Tehran is the most affected town by light pollution in Iran. In this study, the role of the regional topography in the distribution of light pollution in Tehran was evaluated using digital images recording and analyzing the obtained images from Tehran sky-glow by East and South in standard image-processing Software. The scale of Tehran's glowing =dome as measured by 17 mag/arc sec2 or 0.017 cd/m2 by South, and 18.7 (mag/arc sec2) or 0.0035 cd/m2 by East. Considering the approximately equal distance of the two viewpoints from the center of Tehran city, the calculated scale by South is 1.36 times larger than the amount from the East point.

This study aims to evaluate efficiency of saponin, a bio-surfactant, in removal of heavy metals like nickel and vanadium from the soils which are smeared by crude oil and it was conducted according to properties of soils locating within Shahid Chamran oil Pump Station in 2016. For this purpose, after conducting primary studies and in order to determine pilot conditions of test, soil properties were initially studied in this zone and then 5 sampling stations were selected. Parameters of nickel and vanadium were measured along with the TPHs and pH. The studied phases included three variables of temperatures within ranges of (15, 25, 35°C), pH range (6, 7, 8) and concentration of oil compounds within ranges of 10000 and 30000ppm. The findings from assessment on efficiency of removal of heavy metals showed that the conditions with variables of temperature (35°C) and pH (about 9) included the best efficiency of removal of nickel and vanadium. Under concentration 10000ppm, the efficiency for removal of nickel shows rate of 42.98% at constrained mode for removal of nickel and 32.46% to efficiency for removal vanadium. In concentration 30000ppm, rate of efficiency for removal of nickel was 44.34% and also yield of 35.24% for removal of vanadium. This indicates by rising of concentration in oil compounds, the rate of efficiency increased in efficiency of soil washing.

As result of density difference between seawater and fresh water in coastal aquifers, a transition zone between two fluids is formed. A wedge of saltwater can be entered in coastal areas to the aquifer. Seawater intrusion rate and extent of transition zone depends on several factors including: changes in sea level, aquifer characteristics, hydrologic conditions of upstream, discharging from the aquifer, tidal and seasonal fluctuations of sea water. In this paper height of interface between seawater and freshwater in Mazandaran coastal aquifers is calculated by relationships that have been used in previous researches. Then Babolâ Amol aquifer has reviewed by using of existing data in Water Company of Mazandaran and past researches. According to the available information, the development of exploitation of three zones (Alashroud to Haraz, Haraz to Babolroud and Babolroud to Talar river in Amol- Babol aquifer in south of Caspian Sea) for distances less than 2000 m to sea is possible in the Haraz to Alash river. The total amount of water from this study to can be discharged in the three regions is 505 million cubic meters, based on available data. According to statistics, 458 million cubic meters of these three areas are allowed to be discharged. Therefore, taking into account the withdrawal of unallowable wells, it can be assumed that the saltwater intrusion has more than 2000 meters to the coast. The results of this study are based on the hydrodynamic parameters of the aquifer for the past 9 years and seawater intrusion may be aggravated by climate change and hydrodynamic parameters change of in this aquifer. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully study hydrodynamic parameters of this aquifer.

Contamination of water resources by pesticide toxins is considered as one of environmental issues which is because of plant pest diversity and subsequently use of various toxicants. In previous decades all over the world, the usage of organophosphorus toxins in order to preservation of agriculture products expanded. In Gilan province (Iran) there are numerous agriculture lands and gardens which are sprayed intermittently and since drinking water of the region residents is rather supplied by underground waters, then penetration of toxicants into the wells is possible. For this reason pesticide toxicants use could be a treat for drinking water supplying resources of this state. In the paper, samples of water from ten wells were collected and for measuring the quantities of toxicants, experiments were carried out during 4 seasons of year. Toxicant residues in samples were analyzed according to Gas ChromatographyâElectron Capture Detector (GC-ECD) method. Due to phosphorous toxicant analyze results; it is revealed that in some cases precipitation amount has a great effect on toxicant concentration inside well water because of leaching higher layers. Also it is indicated that clay presence in soil due to toxicant holding and rain or flood occurrence cause to decrease and increase toxicant leak into the underground water respectively. Finally in order to Hinosan toxicant removal from water resources, active carbon has been utilized. The results indicated that adsorption by active carbon was of Langmuir type and this adsorbent effective cause to eliminate Hinosan toxin from water resources.

Background and Aim: Visual contamination is a kind of environmental pollution that over time, its effects and consequences are increasing, and this pollution may gradually provide a good ground for nerve stress and psychological problems. Method: In this study, we tried to study the status of visual contamination and its impact on the health of citizens in two urban areas of one and twelve using the distribution of questionnaires and field method. Results: The results of the analysis of the data obtained from the questionnaire revealed a significant relationship between visual contamination and four health indicators of citizens including physical signs, social function, anxiety, insomnia and depression. This means that wherever the pollution is higher, the health of citizens is at a lower level. Conclusion: Accordingly, the average index of physical symptoms and anxiety - insomnia in district 1 in a healthy condition and in the twelve region is in a mild injury situation. Also, the average social function index and depression in both regions indicate mild injury and favorable health status in them, and overall, the results indicate that the general health of District 1 in desirable situation and the twelve regions are in an unfavorable situation.

