Thirteen secondary organic aerosol (SOA) tracers of isoprene, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were measured for PM₂.₅ aerosols collected at the summit of Mt. Wuyi (1139 m, a.s.l.), to investigate their seasonality and formation mechanism. Concentrations of the isoprene and monoterpene SOA tracers were much higher in summer than those in other seasons. In contrast, β-caryophyllinic acid was found to be the lowest in summer. Concentrations of those BSOA tracers showed a positive correlation with temperature (R² = 0.52–0.70), and a negative correlation with relative humidity (R² = 0.43–0.78). Moreover, thermodynamic model (i.e., ISORROPIA-II) calculation results showed that acidity conditions are favorable for BSOA formation. Robust linear correlations between the BSOA tracers and anthropogenic pollutants such as SO₂ (R² = 0.53–0.7) and NO₂ (R² = 0.37–0.54) were observed for all the samples, suggesting that SO₂ and NOx can enhance BSOA production in the remote mountain area of southeast China, which is related to an acid-catalyzed heterogeneous chemistry. Moreover, we also found a significant correlation between the concentrations of the BSOA tracers and levoglucosan especially for β-caryophyllinic acid, indicating that biomass burning plumes from the distant lowland regions could influence the production of BSOA in the mountain free troposphere. Our results clearly demonstrated that anthropogenic emissions in China could enhance BSOA formation in the distant mountain regions.

Worldwide the seafloor has been recognized as a major sink for microplastics. However, currently nothing is known about the sediment microplastic pollution in the North Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean. Here, we present the first record of microplastic contamination in the surface sediment from the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas. The microplastics were extracted by the density separation method from collected samples. Each particle was identified using the microscopic Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (μFTIR). The abundances of microplastics in sediments from all sites ranged from not detected (ND) to 68.78 items/kg dry weight (DW) of sediment. The highest level of microplastic contamination in the sediment was detected from the Chukchi Sea. A negative correlation between microplastic abundance and water depth was observed. Polypropylene (PP) accounted for the largest proportion (51.5%) of the identified microplastic particles, followed by polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (35.2%) and rayon (13.3%). Fibers constituted the most common shape of plastic particles. The range of polymer types, physical shapes and spatial distribution characteristics of the microplastics suggest that water masses from the Pacific and local coastal inputs are possible sources for the microplastics found in the study area. In overall, our results highlight the global distribution of these anthropogenic pollutants and the importance of management action to reduce marine debris worldwide.

Cadmium (Cd) contamination of the soil is one of the most serious environmental problems of agricultural production. Phytoremediation has attracted increasing attention because it can safely remove the soil contaminates via plant uptake, accumulations and plant harvesting. However, the high Cd toxicity to plant tissues and treatment of the large amount of hazardous plant residues from phytoremediation have limited its commercial implementation. Here we show that the leaves of the tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) can excrete Cd out to avoid Cd toxicity in plant tissues. Cd specific fluorescence spectroscopy with laser confocal scanning microscope, screening electron microscope with energy dispersive spectroscopy and guttation fluids analysis confirmed that leaf hydathodes were the pathway of Cd excretion in tall fescue. Element analysis showed that Cd was preferentially excreted out when compared to the ion nutrients. The amount of leaf Cd excretion was linearly increased in response to the Cd stress period. The phytoremediation efficiency was evaluated to remove 14.4% of soil Cd annually by the leaf Cd excretion in our experimental system. These findings indicate that a novel strategy of Cd phytoexcretion based on washing-off and collection of leaf surface Cd is feasible to avoid Cd toxic in plant tissues and the high treatment cost of hazardous plant residues.

