To evaluate the long-term effect of wastewater application on soil physical properties, two treatment sites, close to Taupo and Levin, New Zealand, and non-irrigated control sites were compared. The soil at Taupo was a silt loam and has received wastewater application for 12 years. The soil at Levin is a sand, and has been wastewater irrigated for 22 years. The disposal blocks at both sites had a higher pH, a higher organic matter (OM) content, a lower bulk density, and thus higher total porosity, but a lower macroporosity than the control sites. The disposal block at the Levin site showed a higher hydrophobicity than the control block, which coincided with the higher soil carbon. In contrast, the Taupo soil showed a higher hydrophobicity at the control site, the site with the lower OM content. Long-term wastewater irrigation resulted in a higher aggregate stability, and changes of the total porosity following stress application were lower, suggesting higher internal soil strength. The hydraulic conductivity close to saturation was also higher in the disposal blocks. The soil mechanical strength, as determined by the precompression stress value was, however, slightly lower in the disposal blocks and not correlated with the aggregate stability.

Selected trace metals were determined in stormwater runoff and sediments of the highly urbanized Brunette watershed in Metro-Vancouver. Surface sediment samples from three tributaries and a lake between 1974 and 1998 were analyzed for total and acid-extractable trace metals. Metal bioavailability was also investigated using Chelex-100 resin. Sediment geochemistry was determined by sequential extraction. Total trace metal concentrations decreased as stormwater moved through the hydrologic gradient of stormwater runoff, headwater stream to outflow river. The percentage of dissolved metals increased downstream largely due to disposition. Higher concentrations of particle-associated trace metals were flushed in stormwater runoff as the rainfall and total suspended solids transport increased. The highest trace metal levels were found in the lower reaches of a creek before entering the lake and in the lake where organic matter accumulated. Copper was associated with the organic/sulphur sediment components, whereas iron and manganese were mainly mineral-bound. Zinc concentrated in the easily acid reducible phase, augmented by increasing traffic and development. At least half of the sediment-bound lead was associated with the easily acid reducible and organic/sulphur-bound phases with an overall decrease as lead has been phased out as a gasoline additive.

The environmental behaviour of metolachlor and diuron was studied in the Central-western region of Brazil, by means of a field study where six experimental plots were installed. The soil was classified as a Latosol, and the soil horizons were characterized. Sorption of metolachlor and diuron was evaluated in laboratory batch experiments. Metolachlor and diuron were applied to the experimental plots on uncultivated soil in October 2003. From this date to March 2004, the following processes were studied: leaching, runoff and dissipation in top soil. K oc of metolachlor varied from 179 to 264 mL g⁻¹ in the soil horizons. K oc of diuron in the Ap horizon was 917 mL g⁻¹, decreasing significantly in the deeper horizons. Field dissipation half-lives of metolachlor and diuron were 18 and 15 days, respectively. In percolated water, metolachlor was detected in concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 2.84 μg L⁻¹. In runoff water and sediment, metolachlor was detected in decreasing concentrations throughout the period of study. Losses of 0.02% and 0.54% of the applied amount by leaching and runoff, respectively, were observed confirming the high mobility of this herbicide in the environment. In percolated water, diuron was detected with low frequency but in relatively high concentrations (up to 6.29 μg L⁻¹). In runoff water and soil, diuron was detected in decreasing concentrations until 70 days after application, totalizing 13.9% during the whole sampling period. These results show the importance of practices to reduce runoff avoiding surface water contamination by these pesticides, particularly diuron.

Bivalve mussels can concentrate pollutants which, in high amounts, can cause cellular, physiological and behavioral changes. The gill mucus is essential for many metabolic and behavioral procedures on marine mussels including the response to environmental pollution. The present work analyzed the mucous cell number in Mytella falcata gill filaments from three sites of Santos estuary (Brazil) with different levels of sediment contamination named as sites A, B, and C. Site A is located at a low impacted region of the estuary, and sites B and C are under influence of port activities, domestic sewage, and industries like a still mill located in front of site C (the most contaminated area with high amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). An increase in mucous cell number was detected in animals from sites B and C, when compared to site A; this increase occurred preferentially in the frontal zone and was related to sediment contamination. Mucous cell analysis can be used as an efficient biomarker. It is suggested that mucus produced in lateral and abfrontal zones is responsible for eliminating pollutants previously absorbed and mucus produced in frontal zone is responsible for pollutant arrest and elimination as pseudofeces.

The kinetics of the adsorption of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ by sodium tetraborate (NTB)-modified kaolinite clay adsorbent was studied. A one-stage and two-stage optimization of equilibrium data were carried out using the Langmuir and time-dependent Langmuir models, respectively. Increasing temperature was found to increase the pseudo-second order kinetic rate constant and kinetic data for Pb²⁺ adsorption were found to fit well with the pseudo-second order kinetic model (PSOM) while that for Cd²⁺ were found to show very good fit to the modified pseudo-first order kinetic model (MPFOM). Binary solutions of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ reduced the adsorption capacity of the modified adsorbent for either metal ion with increased initial sorption rate due to competition of metal ions for available adsorption sites. The use of NTB-modified kaolinite clay adsorbent reduces by approximately 72.2% and 96.3% the amount of kaolinite clay needed to adsorb Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ from wastewater solutions. From the two-stage batch adsorber design study, the minimum operating time to determine a specified amount of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ removal was developed. The two-stage batch adsorption process predicted less than half the minimum contact time to reach equilibrium in the one-stage process for the adsorption of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ by NTB-modified kaolinite clay adsorbent and requires 0.05 times the mass of the adsorbent for the single-stage batch adsorption at the same operating conditions.

pH monitoring data for public water bodies in Niigata and Gifu prefectures in central Japan were tested by the nonparametric seasonal Mann-Kendall method to evaluate long-term acidification. A significant long-term declining trend in river water pH was found in several watersheds in Niigata and Gifu prefectures. In Niigata, the declining trend was observed only in areas receiving drainage from granitic rocks, and the acid neutralizing capacity of the river waters was in fact low in those areas. In Gifu, a declining trend was observed in some remote watersheds, where there was no clear relationship between the geology and the long-term trends. Since Niigata and Gifu receive the highest level of acid loading from the atmosphere in Japan, river water acidification in several watersheds may be attributable to the effects of the acid deposition. Other factors, such as hot spring drainage, changes in land use, and natural sea salt deposition, cannot adequately explain the acidification phenomena observed in this study.

