Traditional architecture has been successful in achieving harmony between housing and environment, which is one of the most important conditions for sustainability. The research tried to study and analyze the traditional architecture to diagnose its importance and ability to solve contemporary problems. Firstly, this study sets up qualitative survey, including location, function space, and structural materials of the dwelling. Then typical dwellings were selected for the assessments of their indoor thermal environment by on-site monitoring. Quantitative analysis reveals that the earth wall has a “warm in winter and cool in summer” property. Secondly, from the perspective of user willingness, we propose the impact factors of dwelling’s development. Finally, it puts forward the measures of dwelling’s sustainable development and seeks to establish a strategy to guide the construction of new dwellings.

The study area within the Stone Town Nature Reserve in Ciężkowice encloses a variety of occurrences of sandstone tors exposed within the Skała Hill (Rock Hill) from its top down into the Biała River Valley. The efflorescences of salt minerals on the walls of the sandstone tors represent end products of weathering. Several types of the efflorescences have been distinguished in relation to their distribution, the composition of the parent sandstones and local conditions of the natural environment. Laboratory methods have allowed identifying several sulphate minerals of various hydration (mainly pickeringite, hexahydrite, pentahydrite, alunogen, K-alum, gypsum, syngenite). They occur as two morphological varieties: as accumulations of a millimetre large flakes or as granules. The development, diversification and distribution of the efflorescences depend first of all on the rock moisture controlled by its capillary rise. The dampness of the lower tor parts is relatively the major factor; thus, such places are the sites favouring efflorescing phenomena. The presence of sulphur-bearing ions that are contained in salt minerals may be attributed to oxidation of pyrite occurring in the sandstone formations in the vicinity of Ciężkowice but may also be associated with local waters, more probably with mineral ones than with groundwater recharged by atmospheric precipitations. Air pollution, particularly with sulphur compounds, should also be considered in weathering of sandstone tors and the formation of the efflorescences.

The study revisits the position of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in India by incorporating the role of energy consumption and democratic regime in the environmental degradation function for the period 1971–2014. Employing Zivot–Andrews nonstationarity test, Bayer–Hanck cointegration test, autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, and vector autoregressive model (VECM) Granger causality test, the results found the integration order of I(1) and a stable cointegration among the series. The result validates the EKC hypothesis for India and further divulges that while energy consumption increases environmental degradation both in the long run and short run; the effect of democracy in reducing environmental degradation is weak (statistically insignificant) in the long run but strong (statistically significant) in the short run. The finding from the VECM Granger causality test indicates a long-run causality between the fundamental variables and environmental degradation. Furthermore, the results of the short run show a unidirectional Granger causality running from energy consumption to environmental degradation, energy consumption to real income, and energy consumption to square of real income. Therefore, our findings suggest that energy conservation policy should be prioritized towards harnessing energy from clean sources to mitigate environmental degradation and spur economic growth.

Drought is the most complex climate-related disaster issue in South Asia, because of the various land-cover changes, vegetation dynamics, and climates. The aims of the current research work were to analyze the performance of AVHRR Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and spatiotemporal differences in vegetation dynamics on a seasonal basis by correlating the results with NASA’s MERRA precipitation and air temperature for monitoring vegetation dynamics and drought over South Asia. Our approach is based on the use of AVHRR NDVI data and NASA’s MERRA rainfall and air temperature data (1990–2011). Due to the low vegetation and dryness, the NDVI is more helpful in describing the drought condition in South Asia. There were rapid increases in NDVI, VHI, and VCI from April to October. Monthly NDVI, VHI, and VCI stabilize in September and improved once more in October and then show a declining trend in December. The monthly PCI, TCI, VHI, and VCI values showed that the South Asia goes through an extreme drought in 2000, which continues up to 2002, which lead the highest water stress. Spatial correlation maps among NDVI, precipitation, air temperature, VHI, and VCI on a seasonal basis. The correlation between NDVI and precipitation showed a significantly higher correlation value in JJA and SON seasons; the spatial correlation between NDVI and air temperature showed significant high values in DJF, JJA, and SON periods, while the correlation between VHI and TCI showed a significantly higher values in MAM and SON seasons, which indicated a good sign for dryness monitoring, mainly for farming regions during these seasons in South Asia. It was confirmed that these indexes are a comprehensive drought monitoring indicator and a step to monitoring the climate change in South Asia, which will play a relevant role ongoing studies on vegetation types, monitoring climate change, and drought over South Asia.

