This review quantifies plastic interaction in marine biota. Firstly, entanglement and ingestion records for all marine birds, mammals, turtles, fish, and invertebrate species, are summarized from 747 studies. Marine debris affected 914 species through entanglement and/or ingestion. Ingestion was recorded for 701 species, entanglement was documented for 354 species. Secondly, the frequency of occurrence of ingestion per species (Sp-%FO) was extracted for marine birds, mammals and turtles. Thirdly, for seabird species, average numbers of plastics ingested per individual were determined. Highest Sp-%FO and average number of plastics were found in tubenosed seabirds with 41% of all birds analysed having plastics, on average 9.9 particles per bird. The Sp-%FO and average number of ingested particles is lower for most other species. However, for certain species, ingestion rates of litter are reason for serious concern. Standardized methods are crucial for future studies, to generate datasets that allow higher level ecosystem analyses.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In this paper, we critically review the current state of nutritional management strategies to reduce methane emissions resulting from enteric fermentation in livestock production. In this context, it highlights the novel strategy regarding the use of macroalgal- and microalgal-derived feed additives. RECENT FINDINGS: Several feed management strategies for ruminants focus on the inclusion of nutritional supplements, increasing proportion of starch, or supplementation with high-energy lipids. These strategies aim to improve animal productivity, whilst at the same time reduce methane emissions. Algae supplements are currently investigated as novel ingredients for decreasing methanogenesis, with the potential production of algal biomass also contributing to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, utilisation of algal biomass as a feed concentrate in dietary supplementation presents a sustainable and environmentally friendly strategy. This review summarises the current stage of research on dietary strategies and their influences on the metabolic processes during enteric fermentation. This information is essential for developing strategies to mitigate methane emissions in the livestock industry. We specifically present the opportunities that algae could offer as a feed additive for methanogenic reduction in cattle. The data compiled from the peer-reviewed literature revealed synergistic effects of algal biomass on methane reduction and animal productivity. However, the challenges regarding the mass cultivation of macro- and microalgae were noticed. Considering the diversity of algal species, future research should increase screening efforts to include more species and dosage evaluation, along with efforts to see if such effects are sustained over time.

A large amount of tsunami debris from the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 was sunk on the seafloor and threatened the marine ecosystem and local communities' economy, especially in fisheries. However, few studies estimated spatial accumulations of tsunami benthic debris, comparing to their flows on the ocean surface. Here, a spatially varying coefficient model was used to estimate tsunami debris accumulation considering the spatial structure of the data off the Tohoku region. Our model revealed the number of vessels nearest the coast at the tsunami event had the highest positive impact, whereas the distance from the coast and kinetic energy influenced negatively. However, the effect of the proximity to the coast wasn't detected in the Sendai bay, indicating spatial dependency of these effects. Our model estimation provides the fundamental information of tsunami debris accumulation on the seafloor, supporting early reconstruction and risk reduction in marine ecosystems and local communities.

Research on plastics fragmentation is important for the estimation of amount of microplastics but the biological causes for fragmentation have not been acknowledged. From microplastics collected in the beaches of Hong Kong, we revealed an abnormal type of fragment which has not been reported before. These fragments, composing about 6% of the microplastics (pellet, foam, bead, fragment) collected, were interestingly triangular in shape with at least two of the three sides being characteristically straight and resembling a cut made by compression. Objective observations have distinguished these “trimmed triangular fragments” to those triangular fragments that were fractured randomly. By comparing with additional evidence, we proposed that these trimmed fragments were the daughter pieces of macrofaunal biting. If this was so, there would be wide implications on fragmentation modeling studies for microplastics since active biting of large plastic debris has generally not been considered as a factor of plastics fragmentation.

Microplastic pollution status in Kuwait coastal areas was assessed A total of 44 intertidal locations were sampled for beach sediment. Short trawls (40) were conducted. In addition, 87 fish and mussels gastrointestinal contents were examined. Microplastics were characterized by Raman spectroscopy. Contrary to the expectation very few microplastic particles were found. Only 37 MPs were detected in beach sediments at 15 locations. Seawater trawls indicated that MPs were low in the numbers. MPs were found in just two samples from Kuwait Bay and also in two samples from the southern areas. In biota, only 3 pieces of plastics were recovered from gastrointestinal tracks of hamour fish. The identified MPs were dominantly polypropylene, polyethylene and polystyrene. It appeared that the microplastic levels in sediment, water and biota were much lower compared to published values from adjoining areas, however, were comparable to the absolute numbers of particles from Qatar and Oman.