Environmental issue is one of the most important issues in the world as well as in the country. Observing the principles of environmental ethics and its ability for being amenable by peopleâs religious sensitivity can help protect the environment and control it. The present study is an analytical-descriptive based investigation in which by reviewing and scrutinizing the available resource in Imamieâs jurisprudence, Environmental law has been extracted and inferred. The purpose of this research is the Imamie jurisprudence''s viewpoint to identify the right to the environment and the effect of religious sensitivity on environmental ethics. The necessary knowledge of it is the basis of many rulings and fatwa and the rules inferred from the reasons. This is a nudist talk that hasnât been seriously discussed in Imamieh jurisprudence so far. What is being looked at here, is a new step towards placing the environment in the form of the right of third-generation rights which is a public benefit and right. To prove this right, the sources and purposes of this right in the Imamieâs jurisprudence should be studied. This is a legal right and not a moral one. Findings of the research is: The teachings of Imamieâs jurisprudence are capable of considering the environment as a right; it is the realization of a collective and legal responsibility and not moral one. For the purpose of maintaining this collective benefit for all generations, the talk is about lawfulness, unlawfulness, and punishment of environmental perpetrators.

the study aimed to validate the proposed model for environmental policy in the country to decrease environmental pollution in form of a network approach. This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was carried out through survey approach. The statistical population of the study consisted of experts and policy makers in the field of environment who had environmental planning and policy making experience at national and regional level. In this research, Structural Equation Method (SEM) was used for analysis. The results showed good and acceptable fit regarding two indices of TLI and CFI (0.93). On the other hand, the number obtained in terms of the GFI index also indicates the relative fitness of the model (0.86). Also, the acceptability of the model is confirmed regarding PNFI and PGFI indices through the obtained numbers which were 0.78 and 0.84, respectively. The achieved value of the RMSEA index (0.073) also indicates that the model is acceptable. Finally, the results of factor analysis showed that this model was fit and all the numbers and parameters were significant. These facts confirm the acceptability and excellent fitness of the model. In sum, among the three main factors related to the data of the network-based environmental policy system, the âintervening conditionsâ with the factor loading of 0.96 was the best predictors. Out of the 17 measured items, the component of "national maturity" had the highest factor loading and the component of "Eleventh State Environmental Policies" had the lowest factor loading.

Abstract: Hazardous waste is generated by numerous industrial, commercial, agricultural and even domestic sources. The dangers of these wastes can vary depending on their types and environmental conditions and various short-term and long-term effects ranging from acute to chronic are expected. This study was carried out in regard to health and economic considerations and to create motivation for conducting studies to identify industrial hazardous waste which plays an important role in growing trend of country's industry. In this research, we selected 51 important industrial units of Ardebil province and data were collected through questionnaires, in-person interviews with the unitsâ authorities and referring to available documents. The information contained the types and amount of waste, temporary storage method, Discharge frequency, final disposal method, and the status of recycling and reuse. The results obtained from data analysis without considering uncontrolled industrial wastewater, show the annual production of Approximate 2,010,265 tons of waste; which about 1502 tons of this amount (according to available list in the Basel Convention), has classified under the title hazardous waste and about 12.42% of this type of waste was toxic. The share of liquid and solid physical states of the waste is respectively 59.87%, 13.77%. It should be noted that there is no temporary storage for about 20.29% of this waste. Reviewing the final disposal method indicates that about 28.66% of hazardous waste is discharged into the environment without any control.

Introduction & Discussion: Increasing knowledge about important factors of groundwater pollution caused due to anthropogenic activities i.e. human actions demands an understanding of the reality. Method: Hence, in this study, the researchers used factor analysis or principal component analysis to identify significant anthropogenic factors affecting the groundwater quality in two districts of West Bengal. Survey method was employed to gather primary data from the school students of the two districts. Cluster sampling method was used to identify the sample for the study. The factors identified in the research were an outcome of the perception of students having exposure to environmental education including field projects and lived experience in rural areas. Discussion & Result: The four factors were identified after data analysis 1. Human-Collective-Induced environmental Pollution 2. Government Negligence including Non-Eco friendly Agricultural Policy 3. Non-Eco Friendly daily human activities 4. Non-Environmental Friendly Sanitation arrangements by Local Bodies Conclusion: This study indicates the importance of positive intervention to reduce anthropogenic causes, at individual, community and government level. The study hints obliquely at lack of information and knowledge based positive practices in the area where the study was taken up. This problem is suggested to be redressed through communication intervention.

Nowadays, buildings are one of the most consuming sectors that cause excessive energy loss. The present applied research aimed to model the energy consumption pattern in conventional residential apartments in Lahijan city (Gilan province, Iran). Design Builder software was used to model four scenarios, including the current state, the use of a movable canopy, the use of photovoltaic panels, and the combined state. According to the results, the infiltration load coefficient was obtained to be 1778 W/K. The highest heat dissipation in cold seasons was related to the roof and glazing parts. The lighting state was within the standard range in 12%, more than the standard in 52% and less than the standard in 36% of the points. The shortcomings of the study buildings were significant from the energy point of view, so that the average heat transfer coefficients of the walls, windows and ceilings were 2.5, 1.7 and 2.2 times the standard value of Standard Topic 19 of the National Building Regulations, respectively. The total electricity consumption was 776,543 kilowatt-hours per year (kWh/year), and the panels were able to generate 14.87% of the required electricity (115,544 kWh/year). The use of smart movable canopy and photovoltaic panel led to energy savings of 18% and 17%, respectively. The simultaneous use of both would bring the amount of energy saving by 24%. To conclude, adopting purposeful and effective measures and training can lead to saving energy consumption and benefiting from clean energy in such buildings.