This research seeks to enhance the current literature by exploring the nexus among environmental contamination, economic growth, energy use, and foreign direct investment in 6 selected sub-Saharan African nations for a time of 34 years (1980–2014). By applying panel unit root (CADF and CIPS, cross-sectional independence test), panel cointegration (Pedroni and Kao cointegration test, panel PP, panel ADF), Hausman poolability test, and an auto-regressive distributed lag procedure in view of the pooled mean group estimation (ARDL/PMG), experimental findings disclose that alluding to the related probability values, the null hypothesis of cross-sectional independence for all variables is rejected because they are not stationary at levels but rather stationary at their first difference. The variables are altogether integrated at the same order I(1). Findings revealed that there is a confirmation of a bidirectional causality between energy use and CO₂ in the short-run and one-way causality running from energy use to CO₂ in the long run. There is additionally a significant positive outcome and unidirectional causality from CO₂ to foreign direct investment in the long run yet no causal relationship in the short run. An increase in energy use by 1% causes an increase in CO₂ by 49%. An increase in economic growth by 1% causes an increment in CO₂ by 16% and an increase in economic growth squared by 1% diminishes CO₂ by 46%. The positive and negative impacts of economic growth and its square approve the EKC theory. To guarantee sustainable economic development goal, more strict laws like sequestration ought to be worked out, use of sustainable power source ought to be stressed, and GDP ought to be multiplied to diminish CO₂ by the utilization of eco-technology for instance carbon capturing, to save lives and also to maintain a green environment.

This study investigates the impacts of globalization and financial development on environmental quality by incorporating energy consumption in the framework of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for selected countries in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) over the 1990–2014 time spans. The cross-sectional dependence is determined by using the cross-sectional dependence and Lagrange Multiplier (LM) methods. This study employs second-generation panel unit root tests to check the unit root properties and the Westerlund panel cointegration test to examine the long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables. The results confirm the presence of cointegration in the long run. The Continuously Updated Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (CUP-FM) and Continuously Updated Bias-Corrected (CUP-BC) approaches are applied to investigate long-term output elasticities of the variables. The results show the stimulating role of energy consumption on Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. This study finds support for the EKC hypothesis as it relates to selected OECD countries. Globalization and financial development increase environmental quality by reducing CO₂ emissions. The causal relationship reveals the presence of a bidirectional relationship between energy consumption and CO₂ emissions. The feedback causal effect runs between economic growth and CO₂ emissions and between globalization and economic growth, while unidirectional causality runs from CO₂ emissions to financial development, from economic growth to energy consumption, from energy consumption to financial development, from globalization to energy consumption, and from globalization to financial development. Policies that support green technology transfer among OECD countries, foreign direct investment in the renewable energy sector, financial development to support green infrastructure, and energy generation using renewable energy sources are recommended.