Nowadays, marine ecosystem monitoring and assessment are increasingly depending on variety of molecular tools. With these background, DNA barcoding play a key role in species identification with increasing speed and accuracy, and although the suitability for developing genetic tools like genomic AMBI (gAMBI). Presently we have submitted 13 benthic polychaete species using mtCOI to GenBank. Of these, nine species were newly submitted, and hence they act as a benchmark and reference organism for identifying respective polychaete species worldwide in the near future. Based on that, our study results tend to be helpful for motivating among the researcher in order to implementing the genomic AMBI (gAMBI).

The objective of this paper is to determine whether contaminant data on mussels and sediments can be used interchangeably, or not, when assessing the degree of anthropogenic contamination of a water body. To obtain adequate coverage of the entire Gulf of Maine, Bay of Fundy sediment samples were collected, analyzed and combined with similar data from four coastal monitoring programs. This required careful interpretation but provided robust results consistent with published literature. A strong correspondence was found between sediment and mussel concentrations for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, moderate to weak correspondence for polychlorinated biphenyls, and except for mercury and zinc, little to no correspondence was found for metals. We conclude that mussel contaminant data are likely sufficient for providing information on the spatial and temporal distribution of chemical contaminants, in coastal waters, under a broad range of environmental conditions and contaminant levels, and unlike sediments, provide direct information on contaminant bioavailability.

The study was conducted in the coastal zone of the southern Baltic. The research material consisted of macrozoobenthos and elements of its diet. The samples were analysed for Hg and its labile and stable forms, using the thermodesorption method. The results showed that the level of total Hg in zoobenthos was associated with dietary preferences and the share of bioavailable Hg in its food. The Hg fractionation in the macrofauna was conditioned by biological features (morphological structure) and environmental parameters (oxygenation, pH) which shape the mobility and assimilation of Hg. The absorption of the most toxic organic Hg in macrofauna was more effective in aerobic conditions, at low primary production and with the limited inflow of organic matter. The trophic transfer of Hg was favoured by the limited biomass of primary producers, and consequently of zoobenthos. An important factor influencing the biomagnification was also the share of labile Hg in macrozoobenthos.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely detected in coastal wetlands but their remediation is still difficult. In this study, different carbon sources, namely formate, acetate, pyruvate, lactate, succinate, methanol and ethanol, were added to mangrove sediments contaminated with BDE-47, a common PBDE congener, to enhance its degradation. After 2-month incubation, all carbon addition significantly enhanced degradation percentages. The residual BDE-47 percentage significantly correlated with the abundance of total bacteria and Dehalococcoides spp. The addition of methanol, acetate and succinate also achieved significantly higher degradation rates and shorter half-lives than sediments without carbon amendment at the end of 5-month incubation, although degradation percentages were comparable between sediments with and without extra carbon. The degradation pathway based on the profiles of degradation products was also similar among treatments. The results indicated the stimulatory effect of extra carbon sources on BDE-47 degradation in contaminated sediments was carbon- and time-specific.

The omnipresence of plastic particles in marine ecosystems, a.k.a. Marine Plastic Pollution (MPP) constitutes a major environmental and socioeconomic threat. In the last decade, the realization of the severity of the MPP problem by international organizations, governments and policy makers worldwide, has triggered the publication of a large number of review papers studying the current state of the art of MPP, from a plethora of different perspectives. This study attempts to classify the existing review efforts, by conducting a systematic analysis of review papers on MPP, published from 2000 to 2019. A sample of 114 review studies, retrieved from the SCOPUS database, are classified based on a number of carefully selected coding criteria and processed in order to produce a set of meaningful descriptive statistics and visualizations. Ultimately, the objective of this paper is to synthesize the different perspectives on MPP, assess the research progress and highlight future research directions.