خيارات البحث
النتائج 1481 - 1490 من 4,937
Current and future daily temperature fluctuations make a pesticide more toxic: Contrasting effects on life history and physiology النص الكامل
2019
Verheyen, Julie | Stoks, Robby
There is increasing concern that climate change may make organisms more sensitive to chemical pollution. Many pesticides are indeed more toxic at higher mean temperatures. Yet, we know next to nothing about the effect of another key component of climate change, the increase of daily temperature fluctuations (DTFs), on pesticide toxicity. Therefore, we tested the effect of the pesticide chlorpyrifos under different levels of DTF (constant = 0 °C, low = 5 °C (current maximum level) and high = 10 °C (predicted maximum level under global warming)) around the same mean temperature on key life history and physiological traits of Ischnura elegans damselfly larvae in a common-garden experiment. At all levels of DTF, chlorpyrifos exposure was stressful: it reduced energy storage (fat content) and the activity of its target enzyme acetylcholinesterase, while it increased the activity of the detoxification enzyme cytochrome P450 monooxygenase. Notably, chlorpyrifos did not cause mortality or reduced growth rate at the constant temperature (0 °C DTF), yet increased mortality 6x and reduced growth rate with ca. 115% in the presence of DTF. This indicates that daily short-term exposures to higher temperatures can increase pesticide toxicity. Our data suggest that when 5 °C DTF will become more common in the studied high-latitude populations, this will increase the toxicity of CPF, and that a further increase from 5° DTF to 10 °C DTF may not result in a further increase of pesticide toxicity. Our results highlight the biological importance of including daily temperature fluctuations in ecological risk assessment of pesticides and as an extra dimension in the climate-induced toxicant sensitivity concept.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Subcellular distribution of cadmium in a novel potential aquatic hyperaccumulator – Microsorum pteropus النص الكامل
2019
Lan, Xin-Yu | Yan, Yun-Yun | Yang, Bin | Li, Xin-Yuan | Xu, Fu-Liu
Microsorum pteropus is a novel potential Cd (cadmium) aquatic hyperaccumulator. In the present study, hydroponic experiments were conducted to assess the accumulation and subcellular distribution of Cd in the root, stem and leaf of M. pteropus. SEM (scanning electron microscopy) – EDX (energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer) and TEM (transmission electron microscopy) were used to observe the ultrastructure of different tissues under 500 μM Cd exposure. After exposure to 500 μM Cd for 7 days, the root, stem and leaf of M. pteropus can accumulate to be > 400 mg/kg Cd in dry mass with no significant influence on the growth. In the root and leaf of M. pteropus, the Cd was more likely to store in the cell wall fraction. However, Cd in the stem was mainly stored in both the cell wall fraction and the cytoplasm fraction. Under SEM observation and EDX detection, 1) Cd was found to be sequestrated in the epidermis or chelated in the root cells, 2) no significant deposit spots were observed in the stem, 3) Cd was found in the trichome of the leaf, and the sporangium was not damaged. TEM observations revealed 1) possible Cd precipitations in the root cell and 2) no significant ultrastructure variation in the stem, and 3) the chloroplast retained its structure and was not affected by the Cd. M. pteropus showed great capacity for Cd accumulation without influencing growth. In addition, the ultrastructure of all the tissues was not damaged by the Cd. M. pteropus showed a great potential in phytoremediation in heavy metal polluted water solutions, and may provide new directions for the study of resistance mechanisms of aquatic hyperaccumulators.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Assessment of the sources and inflow processes of microplastics in the river environments of Japan النص الكامل
2019
Kataoka, Tomoya | Nihei, Yasuo | Kudou, Kouki | Hinata, Hirofumi
