The ability of Chlorella pyrenoidosa, a freshwater microalga, to degrade phenolic effluent of coal-based producer gas plant under ambient conditions was investigated. C. pyrenoidosa was able to grow in high-strength phenolic effluent. Major contaminant present in the effluent was phenol (C₆H₅OH). The effluent has 1475.3 ± 68 mg/L of initial total phenolic concentration. The effect of nutrients used for algal cultivation in phenol degradation was analyzed by inoculating four different concentrations, viz.,1, 2, 3, and 4 g of wet biomass/L of raw effluent of C. pyrenoidosa mixed with effluent into two batches (with and without nutrients). C. pyrenoidosa was able to degrade more than 95% of the phenol (C₆H₅OH) concentration with the algal concentrations of 3 and 4 g/L when supplemented with nutrients. With effluent devoid of nutrients, the average percent reduction in total phenolic compounds was observed to a maximum of 46%. No physical changes in the C. pyrenoidosa were observed during degradation. C. pyrenoidosa was able to consume the organic carbon present in the phenolic compounds as carbon source for its growth despite the inorganic carbon supplemented externally.

This work reports the use of a cross-linked ureasil–PEO hybrid matrix (designated PEO800) as an efficient adsorbent to retain the emerging contaminant bisphenol A (BPA) from an aqueous medium. The in-deep experimental and theoretical results provide information about the interactions between PEO800 and BPA. The in situ UV-vis spectroscopy data and the pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Elovich, and Morris–Webber intraparticle diffusion models allowed us to propose a three-step mechanism for the adsorption of BPA onto PEO800. The results indicate that the pseudo-first-order kinetic model effectively describes the adsorption of BPA onto PEO800. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the interaction of PEO800 with BPA, showing an alteration in the chemical environment of the polymer ether oxygen atoms present in the hybrid matrix. The molecular dynamic simulation provides further evidence that the BPA molecules interact preferentially with PEO. The amount of desorbed BPA depended on the pH and solvent used in the assays. This work provides new opportunities for using the hydrophilic ureasil–PEO matrix which has demonstrated its abilities in being a fast and easy alternative to successfully removing organic contaminants from aqueous mediums and therefore having potential applications in water remediation. Graphical abstract

The remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil was investigated by electrokinetic (EK) and permeable-reactive-barrier assisted electrokinetic (EK-PRB). The medium of PRB was hydrocalumite (CaAl-LDH). The results showed that removal efficiency of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in EK-PRB and EK system was 96.49 and 85.50%, respectively. Simultaneously, the removal efficiency of total chromium (TCr) was 69.34 and 40.97% after 120-h treatment. The XRD, FTIR, and XPS analyses indicated that the reactive barrier media of CaAl-LDH successfully captured the chromium. Besides, the migration rate of chromium in EK-PRB was relatively faster than EK, since the media of PRB captured chromium in-time and reduced the influence of chromium accumulation on the migration of chromium. Moreover, the trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) was generated in EK/EK-PRB, and the chromium was stabilized in soil with the chemical speciations of oxidizable and residual fractions. Therefore, the treatment of EK-PRB and EK both increased the removal of chromium and decreased its environmental risks.

