Pollution from anthropogenic marine debris (AMD) is currently the most widely distributed and lasting anthropic impact in the marine environment, affecting hundreds of species, including all sea turtles. In this study, the patterns of AMD distribution along the gastrointestinal tract (GT) and their relationship with obstructions and faecalomas in 62 green turtles (Chelonia mydas) that died during rehabilitation in southern Brazil were determined. The GT was split in seven sections, corresponding to the natural organs and intestinal areas morphologically and physiologically distinct. Mean mass (4.24g) and area (146.74cm2) of AMD in the stomach were higher than in other sections. The anterior portion of the rectum had the highest number of obstructions, followed by the stomach. AMD was associated with the obstructions, with positive correlation between faecalomas and AMD masses. Organs and subdivisions showed marked differences in susceptibility to obstructions caused by AMD, which deserves attention in clinical interventions.

Three-way catalyst (TWC) converter is one of the most important after-treatment device for modern light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs), which can efficiently control exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbons (THC) and nitrogen oxides (NOX). Nevertheless, a considerable part of in-use taxis in Beijing would operate with TWC purposely removed, which have been indicated by vehicular on-board diagnostic (OBD) systems. In light of high vehicle-use intensity for taxis, we recruited three China 4 non-TWC taxis and three China 4 normal taxis in a comparative experimental test by using a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS). The results indicated that non-TWC taxis emitted significantly higher emissions of air pollutants than normal taxis with TWC functioning. For example, average emission factors of non-TWC vehicles were comparable to emission levels of China 1 LDGVs measured in previous studies. By contrast, emissions from normal China 4 taxis were all below China 4 emission limits. Furthermore, an operating mode binning method and a micro-trip approach have been employed to link vehicle emissions with driving conditions. For non-TWC taxis, we identified strong correlations of all pollutant categories between emission factors and average speed. However, such correlations for normal taxis were less strong, in particular for CO and THC emissions that were hardly sensitive to speed changes. This phenomenon indicates that the role of traffic conditions in affecting real-world emissions would become weaker when TWC can effectively mitigate emissions. This paper highlights the importance of in-use emission inspection to avoid any “high emitters” that have violated regulation enforcement.

Manizales is a city in Colombia that presents high rates of thyroid cancer. It has a medium industrial development and there are concerns of the impact of their emissions on health, particularly on thyroid cancer. In this paper we characterize the geographical pattern of industrial atmospheric emissions of suspected thyroid carcinogens.We systematized data of industries in two groups. First, those with reports of atmospheric emissions of suspected thyroid carcinogens (reporting facilities – RFs), and then, industries not required to report or facilities with no-available emissions data but belonging to the same SIC-codes than RFs (nonreporting facilities – non-RFs). For non-RFs, annual average atmospheric emissions were estimated using a per-employee algorithm. The spatial pattern of sources emitting carcinogens was represented by plotting facilities by size and amounts of specific pollutants released.We found 11 RFs and 25 non-RFs in urban Manizales. RFs belong to the metalworking industries, plastics & rubber, manufacture of electrical and electronic devices, waste incineration, cremation, and meat production. Most of them were concentrated in the southeast of the city. Several RFs reported atmospheric emissions of carcinogens exceeding maximum permitted emission limits set in Colombian law. Most of non-RFs were micro and small industries, and were clustered in the southeast of the city and along the main road axis.We found clusters of pollution sources near densely populated areas. Thyroid cancer incidence might be greater in areas closer to industries than in furthest areas. We will submit a paper that studies this hypothesis soon.

We present worst-case assessments of contamination in sea ice and surface waters resulting from hypothetical well blowout oil spills at ten sites in the Arctic Ocean basin. Spill extents are estimated by considering Eulerian passive tracers in the surface ocean of the MITgcm (a hydrostatic, coupled ice-ocean model). Oil in sea ice, and contamination resulting from melting of oiled ice, is tracked using an offline Lagrangian scheme. Spills are initialized on November 1st 1980–2010 and tracked for one year. An average spill was transported 1100km and potentially affected 1.1 million km2. The direction and magnitude of simulated oil trajectories are consistent with known large-scale current and sea ice circulation patterns, and trajectories frequently cross international boundaries. The simulated trajectories of oil in sea ice match observed ice drift trajectories well. During the winter oil transport by drifting sea ice is more significant than transport with surface currents.