The numerical and mass concentrations of microplastics collected at 36 sites on the surfaces of 29 Japanese rivers were mapped and compared with four basin characteristics (basin area, population density, and urban and agricultural ratios) and six water quality parameters (pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), suspended solids (SS), dissolved oxygen (DO), total nitrogen (T-N), and total phosphorus (T-P)) in each river basin. Microplastics were found in 31 of the 36 sites, indicating that some plastics fragment into small pieces before reaching the ocean. The microplastic concentrations are significantly correlated with urbanisation and population density, indicating that the microplastic concentrations in the river depend on human activities in the river basin. Furthermore, we found a significant relationship between the numerical and mass concentrations and BOD, which is an environmental indicator of river pollution. This result demonstrates that microplastic pollution in river environments has progressed more in polluted rivers with poor water quality than in rivers with good water quality, leading to the conclusion that the sources and inflow processes of microplastics in river environments are similar to those of other pollutants. Our findings can help identify potential sources (i.e., point and non-point sources) of fragmented microplastics to improve waste management in Japan and model the transport fluxes of fragmented microplastics in Japanese rivers using water quality parameters and basin characteristics.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Fluorine in vegetation due to an uncontrolled release of gaseous fluorides from a glassworks: A case study of measurement uncertainty, dispersion pattern and compliance with regulation النص الكامل
2019
Štepec, Dona | Tavčar, Gašper | Ponikvar-Svet, Maja
This study was initiated after the appearance of chlorotic and necrotic lesions on vegetation in the vicinity of a glassworks. The aim was to establish whether the cause was an uncontrolled release of gaseous fluorides. Five different plant species (Norway spruce, peach, common hornbeam, common bean, common grape vine) were collected in the influenced area, and the fluorine (F) content was determined by a fluoride ion selective electrode after prior total sample decomposition by alkaline carbonate fusion. The measurement results were reported together with their measurement uncertainties (MUs), which were evaluated according to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. The F contents at comparable distances from the emitter and in a clean area, free from natural or anthropogenic fluoride emissions, were 87–676 and 10 μg g⁻¹, respectively, thereby confirming the release of gaseous fluorides from the glassworks. The F contents in samples of Norway spruce taken at various radial distances from the emitter suggest that the emitted gaseous fluorides were spread about evenly in all directions from the source following an inverse-power function. Estimated distances at which the F content would decrease to 50 μg g⁻¹ (allowed maximum content of F in feeding stuffs) and 21 μg g⁻¹ (maximum fluoride content in vegetables and fruits in relation to the upper limit of fluoride intake for humans) were 378 m and 571 m, respectively, from the emitter. Evaluation of our results for compliance with specification revealed a lack of regulation on fluoride content in the diet of humans and animals as well as a lack of guidelines on how to take into account MU.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Emerging contaminants and nutrients in a saline aquifer of a complex environment النص الكامل
2019
González-Acevedo, Zayre I. | García-Zarate, Marco A. | Flores-Lugo, IPamela
The quality and availability of water has become a pressing issue worldwide, being particularly important in semi-arid regions, where climate change has aggravated the problem. The use of anthropogenic chemicals, classified as emerging pollutants, adds to the problem representing a treat, since they are not regulated and have a potential impact on human and environmental health. This pressing problem has not been studied widely in complex environments like the one we present here. Distribution and seasonal variability of fecal sterols, alkylphenols, pesticides (emerging pollutants) and nutrients were determined in 35 wells used for agriculture and human consumption in the Valley of Maneadero, located in the semi-arid region of Baja California, Mexico. The presence of the tested pollutants in the saline aquifer was heterogeneous, showing important differences in concentration and distribution. Wells destined for household use showed the highest variability. In these wells, anthropogenic fecal sterols were detected and, alkylphenols, such as octyphenol and nonylphenol had maximum concentrations (2.7 ng/mL). In agriculture and urban wells, we identified DDT and organochlorine pesticides, as well as myclobutanil, which is considered a modern pesticide. Nitrates were identified in concentrations above international standards, mainly during the dry season, in both the agricultural and urban areas. As emerging pollutants represent a negative effect on environmental and human health, this is the first paper showing the importance of measuring this type of pollutant in agricultural/semi-urban areas, especially in aquifers that have been overexploited and communities that have relied on the use of septic tanks for decades.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Biogenic transport of glyphosate in the presence of LDPE microplastics: A mesocosm experiment النص الكامل