The present study investigates the chemical composition of rainwater (RW) from a high-altitude site “Nainital” (1958 m above msl) in the central Himalaya region, to understand the influence of local, regional, and long-range transport of pollutants. A total of 55 (2 in pre-monsoon and 53 in monsoon) RW samples were collected during the study period (June–September 2012) and were analyzed for major anions and cations using an ion chromatograph. The pH of precipitation events ranged from 4.95 to 6.50 (average 5.6 ± 0.3) was observed during the monsoon period (near to the acidic), whereas during the pre-monsoon, the pH was 6.25 ± 0.49 (alkaline) over the study region; it is due the mixture of anthropogenic as well as the natural chemical constituents. The average ionic concentration (sum of measured chemical constituents) was ∼3 times higher during the pre-monsoon (986 ± 101 μeq/1) compared to that in the monsoon season (373 ± 37 μeq/1). This is mainly due to the presence of more natural aerosols in the pre-monsoon season which is also reflected in the pH of rainwater (average 6.25 ± 0.50) as well as ionic concentration. The chemical composition suggests that Ca²⁺ was the major contributor (34%) among cations, followed by Na⁺ (10%), K⁺ (8%), and Mg²⁺ (9%), whereas Cl⁻, NO₃ ⁻, and SO₄ ²⁻ contributed ∼13, 11, and 9%, respectively, among anions. The average ratio of acidic species (SO₄ ²⁻/NO₃ ⁻) is 1.56, suggesting 61 and 39% contribution of SO₄ ²⁻ and NO₃ ⁻, respectively, which is very close to the estimated contribution of H₂SO₄ (60–70%) and HNO₃ (30–40%) in the precipitation samples. Neutralization factors for Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and NH₄ ⁺ in RW at Nainital are 4.94, 1.21, and 0.37, respectively, indicating their crucial role in neutralization of acidic species. The non-sea-salt (NSS) contribution to total Ca²⁺, K⁺, and Mg²⁺ is estimated to be ∼98, 97, and 74%, respectively, suggesting the dominance of crustal sources for cations. In contrast, the NSS contribution to the total Cl⁻ and SO₄ ²⁻ is 16 and 69% indicating their anthropogenic origin, respectively. Principle component analysis also suggests that the first factor (i.e., natural sources, mainly dust, and sea-salts) accounts for ∼33% variance, whereas the second factor (i.e., fossil fuel and biomass burning) accounts for ∼18% variance of the measured ionic composition. The remaining contributions are attributed to the mixed emission sources and transport of pollutants from Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and western parts of India. The results of the present study reveal a significant contribution of crustal and anthropogenic sources in the RW and neutralization processes in the central Himalaya.

Increasing drug-resistant infections have drawn research interest towards examining environmental bacteria and the discovery that many factors, including elevated metal conditions, contribute to proliferation of antibiotic resistance (AR). This study examined 90 garden soils from Western Australia to evaluate predictions of antibiotic resistance genes from total metal conditions by comparing the concentrations of 12 metals and 13 genes related to tetracycline, beta-lactam and sulphonamide resistance. Relationships existed between metals and genes, but trends varied. All metals, except Se and Co, were related to at least one AR gene in terms of absolute gene numbers, but only Al, Mn and Pb were associated with a higher percentage of soil bacteria exhibiting resistance, which is a possible indicator of population selection. Correlations improved when multiple factors were considered simultaneously in a multiple linear regression model, suggesting the possibility of additive effects occurring. Soil-metal concentrations must be considered when determining risks of AR in the environment and the proliferation of resistance.

Stockpiles of perfluoro-octane sulfonic acid (PFOS) containing aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) have the potential to be emitted by leaching, spills, and during use in fire response and other processes. Several studies have discussed the high levels of stockpiled PFOS-containing AFFF and the risk they pose to the environment; however, there are large gaps in the amounts in Japan compared with other countries. For example, 300 tons are stockpiled in Canada, 2200–2600 tons in Switzerland, 1400 tons in Norway, and 19,000 tons in Japan from their reports for publication. The gap is considered to be a result of lack of surveys of several important sources. In this study, we revaluated the stockpile of AFFF in Japan to verify the reported value and identify the source of this gap based on information available in peer-reviewed papers, governmental reports, and business reports. The major reason for the gap between Japan and other countries was considered to be the survey of stockpiles in car-parking facilities, which accounted for 46.7% of the total amounts in Japan, but were not considered in other countries. These stockpiles indicate a high potential for accidental leaching or spilling of the AFFF by careless storage. Therefore, it is recommended that continual surveys of the AFFF stockpile in car-parking facilities be conducted in the rest of the world.

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of rice straw biochar (RSB) on soil cadmium (Cd) availability and accumulation in lettuce. The RSB was applied either in bands or broadcast in the test site of four greenhouses with soil Cd concentrations ranging from 1.70–3.14 μg g⁻¹. Biochar doses applied in bands were half of those broadcast. The Cd levels in the shoots of lettuce were observed to be reduced by up to 57% with increasing RSB application rate (0, 6, 12, 18 t ha⁻¹). Following RSB application, shoot Cd concentrations of lettuce were reduced to below the Chinese threshold value set for food, and hazard quotients for Cd associated with vegetable consumption were reduced from 0.70–1.11 to 0.42–0.65. A decrease in soil bulk density (11%) and increases in water holding capacity (16%), available phosphorus (30%), available potassium (197%), and lettuce yield (15%) were observed after RSB application. Multiple linear regression analysis suggested that the soil extractable Cd level (but not biomass dilution) and soil bulk density, as influenced by RSB addition, were the dominant contributors to the shoot Cd levels in lettuce and lettuce yield, respectively. These results highlight the potential for RSB to mitigate the phytoaccumulation of Cd and thereby to reduce human exposure from vegetable consumption. Application of biochar in band, rather than broadcasting over the entire area, represents an opportunity to halve the biochar cost while retaining a good remediation effect.