The ingestion of microplastics by five natural zooplankton groups in the northern South China Sea was studied for the first time and two types of sampling nets (505μm and 160μm in mesh size) were compared. The microplastics were detected in zooplankton sampled from 16 stations, with the fibrous microplastics accounting for the largest proportion (70%). The main component of the found microplastics was polyester. The average length of the microplastics was 125μm and 167μm for Nets I and II, respectively. The encounter rates of microplastics/zooplankton increased with trophic levels. The average encounter rate of microplastics/zooplankton was 5%, 15%, 34%, 49%, and 120% for Net I, and 8%, 21%, 47%, 60%, and 143% for Net II for copepods, chaetognaths, jellyfish, shrimp, and fish larvae, respectively. The average abundance of microplastics that were ingested by zooplankton was 4.1pieces/m3 for Net I and 131.5pieces/m3 for Net II.

A high concentration of hydrocarbons in the environment is indicative of pollution. To evaluate the effect of hydrocarbons transported by urban runoff, the present study analyzed total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs), aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHs), unresolved complex mixture (UCM), and n-alkanes of the sediments of the canal that cross the urban area of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The carbon preference index (CPI), terrigenous/aquatic ratio (TAR), and pristane/phytane ratio were determined. The TPH content ranged from 177,043.7μg·kg−1±13.4% to 5,892,667.0μg·kg−1±5.9%. The total aliphatic content ranged from 116,268.8μg·kg−1±11.1% to 2,393,592.6μg·kg−1±7.7%, indicating chronic contamination of n-alkanes petrogenic and biogenic sources. The levels of hydrocarbons (TPH, AHs, and n-alkanes) were considered relatively high, confirming the effect of urban runoff on the drainage system of cities and their consequent effect on the estuarine region of Patos Lagoon and other water resources.

This study investigated the influence of water level and velocity on Escherichia coli levels over multiple tidal cycles in an urban microtidal estuary in Melbourne, Australia. Over 3,500 E. coli samples and high resolution water level and velocity measurements from two locations within the estuary were used for the analysis. E. coli negatively correlated with water level in the upper estuary which was proposed to be linked to increased resuspension of estuarine sediments during low tide. No relationship was found in the lower estuary, likely due to wet weather inputs dwarfing subtler tidal-related processes. Removal of wet weather data enabled significant relationships to emerge in the lower estuary: 1) positive with water level (when a 9-h shift applied corresponding to the phase shift between water levels and velocities) and; 2) positive with velocity (no shift applied). This supports a link between increased E. coli levels and tidal-related resuspension.

Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) convert the energy present in wastewater to recover resources like bioelectricity, hydrogen, nutrients, heavy metals, minerals, and industrial chemicals. Various aspects of BES have been discussed here along with their applications and other advantages towards bioenergy recovery. More scientifically organized cross-discipline research efforts are required to scale-up these systems and to get benefit of recovering useful energy from waste materials. Full-scale implementation of bioelectrochemical wastewater treatment is complicated because certain microbiological, technological, and economic challenges need to be resolved that have not previously been encountered in any other wastewater treatment system. BES has higher prospects for in situ remediation of polluted water body or marshy soils and sediments. This technology is likely to evolve as a way of treating sewage, industrial, or agricultural wastewater, not only by lowering the amount of energy required, but at the same time producing electricity, hydrogen, or other chemicals of high value. Thus, after improving the performance of the BES, widening the scope for products recovery by developing better understanding of the process and with efforts to reduce its production cost, it can become a sustainable technology for treatment of wastewater with added advantage of recovery of resources and bioenergy.

Evaluation of DNA quality of gametes is a relevant method to predict potential consequences of pollutants in the next generations, as it allows to define adverse outcome pathways implicated in pollutant-mediated toxicity for risk assessment. In the present study, a comet assay was developed for the spermatozoa of Scrobicularia plana exposed to 10 and 100μg/L of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) for 24h and 5days. The induction of apoptosis and repair mechanisms was assessed by determining caspase-3 activity and polymerase cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) mRNA expression level. Results showed that B[a]P induced high levels of DNA breaks that were associated with apoptosis for all the conditions tested, indicating that the spermatozoa were sensitive to B[a]P. PCNA gene expression was induced in animals exposed to the highest concentrations of B[a]P, suggesting that defence mechanisms were enhanced in these animals. This preliminary study demonstrated the utility of spermatozoa as a relevant biological target for genotoxicity assessment of contaminants and will enable to predict the effect of contaminants on future generations.