2019
Yang, Xiaomei | Lwanga, Esperanza Huerta | Bemani, Akram | Gertsen, Hennie | Salanki, Tamas | Guo, Xuetao | Fu, Haimei | Xue, Sha | Ritsema, Coen | Geissen, Violette
The accumulation of plastic debris and herbicide residues has become a huge challenge and poses many potential risks to environmental health and soil quality. In the present study, we investigated the transport of glyphosate and its main metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) via earthworms in the presence of different concentrations of light density polyethylene microplastics in the litter layer during a 14-day mesocosm experiment. The results showed earthworm gallery weight was negatively affected by the combination of glyphosate and microplastics. Glyphosate and AMPA concentrated in the first centimetre of the top soil layer and the downward transport of glyphosate and AMPA was only detected in the earthworm burrows, ranging from 0.04 to 4.25 μg g−1 for glyphosate and from 0.01 (less than limit of detection) to 0.76 μg g−1 for AMPA. The transport rate of glyphosate (including AMPA) from the litter layer into earthworm burrows ranged from 6.6 ± 4.6% to 18.3 ± 2.4%, depending on synergetic effects of microplastics and glyphosate application. The findings imply that earthworm activities strongly influence pollutant movement into the soil, which potentially affects soil ecosystems. Further studies focused on the fate of pollutants in the microenvironment of earthworm burrows are needed.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Impacts of dietary silver nanoparticles and probiotic administration on the microbiota of an in-vitro gut model النص الكامل
2019
Cattò, Cristina | Garuglieri, Elisa | Borruso, Luigimaria | Erba, Daniela | Casiraghi, Maria Cristina | Cappitelli, Francesca | Villa, Federica | Zecchin, Sarah | Zanchi, Raffaella
Ingestion of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is inevitable linked to their widespread use in food, medicines and other consumer products. However, their effects on human microbiota at non-lethal concentrations remain poorly understood.In this study, the interactions among 1 μg mL−1 AgNPs, the intestinal microbiota, and the probiotic Bacillus subtilis (BS) were tested using in-vitro batch fermentation models inoculated with human fecal matter.Results from metagenomic investigations revealed that the core bacterial community was not affected by the exposure of AgNPs and BS at the later stage of fermentation, while the proportions of rare species changed drastically with the treatments. Furthermore, shifts in the Firmicutes/Bacteriodetes (F/B) ratios were observed after 24 h with an increase in the relative abundance of Firmicutes species and a decrease in Bacteroidetes in all fermentation cultures. The co-exposure to AgNPs and BS led to the lowest F/B ratio.Fluorescent in-situ hybridization analyses indicated that non-lethal concentration of AgNPs negatively affected the relative percentage of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Clostridium coccoides/Eubacterium rectales taxa in the fermentation cultures after 24 h. However, exposure to single and combined treatments of AgNPs and BS did not change the overall diversity of the fecal microflora.Functional differences in cell motility, translation, transport, and xenobiotics degradation occurred in AgNPs-treated fermentation cultures but not in AgNPs+BS-treated samples.Compared to the control samples, treated fecal cultures showed no significant statistical differences in terms of short-chain fatty acids profiles, cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on Caco-2 cell monolayers.Overall, AgNPs did not affect the composition and diversity of the core fecal microflora and its metabolic and toxic profiles. This work indicated a chemopreventive role of probiotic on fecal microflora against AgNPs, which were shown by the decrease of F/B ratio and the unaltered state of some key metabolic pathways.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Association of serum levels of 4-tertiary-octylphenol with cardiovascular risk factors and carotid intima-media thickness in adolescents and young adults النص الكامل