Silver nanoparticles synthesized using the leaf extract of Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. were tested for induction of cytogenetic abnormality in root tip cells of Drimia indica (Roxb.) Jessop (family Asperagaceae). The leaves are known to be rich in various phytochemicals like flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids, which may be responsible for bioreduction, biocapping, and stabilization of nanoparticles. The various instruments used for characterization include UV-VIS spectrophotometer, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-Ray diffractometer (XRD), and high resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM). The present study aims to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of biogenic silver nanoparticles on mitotic chromosomes by using root tip cells of D. indica. The root tips of D. indica was treated with suspensions of silver nanoparticles mixed in distilled water at different concentrations viz., 25, 50, 75, and 100% (w/v) for 6, 12, 18, and 24 h and then fixed in 1:3 ethanol: acetic acid following pre-treatment with 0.05% colchicine for cytological analysis. Silver nanoparticles induced a dose dependent decrease of mitotic index in root meristems. Furthermore, the treated meristem cells showed various types of chromosomal and mitotic aberrations such as anaphase bridge, sticky metaphase, lagging, or forward chromosome indicating genotoxic damage.

This preliminary research was conducted to evaluate the alpine stream health by using water quality as an indicator in Khunjerab National park of the Karakoram ranges located in Pak-China boarder Pakistan having altitude of 3660 m. This study investigated the stream health in the context of the presence or absence of sensitive species, their diversity, and their taxa richness. The water and macroinvertebrate samples were collected from 17 different locations from upstream and downstream of the river by using random sampling method. Macroinvertebrate samples were obtained using kick net (500-μm mesh size) and hand-picking method (NYSDEC). A total of 710 counts including 41 families of macroinvertebrates were recorded comprising of 7 orders including: Ephemeroptera (46%) being the most dominant group, Plecoptera (33%), Trichoptera (5%), Chironomidae (Diptera) (14%), Heteroptera (1%), and Coleoptera (1%). Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, and Plecoptera (EPT) were found in abundance at the main source, Qarchanai, Dhee, and Tourqeen Nullah, as compared to the other locations of the stream. The most dominant macroinvertebrate was Ephemeroptera whose relative abundance is Pi = 0.49 by using the Shannon index. However, different statistical tools, including principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA), ANOVA, and linear regression model, show a strong correlation between water quality and macroinvertebrates. The overall results of the biological indicators showed better ecological health at downstream compared to upstream. This study will provide basic information and understanding about the macroinvertebrates for future researchers, and the data will be helpful for upcoming research programs on alpine streams for the discovery and occurrences of macroinvertebrates and associated fauna.

Aqueous solutions of ciprofloxacin (CP) and ibuprofen (IBP) in the presence of LaFeO₃ photocatalyst, of H₂O₂, and of both LaFeO₃ and H₂O₂ were irradiated under visible light. The degradation rate in the presence of both LaFeO₃ and H₂O₂ after 5 h irradiation was more than 90 % for CP and 40 % for IBP, much higher than that with only H₂O₂ under visible light. For the sake of comparison, the experiments were also carried out in the dark, and both CP and IBP were not significantly converted. The degradation rate was enhanced by the simultaneous presence of small concentration of LaFeO₃ (130 mg L⁻¹) and H₂O₂ (0.003 M). However, tests on the aquatic acute toxicity indicate that the degradation products of CP and IBP induce toxic effects on aquatic organisms, consequently indicating incomplete detoxification after 5 h irradiation. The main degradation product of IBP was 4-isobutylacetophenone (4-IBAP), detected in the irradiated solutions by using UV/vis spectrophotometry. 4-IBAP was more toxic and showed a slower photocatalytic degradation than the parent compound. On the contrary, the toxicity of CP degradation products, although not negligible, was comparable to that of CP itself.