We report observations of primary and secondary atmospheric pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, toluene, and ozone during the period February 2002 to August 2003 in Puertollano, an industrial area located in central-southern Spain. The measurements were performed using a commercial differential optical absorption spectroscopy instrument. From the hourly data, we have analyzed the mean seasonal levels and the daily evolution and we have examined the occurrence of elevated pollution episodes. The daily cycles of NO, NO₂, SO₂, and toluene were characterized by an early-morning maximum whereas O₃ peaks were monitored around noon. Seasonally, the highest hourly mean concentrations of NO, NO₂, SO₂, and toluene, 14.2, 27.0, 34.4, and 12.1 μg m⁻³ respectively, were found in the winter while O₃ summer levels reached 119.1 μg m⁻³. The dataset presented here shows episodic occurrences of elevated concentrations that exceeded the maximum levels established in the European Directives. For instance, hourly values for SO₂ were repeatedly measured above 350 μg m⁻³. During the period of measurements, the O₃ thresholds (i.e., hourly value of 240 μg m⁻³) defined to protect the human health have also been exceeded numerous times. Finally, we investigate daily and seasonal patterns in pollution levels within the context of local meteorology and photochemistry, vehicular traffic, and industrial emissions.

The degradation of benzene in groundwater at concentrations as high as 2,000 mg L⁻¹ was studied using a four-column trickling-flow fixed-film biological reactor with recirculation. A decrease in the content of benzene was achieved, its concentration falling to 0.55 µg L⁻¹. On the contrary, high levels of diesel fuel were not diminished sufficiently with this mode of operation of the reactor. Thus, a submerged reactor was tested as a modification to the conventional trickling-flow configuration. This modified fixed-film reactor was effective when high loadings of diesel were present as an emulsion. The concentration of diesel was reduced from 2,000 to 0.12 mg L⁻¹ after 8 days of treatment. In both cases, the reactors were packed with a carbonaceous material and were operated in semibatch mode with recirculation. The final concentration of benzene fell below the permissible limit established by Mexican law, and the results for both pollutants also met the concentration limits required by the German law for drinking water, 0.001 mg L⁻¹ for benzene and 0.1 mg L⁻¹ for total hydrocarbons.

The objectives of this study were to determine the capacity of the freshwater calanoid copepod Argyrodiaptomus falcifer (Daday, 1905) to accumulate Cr from water, to know the bioconcentration factors in order to evaluate its potential as a biomonitor, and to compare this with data previously obtained with Daphnia magna Straus under identical conditions. By static bioassays using triplicates and a control, a pool of A. falcifer was exposed to three concentrations of Cr (VI): 150 μg/L (T1), 280 μg/L (T2), and 350 μg/L (T3) for 48 h to later determine by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis the amount of Cr accumulated. A. falcifer accumulated Cr in all the three concentrations tested. The comparison of T1, T2, and T3 and the control showed significant differences (p < 0.05) but not between the treatments (p > 0.05). On the other hand, A. falcifer accumulated more Cr than D. magna, but these differences were not significant (p > 0.05). Almost no information is available about metal toxicity in freshwater copepods so the reported results are of high importance in order to detect good biomonitors of freshwater Cr-polluted environments.

Deep drainage technique utilised for flood mitigation in low-land coastal areas of Australia during the late 1960s has resulted in the generation of sulphuric acid in soil by the oxidation of pyritic materials. Further degradation of the subsurface environment with widespread contamination of the underlying soil and groundwater presents a major and challenging environmental issue in acid sulphate soil (ASS) terrains. Although several ASS remediation techniques recently implemented in the floodplain of Southeast Australia including operation of gates, tidal buffering and lime injections could significantly control the pyrite oxidation, they could not improve the long-term water quality. More recently, permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) filled with waste concrete aggregates have received considerable attention as an innovative, cost-effective technology for passive in situ clean up of groundwater contamination. However, long-term efficiency of these PRBs for treating acidic groundwater has not been established. This study analyses and evaluates the performance of a field PRB for treating the acidic water over 2.5 years. The pilot-scale alkaline PRB consisting of recycled concrete was installed in October 2006 at a farm of southeast New South Wales for treating ASS-impacted groundwater. Monitoring data of groundwater quality over a 30 month period were assessed to evaluate the long-term performance of the PRB. Higher pH value (~pH 7) of the groundwater immediately downstream of the PRB and higher rates of iron (Fe) and aluminium (Al) removal efficiency (>95%) over this study period indicates that recycled concrete could successfully treat acidic groundwater. However, the overall pH neutralising capacity of the materials within the barrier declined with time from an initial pH 10.2 to pH 7.3. The decline in the performance with time was possibly due to the armouring of the reactive material surface by the mineral precipitates in the form of iron and aluminium hydroxides and oxyhydroxides as indicated by geochemical modelling.