2019
Lin, Chien-Yu | Hwang, Yi-Ting | Chen, Pau-Chung | Sung, Fung-Chang | Su, Ta-Chen
In the family of alkylphenolic compounds, 4-tertiary-Octylphenol (4-t-OP) is extensively used in many products. In animal and in vitro studies, 4-t-OP exposure has been linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors; however, there are no previous human epidemiological studies. In this study, 886 subjects were recruited from a cohort of Taiwanese adolescents and young adults to study the relationship between serum levels of 4-t-OP, CVD risk factors, and common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT). The geometric mean (SD) 4-t-OP concentration was 32.52 (1.71) ng/mL. We found that serum levels of 4-t-OP were negatively associated with markers of glucose homeostasis (insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β)), z score of body mass index (BMI z score) and CIMT but were positively associated with lipid profiles (high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), Apolipoprotein A1). A one-unit elevation in natural log-transformed 4-t-OP (ng/mL) was negatively correlated with CIMT (mm) (β = −0.029, SE = 0.003, P < 0.001) in multiple linear regression analyses. The relationship between 4-t-OP and CIMT remained the same in all subgroups or if bisphenol A (BPA) was considered a covariate. In this study, we observed that higher levels of 4-t-OP levels were negatively correlated with markers of glucose homeostasis, BMI z score, and CIMT; positively correlated with lipid profiles (HDL-C and apolipoprotein A) in this cohort. Future research on exposure to 4-t-OP and CVD risk factors is warranted.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]The effect of long-range transport, trophic position and diet specialization on legacy contaminant occurrence in great skuas, Stercorarius skua, breeding across the Northeast Atlantic النص الكامل
2019
Leat, Eliza H.K. | Bourgeon, Sophie | Hanssen, Sveinn A. | Petersen, Ævar | Strøm, Hallvard | Bjørn, Tor Harry | Gabrielsen, Geir W. | Bustnes, Jan Ove | Furness, Robert W. | Haarr, Ane | Borgå, Katrine
The effect of long-range transport, trophic position and diet specialization on legacy contaminant occurrence in great skuas, Stercorarius skua, breeding across the Northeast Atlantic النص الكامل
2019
Leat, Eliza H.K. | Bourgeon, Sophie | Hanssen, Sveinn A. | Petersen, Ævar | Strøm, Hallvard | Bjørn, Tor Harry | Gabrielsen, Geir W. | Bustnes, Jan Ove | Furness, Robert W. | Haarr, Ane | Borgå, Katrine
High levels of halogenated organic contaminants (HOCs) have been found in the marine predatory seabird great skua (Stercorarius skua) from breeding colonies in the Northeastern Atlantic, with large unexplained inter-colony variation. The present study aimed at analyzing if the HOCs occurrence in breeding great skuas in remote colonies was explained by local baseline food web exposure determined by long-range transport, or by ecological factors such as diet specialization and relative trophic position in the breeding area. The occurrence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) was analyzed in plasma of 204 adult great skuas collected over two years (2008 and 2009) and 5 colonies across the North-Atlantic from Shetland to Svalbard. The ΣHOCs levels in plasma ranged across two orders of magnitude, from 40 to 7600 ng/g (wet weight) and differed significantly across the great skua colonies. The variation in contaminant occurrence among colonies did not reflect long-range transport through a latitudinal or remoteness gradient, as the second northernmost colony (Bjørnøya), had the highest contaminant concentrations. No latitudinal or remoteness gradient was evident in the contaminant pattern among the colonies. The contaminant levels increased significantly with increasing δ¹⁵N values, and regurgitated pellets of undigested prey suggested that great skuas with higher δ¹⁵N values had a higher proportion of bird prey in their diet, mostly seabirds. In contrast, great skuas from colonies with lower δ¹⁵N and lower contaminant level fed mostly on fish. The enrichment of δ¹³C increased with decreasing δ¹⁵N and lower contaminant levels. Therefore, individual behavior of great skuas, such as migration strategies and diet specialization, rather than long-range transport and thus baseline food web exposure, explain among and within colony variance in contaminant occurrence.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]The effect of long-range transport, trophic position and diet specialization on legacy contaminant occurrence in great skuas, Stercorarius skua, breeding across the Northeast Atlantic النص الكامل
