-like output (CLO) referred to as mixed waste organic output (MWOO), is being recycled and applied as a soil amendment. However, the presence of contaminants in MWOO including trace organics, trace metals and physical contaminants such as microplastic fragments has raised concerns about potential negative effects on soil health and agriculture following land application. Here, we used multiple lines of evidence to examine the effects of land application of MWOO containing microplastics in three soils to a variety of terrestrial biota. Treatments included unamended soil, MWOO-amended soil and MWOO-amended soil into which additional high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics were added. Tests were conducted in soil media that had been incubated for 0, 3 or 9 months. Addition of microplastics had no significant negative effect on wheat seedling emergence, wheat biomass production, earthworm growth, mortality or avoidance behaviour and nematode mortality or reproduction compared to controls. There was also little evidence the microplastics affected microbial community diversity, although measurements of microbial community structure were highly variable with no clear trends.

The degradation of metformin (MET) and guanylurea (GUA) fortified separately in freshly collected two top soils (0–10 cm) from New Zealand's pastoral region was studied under controlled laboratory conditions. Incubation studies were carried at 30 °C under aerobic conditions at 60% of maximum water holding capacity and at two (0.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg) nominal soil concentrations. Degradation profiles revealed a bi-phasic pattern of both the compounds with an initial rapid degradation followed by slow dissipation rate, resulting in poor fits by simple first order kinetics. However, the use of three non-linear mathematical models sufficiently described the measured data and well supported by an array of statistical indices to judge model's ability to fit the measured datasets. Further evaluation using box-whisker plots showed that double first-order in parallel (DFOP) and first-order two-compartment (FOTC) models best fitted the data points followed by the Bi-exponential (BEXP) model. Mechanistic assumptions from DFOP and FOTC suggest that degradation of MET and GUA proceeds at two different rates, possibly in two compartments. The calculated DT50 using both models were in the range of 2.7–15.5 days and 0.9–4 days, while 90% dissipation time (DT90) varied between 91 and 123 days and 44 and 137 days for MET and GUA, respectively. Degradation of both compounds were dependent on soil types and properties, incubation conditions and initial substrate concentration. Formation of GUA with decrease in MET concentration over time confirmed that GUA is a transformation product concomitantly formed from aerobic degradation of MET in soil.

Exposure to atmospheric pollutants has been recognized as a major risk factor of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Fine particles (PM2.5) and a coarser fraction (PM>2.5) sampled at an urban site in Dakar (HLM), characterized by high road traffic emissions, were compared with particles sampled at a rural area, Toubab Dialaw located about 40 km from Dakar. The physicochemical characteristics of samples revealed that PMs differ for their physical (surface area) and chemical properties (in terms of CHN, metals, ions, paraffins, VOCs and PAHs) that were 65–75% higher in urban samples. Moreover the fine PMs contain higher amounts of anthropogenic related pollutants than the PM>2.5 one. These differences are sustained by the ratios reported for the analysed PAHs which suggest as predominant primary emission sources vehicle exhausts at urban site and biomass combustion at the rural site. The inflammatory response and the oxidative damages were evaluated in BEAS-2B cells by the quantification of 4 selected inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) and of total carbonylated proteins and the oxidative DNA adduct 8-OHdG after 8 or 24 h exposure. In accordance with the different sources and different physical and chemical properties, the inflammatory response and the oxidative damages were found higher in bronchial cells exposed to urban PMs. These data confirm the importance, also for West African countries, to evaluate the correlation between PM physico-chemical properties and potential biological impacts.

Iron fertilizers are worthy to be studied due to alleviate the Fe deficiency. Different forms of iron oxide nanoparticles are selected to better understand possible particle applications as an Fe source for crop plants. In this study, we assessed the different effects of γ-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 NPs on the physiology and fruit quality of muskmelon plants in a pot experiment for five weeks. Results showed that no increased iron content was found under NPs treatment in root, stem, leaf and fruit, except 400 mg/L Fe3O4 NPs had a higher iron content in muskmelon root. With the extension of NPs exposure, both γ-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 NPs began to promote plant growth. In addition, γ-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 NPs could increase chlorophyll content at a certain stage of exposure. Happily, 200 mg/L γ-Fe2O3 NPs and 100, 200 mg/L Fe3O4 NPs significantly increased fruit weight of muskmelon by 9.1%, 9.4% and 11.5%. It is noteworthy that both γ-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 NPs caused positive effects on VC content, particularly 100 mg/L Fe3O4 NPs increased the VC content by 46.95%. To the best of our knowledge, little research has been done on the effect of nanoparticles on the whole physiological cycle and fruit quality of melon. The assessment of physiology and fruit quality of muskmelon plants in vitro upon γ-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 NPs exposure could lay a foundation for NPs potential impact at every growth period of muskmelon plants.