Three transects were established along the southwestern coast of Taiwan; transects from north to south were respectively extended from the Kaohsiung Harbor, Kaoping River estuary, and Fangshan River estuary. Six metals including Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Ni were analyzed in the zooplankton and seawater samples. A total of 24 groups of zooplankton were identified. Calanoid was the frequently collected group and accounted for greater than 40% of the relative abundance of zooplankton. Results showed that metal concentrations in seawater close to coast were higher than those in the outside of transect. The mean of metal concentrations in zooplankton followed the hierarchy: Zn > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cr > Cd. On the whole, metal concentrations in zooplankton from sampling sites in the coastal region were observed to be higher than those in the offshore region. The bioconcentration factor of zooplankton ranged within 10³–10⁵ for all studied metals and indicated that zooplankton in the seawater of southwestern Taiwan can accumulate metal even at background concentrations of metals. The value of diversity indices exhibited an increase in the distance to the coast, whereas the abundance showed no significant correlation with that. Consequently, the lowest mean abundance of zooplankton and the highest average metal bioaccumulation were found in transect outside Kaohsiung Harbor, representing that Kaohsiung Harbor has the contamination of anthropogenic metals that results in the impact on zooplankton.

In this work, synergistic effect of solar photocatalysis integrated with adsorption process towards the degradation of Congo red (CR) was investigated via two different approaches using a photocatalytic membrane reactor. In the first approach, sequential treatments were conducted through the adsorption by graphene oxide (GO) and then followed by photocatalytic oxidation using Fe-doped ZnO nanocomposites (NCs). In the second approach, however, CR solution was treated by photocatalytic oxidation using Fe-doped ZnO/rGO NCs. These nanocomposites were synthesized by a sol-gel method. The NCs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL), Fourier transmission infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). It was observed that Fe-doped ZnO could enhance the photoactivity of ZnO under solar light. When Fe-doped ZnO were decorated on GO sheets, however, this provided a surface enhancement for adsorption of organic pollutants. The photocatalytic performances using both approaches were evaluated based on the degradation of CR molecules in aqueous solution under solar irradiation. Nanofiltration (NF) performance in terms of CR residual removal from water and their fouling behavior during post-separation of photocatalysts was studied. Serious flux declined and thicker fouling layer on membrane were found in photocatalytic membrane reactor using Fe-doped ZnO/rGO NCs which could be attributed to the stronger π–π interaction between rGO and CR solution.

The freshwater polyculture pond culturing occupied an important position in the aquaculture industry. Accumulation of trace metals was investigated in water, sediments, and fish (Carassius auratus, Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharyngodon idellus) from typical polyculture ponds in Chengdu, China. The results showed most of the pond water in Chengdu were safe for fish cultivation. The Cd and Cr concentrations in sediment samples from sites S3, S4, and S9 which were near the industrial park and road with a high traffic volume were higher than those of the other sites. Cu, Cr, Fe, Zn, Mn, Ni, and Pb in sediments were unpolluted, while Cd was unpolluted to moderately polluted due to anthropogenic activities. Cu, Cd, and Pb in fish pond sediment of Chengdu had higher potential mobility under normal environmental circumstances. The trace metal concentrations in liver of three fish species were all higher than those in muscle tissues. The order of bioaccumulation factor (BAF) values for trace metals was Cr > Cu > Pb > Zn > Cd > Ni > 20. The concentrations of Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cr in the muscle of three fish species were all below the local and international maximum permissible levels. The target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) of trace metals in aquaculture fish ponds in Chengdu were lower than 1, which indicated that the consumption of grass, crucian, and common carp cultivated in the aquaculture ponds of Chengdu pose no health risk to the residents.

Increasing population and over-consumption are placing unprecedented demands on agriculture and natural resources. The Earth is suffering from global warning and environmental destruction while our agricultural systems are concurrently degrading land, water, biodiversity, and climate on a global scale. For a sustainable future, green certification, e-commerce, and environment education can boost low-carbon economy with decreasing carbon emissions, but very few researches address them for the hotel industry. This research studies the performance impact of e-commerce, international hotel chain, local hotel chain, and green certification for carbon emission reductions of international tourist hotels of Taiwan. It reveals that, after a sufficiently long time, there is an improvement in the environmental and economic performance of the green-certified hotel group. In addition, it reveals that, as recommended by the operation policy, the international hotel chain group together with e-commerce has better performance than local hotel chain. It is also discussed how to sustain the continuing improvement in low-carbon performance of the hotel industry.