2018
Leat, Eliza Helen Kelsey | Bourgeon, Sophie | Hanssen, Sveinn Are | Petersen, Ævar | Strøm, Hallvard | Bjørn, Tor Harry | Gabrielsen, Geir W. | Bustnes, Jan Ove | Furness, Robert W. | Haarr, Ane | Borgå, Katrine
Accepted manuscript version, licensed <a href=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/> CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. </a> | High levels of halogenated organic contaminants (HOCs) have been found in the marine predatory seabird great skua (<i>Stercorarius skua</i>) from breeding colonies in the Northeastern Atlantic, with large unexplained inter-colony variation. The present study aimed at analyzing if the HOCs occurrence in breeding great skuas in remote colonies was explained by local baseline food web exposure determined by long-range transport, or by ecological factors such as diet specialization and relative trophic position in the breeding area. The occurrence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) was analyzed in plasma of 204 adult great skuas collected over two years (2008 and 2009) and 5 colonies across the North-Atlantic from Shetland to Svalbard. The ΣHOCs levels in plasma ranged across two orders of magnitude, from 40 to 7600 ng/g (wet weight) and differed significantly across the great skua colonies. The variation in contaminant occurrence among colonies did not reflect long-range transport through a latitudinal or remoteness gradient, as the second northernmost colony (Bjørnøya), had the highest contaminant concentrations. No latitudinal or remoteness gradient was evident in the contaminant pattern among the colonies. The contaminant levels increased significantly with increasing δ<sup>15</sup>N values, and regurgitated pellets of undigested prey suggested that great skuas with higher δ<sup>15</sup>N values had a higher proportion of bird prey in their diet, mostly seabirds. In contrast, great skuas from colonies with lower δ<sup>15</sup>N and lower contaminant level fed mostly on fish. The enrichment of δ<sup>13</sup>C increased with decreasing δ<sup>15</sup>N and lower contaminant levels. Therefore, individual behavior of great skuas, such as migration strategies and diet specialization, rather than long-range transport and thus baseline food web exposure, explain among and within colony variance in contaminant occurrence.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]The effect of long-range transport, trophic position and diet specialization on legacy contaminant occurrence in great skuas, Stercorarius skua, breeding across the Northeast Atlantic النص الكامل
2019
Leat, Eliza Helen Kelsey | Bourgeon, Sophie | Hanssen, Sveinn Are | Petersen, Ævar | Strøm, Hallvard | Bjørn, Tor Harry | Gabrielsen, Geir W. | Bustnes, Jan Ove | Furness, Robert W. | Haarr, Ane | Borgå, Katrine
Embargo until 08 October 2020 | High levels of halogenated organic contaminants (HOCs) have been found in the marine predatory seabird great skua (Stercorarius skua) from breeding colonies in the Northeastern Atlantic, with large unexplained inter-colony variation. The present study aimed at analyzing if the HOCs occurrence in breeding great skuas in remote colonies was explained by local baseline food web exposure determined by long-range transport, or by ecological factors such as diet specialization and relative trophic position in the breeding area. The occurrence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) was analyzed in plasma of 204 adult great skuas collected over two years (2008 and 2009) and 5 colonies across the North-Atlantic from Shetland to Svalbard. The ΣHOCs levels in plasma ranged across two orders of magnitude, from 40 to 7600 ng/g (wet weight) and differed significantly across the great skua colonies. The variation in contaminant occurrence among colonies did not reflect long-range transport through a latitudinal or remoteness gradient, as the second northernmost colony (Bjørnøya), had the highest contaminant concentrations. No latitudinal or remoteness gradient was evident in the contaminant pattern among the colonies. The contaminant levels increased significantly with increasing δ15N values, and regurgitated pellets of undigested prey suggested that great skuas with higher δ15N values had a higher proportion of bird prey in their diet, mostly seabirds. In contrast, great skuas from colonies with lower δ15N and lower contaminant level fed mostly on fish. The enrichment of δ13C increased with decreasing δ15N and lower contaminant levels. Therefore, individual behavior of great skuas, such as migration strategies and diet specialization, rather than long-range transport and thus baseline food web exposure, explain among and within colony variance in contaminant occurrence. | acceptedVersion