Around the globe, worsening air pollution is spawning major public health and environmental concerns, especially in the poorest and most populous cities. As a major secondary air pollutant, ozone is a potential risk factor for exacerbated asthma, although the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. In this study, we aim to investigate the role of ozone on asthma exacerbation using a classic asthmatic model with allergic airway inflammation by treating Balb/c mice with ovalbumin (OVA). Our study shows ozone exposure significantly exacerbated OVA-induced asthmatic phenotypes, including serum immunoglobulin, Th cytokines, inflammatory cell counts, mucus production, airway remodeling, and airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR). Interestingly, expression of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member1 (TRPV1) was also significantly elevated in ozone-exacerbated asthmatic mice and that treatment with TRPV1 antagonist effectively suppressed AHR, airway inflammation and remodeling. The underlying mechanisms of these effects may be associated with suppression of neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), an epithelial cell-derived cytokine. Base on the role of TRPV1 in allergic asthma, this study further revealed that inhibition of TRPV1 by TRPV1 antagonist has significant anti-inflammatory effects on ozone-induced asthma exacerbation in this study. Induction of TRPV1 expression may be an important mechanism underlying the increased risks for asthma after exposure to environmental pollutants.

Propylea japonica is a very important predator in agricultural ecosystems, which could be exposed to Bt protein. In this study, the bacterial community of P. japonica fed with normal food and food containing Cry2Ab protein was characterized for the first time using qPCR and high-throughput sequencing approaches. Results showed no effect of Cry2Ab on P. japonica development and reproduction. The most abundant bacterial phylum was Firmicutes, and the most abundant genus was Staphylococcus. The total bacteria copy number was not significantly different across four larval stages. Bacteria species composition was gathered more closely in feed on sucrose solution (sucrose-fed) than in larvae only fed on pea aphid (aphid-fed), the diversity indices of some operational taxonomic unit (OTU) were significantly different between sucrose-fed and aphid-fed samples. Different instar larval stages of P. japonica fed with sucrose solution containing Cry2Ab Bt protein and found no effect on microbial community composition and total bacteria copy numbers. However, effects on relative abundance of microbes, copy numbers of Corynebacterium 1 and Glutamicibacter arilaitensis were observed significantly lower in Bt-fed first and fourth larval stages. Low and high concentrations of Cry2Ab protein altered the microbial abundance relative to sucrose-fed P. japonica and copy numbers of G. arilaitensis and Staphylococcus xylosus were significantly lower in Bt-fed samples than control sucrose-fed. Our results are the first report showing that feeding on Cry2Ab protein does not alter microbial species composition in P. japonica, but effects gene copy number of some dominant bacteria. Further investigations are needed to assess the effect of copy number change on P. japonica.

Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) are important pollutants that contaminate agricultural soils. We determined the effects of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) on the production of reactive oxygen species, photosynthesis, and activity of antioxidant enzymes in wheat planted in fluvo-aquic soils. DBP- and DEHP-induced oxidative stress decreased the values of the photosynthetic/fluorescence parameters (except for intercellular carbon dioxide concentration) and chlorophyll content at the seedling, jointing, and booting stages. Moreover, the non-stomatal factor responsible for the net decrease in photosynthetic efficiency was identified as the decrease in fluorescence resulting from the decreased amount of chlorophyll a returning from the excited to the ground energy state. The content of superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide in wheat leaves and roots increased with increasing DBP and DEHP supplementation, compared to the control. Antioxidant enzyme activities in the leaves and roots at the seedling stage increased at DBP and DEHP levels of 10 and 20 mg kg⁻¹, respectively, and the enzyme activities at the jointing and booting stages increased with increasing concentrations of the chemicals, compared to the control. These results demonstrated that increased levels of antioxidant enzymes play a significant role in protecting plant growth under DBP and DEHP stress.