Parabens, broad-spectrum antimicrobial preservatives widely used in various consumer products and food, are suspected to be linked with several adverse health effects in humans, especially newborn babies, infants, and young children. While human exposure to parabens has been frequently reported by measuring the concentration of parabens in urine, similar measurements in breast milk have rarely been made. To determine paraben concentrations in breast milk and possible sources of exposure, four major parabens, including methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP), and butylparaben (BP) were measured in breast milk samples collected from 260 lactating women in South Korea. Demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors associated with the presence of parabens in breast milk were determined. EP concentrations were detected at the highest levels in breast milk samples, followed by MP, PP, and BP. Pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, use of basic skin care products, use of cosmetics, canned beverage, and type of milk consumption were associated with higher frequencies of paraben detection. In addition, type of milk, parity, and drinking status were significantly associated with the concentration of EP. Multiple regression analyses showed that colostrum and transitional milk samples had higher levels of EP than mature milk samples. The estimated daily intake of parabens in infants via breastfeeding appears to be negligible when compared to the acceptable daily intake values set forth by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA); however, considering the vulnerability of breastfed infants and ubiquitous sources of exposure from daily use of household and personal toiletries, efforts to identify sources and mitigate exposure are warranted.

In the present work, we analyzed the concentration patterns of 20 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 25 surface sediments and 11 sediment cores from the northern part of Taihu Lake, China. Three of the cores were dated based on ¹³⁷Cs activity for the deposition age of the sediment. The spatial distributions of the PAH concentrations show that the inflow rivers into Zhushan Bay and Meiliang Bay were the main pathway for PAHs and sediment input to the northern part of the lake. This results in substantially higher PAH concentrations (up to 5000 ng/g) and sedimentation rates (higher than the average of 3–4 mm/a) in the area close to the river outlets. In addition, results also show that PAH concentrations in the sediments considerably increased from the early 1960s, but the decreasing concentrations in the upper layers of the sediment could be attributed to the introduction of measures on environmental improvement from ca. 2000. There were both anthropogenic and biogenic origins of perylene in the lake sediments, which were distinguished based on spatial distribution patterns and also the concentration proportions of perylene to the sum of the 20 PAHs. In the cores collected close to river outlets, the concentration proportions of perylene typically range from 0.02 to 0.18 and there are significant positive linear correlations between the concentration of perylene and three anthropogenic PAHs (Benzo[a]pyrene, Benzo[e]pyrene, Pyrene), suggesting that perylene was dominated by anthropogenic input. However, the cores collected further away from the river outlets show the concentration proportions between 0.13 and 0.96, and present significant negative correlations or no correlations between perylene and the three PAHs, suggesting that perylene was mainly formed by biogenic activities. Furthermore, the different perylene sources accompanied with the location distributions imply that anthropogenic activities could inhibit its biogenic formation.

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a global environmental issue. Conventionally, a number of active and passive remediation approaches are applied to treat and manage AMD. Case studies on remediation approaches applied in actual mining sites such as lime neutralization, bioremediation, wetlands and permeable reactive barriers provide an outlook on actual long-term implications of AMD remediation. Hence, in spite of available remediation approaches, AMD treatment remains a challenge. The need for sustainable AMD treatment approaches has led to much focus on water reuse and resource recovery. This review underscores (i) characteristics and implication of AMD, (ii) remediation approaches in mining sites, (iii) alternative treatment technologies for water reuse, and (iv) resource recovery. Specifically, the role of membrane processes and alternative treatment technologies to produce water for reuse from AMD is highlighted. Although membrane processes are favorable for water reuse, they cannot achieve resource recovery, specifically selective valuable metal recovery. The approach of integrated membrane and conventional treatment processes are especially promising for attaining both water reuse and recovery of resources such as sulfuric acid, metals and rare earth elements. Overall, this review provides insights in establishing reuse and resource recovery as the holistic approach towards sustainable AMD treatment. Finally, integrated technologies that deserve in depth future exploration is highlighted.