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]The effect of long-range transport, trophic position and diet specialization on legacy contaminant occurrence in great skuas, Stercorarius skua, breeding across the Northeast Atlantic النص الكامل
2019
Leat, Eliza Helen Kelsey | Bourgeon, Sophie | Hanssen, Sveinn Are | Petersen, Ævar | Strøm, Hallvard | Bjørn, Tor Harry | Gabrielsen, Geir W. | Bustnes, Jan Ove | Furness, Robert W. | Haarr, Ane | Borgå, Katrine
High levels of halogenated organic contaminants (HOCs) have been found in the marine predatory seabird great skua (Stercorarius skua) from breeding colonies in the Northeastern Atlantic, with large unexplained inter-colony variation. The present study aimed at analyzing if the HOCs occurrence in breeding great skuas in remote colonies was explained by local baseline food web exposure determined by long-range transport, or by ecological factors such as diet specialization and relative trophic position in the breeding area. The occurrence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) was analyzed in plasma of 204 adult great skuas collected over two years (2008 and 2009) and 5 colonies across the North-Atlantic from Shetland to Svalbard. The ΣHOCs levels in plasma ranged across two orders of magnitude, from 40 to 7600 ng/g (wet weight) and differed significantly across the great skua colonies. The variation in contaminant occurrence among colonies did not reflect long-range transport through a latitudinal or remoteness gradient, as the second northernmost colony (Bjørnøya), had the highest contaminant concentrations. No latitudinal or remoteness gradient was evident in the contaminant pattern among the colonies. The contaminant levels increased significantly with increasing δ15N values, and regurgitated pellets of undigested prey suggested that great skuas with higher δ15N values had a higher proportion of bird prey in their diet, mostly seabirds. In contrast, great skuas from colonies with lower δ15N and lower contaminant level fed mostly on fish. The enrichment of δ13C increased with decreasing δ15N and lower contaminant levels. Therefore, individual behavior of great skuas, such as migration strategies and diet specialization, rather than long-range transport and thus baseline food web exposure, explain among and within colony variance in contaminant occurrence.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Physio-chemical effects of freshwaters on the dissolution of elementary mercury النص الكامل
2019
Tshumah-Mutingwende, Rosamond R.M.S. | Takahashi, Fumitake
Elemental mercury (Hg⁰) is widely used by Artisanal and small-scale gold miners (ASGMs) to extract gold from ore. Due to the unavailability of appropriate waste disposal facilities, Hg⁰-rich amalgamation tailings are often discharged into nearby aquatic systems where the Hg⁰ droplets settle in bottom sediment and sediment-water interfaces. Hg⁰ dissolution and following biogeochemical transformations to methylmercury (MeHg) have been concerned owing to its potential risk to human health and the ecosystem. For reliable estimates of Hg exposure to human bodies using pollutant environmental fate and transport models, knowledge of the Hg⁰ dissolution rate is important. However, only limited literature is available. Therefore, it was investigated in this study. Dissolution tests in a ‘dark chamber’ revealed that an increase in medium pH resulted in a decrease in the dissolution rate, whereas, a large Hg⁰ droplet surface area (SA) and high Reynolds number (Re) resulted in a faster dissolution. A multivariate first order dissolution model of the form:kˆ=−7.9×10−5[pH]+7.0×10−4[logRe]+7.9×10−4[SA]−2.5×10−3 was proposed (adjusted R² = 0.99). The Breusch-Pagan and White heteroscedasticity tests revealed that the model residuals are homoscedastic (p-value = 0.05) at the 5% significance level. Parameter sensitivity analysis suggests that slow mercury dissolution from the Hg⁰ droplets to aquatic systems might mask emerging environmental risk of mercury. Even after mercury usage in ASGM is banned, mercury dissolution and following contamination will continue for about 40 years or longer owing to previously discharged Hg⁰ droplets.
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