N-nitrosamines (NAs) are an emerging group of disinfection by-products that occur as a mixture in drinking water. Although the potency of the individual NA components in drinking water is negligible, their combined effect is rarely reported. We tested whether multicomponent NAs mixtures at environmentally relevant levels would produce significant effects when each component was combined at extremely low concentrations i.e. a million times lower than its No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC). Mixture L (the maximum values detected in drinking water) or mixture M (one order of magnitude higher than detected) were fed to male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats since PND 28 for seven days. We found that the body weight gains and the triglyceride (TG) levels increased significantly in mixture M treated male rats. Correspondingly, an obesogenic microbiota profile was obtained in the mixture M treated young male rat: Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes and the obesity-related taxa including Alistipes, Ruminococcus were enriched. Collectively, this is the first in vivo demonstration of NAs mixtures at environmentally relevant levels. Despite the complicated relationship between gut microbiota and obesity, our study has demonstrated that changes in gut microbiota may contribute to the development of obesity after the exposure. Our results highlight that changes in gut microbiota could be a risk factor for obesity, which emphasizes the need to include gut microbiota in the traditional mammalian risk assessment.

Increasing attention has been attracted in developing new technologies to remove chlorofene (CF) and dichlorofene (DCF), which were active agents in antimicrobials for general cleaning and disinfecting. This study investigated the significant influences of bicarbonate (HCO3−) on the degradation of CF and DCF in the Cu(II)-mediated Fenton-like system Cu2+/H2O2. Our results indicate that HCO3− may play a dual role to act 1) as a ligand to stabilize Cu(II), forming soluble [CuII(HCO3−)(S)]+ species to catalyze H2O2 producing hydroxyl radical (OH) and superoxide ion (O2−) and 2) as a OH scavenger. Furthermore, the reaction kinetics, mechanisms, and intermediates of CF and DCF were assessed. The apparent rate constants of CF and DCF were enhanced by a factor of 8.5 and 5.5, respectively, in the presence of HCO3− at the optimized concentration of 4 mM. Based on the intermediate identification and frontier electron densities (FEDs) calculations, the associated reaction pathways were tentatively proposed, including C–C scission, single or multiple hydroxylation, and coupling reaction. In addition, significant reduction in the aquatic toxicity of CF and DCF was observed after treatment with Cu2+/H2O2–HCO3- system, evaluated by Ecological Structure Activity Relationships (ECOSAR) program. These findings provide new insights into Cu(II)-mediated reactions to better understand the environmental fate of organic contaminants in carbonate-rich waters.

Microorganisms are ubiquitous in the atmosphere, where they can disperse for a long distance. However, it remains poorly understood how these airborne microorganisms vary and which factors influence the microbial distribution in different anthropogenic activity regions. To explore the regional differences of bacteria and fungi in airborne particles, PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ samples were collected in the urban and rural areas of Hangzhou. The bacterial and fungal communities in the urban atmosphere was more similar to each other than those in the rural atmosphere. Analyses conducted by the concentration weighted trajectory model demonstrated that the local environment contributed more to the similarity of airborne bacteria and fungi compared with the atmospheric transport. The concentrations of local air pollutants (PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂ and CO) were positively correlated with the similarity of the bacterial and fungal communities. Additionally, the concentrations of these air pollutants in the urban site were about 1.5 times than those in the rural site. This implicated that anthropogenic activity, which is the essential cause of air pollutants, influenced the similarity of airborne bacteria and fungi in the urban area. This work ascertains the outdoor bacterial and fungal distribution in the urban and the rural atmosphere and provides a prospective model for studying the contributing factors of airborne bacteria and fungi.

A biofilm reactor was designed with flat ceramic substrates to remove Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) from industrial wastewater. The ceramics were made of clay and nano-rubber with high mechanical resistance. The surface of the ceramic substrate was modified with neutral fiber and nano-hydroxyapatite. A uniform and stable biofilm mass of 320 g with 2 mm of thickness was produced on the modified ceramic after 3 d. The micro-organisms were identified in the biofilm by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Functional groups of biofilms were identified with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR). Experiments were designed by central composite design (CCD) using the responsive surface method (RSM). The biosorption process was optimized at pH = 5.8, temperature = 22 °C, feed flux of heavy metal wastewater = 225 ml, substrate flow = 30 ml, and retention time = 7.825 h. The kinetic data was analyzed by pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order kinetic models. Isotherm models and thermodynamic parameters were applied to describe the biosorption equilibrium data of the metal ions on the biofilm-ceramic. The maximum biosorption efficiency and capacity of heavy metal ions were about 72% and 57.21 mg, respectively.