The objective of this paper is to design a pilot plant electrochemical reactor and to prove the operational concept of the electrochemical production of ferrate in situ and its online application for sewage treatment. To that end, the first part of this paper focuses on the analysis of the main engineering aspects of the reactor and the electrochemical process that affect the ferrate production, using laboratory scale experiments such as the interelectrode gap, the space-time yield, the area/volume (A/V) ratio, the current efficiency, and the energy consumption. The second part focuses on the production of ferrate using a pilot plant scale to prove the operational concept of the electrochemical generation of ferrate in situ and its online application as a step towards its full scale application for water and wastewater treatment.

The effects of anthropogenic activities on water, environment, and consequently quality of life can be evaluated using genetic, biochemical, and microbiological parameters. Regarding genetic parameters, the micronucleus test is a fast, efficient, inexpensive method for detecting alterations in genetic material induced by a variety of genotoxic agents. In the present study, blood cells from Poecilia vivipara from the Belém River in the city of Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil were evaluated for genotoxic effects stemming from human-produced pollution, as expressed by the micronucleus. The water in the river was evaluated with regard to physiochemical and microbiological parameters as well as for heavy metals. The analysis revealed the presence of copper, zinc, and nickel, with high concentrations of copper. The micronucleus analysis revealed significant differences in relation to the groups (study and control), suggesting a positive relation between the water quality of the Belém River and micronucleus expression as a result of the pollution to which this river is subjected.

Immobilizing materials such as lherzolite could reduce metal bioavailability but the effectiveness of lherzolite on the extractability and bioavailability of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) is rarely investigated. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to investigate the effect of 5% application of lherzolite to a contaminated soil on the chemical fractionation of Cd and Zn and their uptake by radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and Japanese mustard spinach (Brassica rapa L. var. perviridis). Both plants were grown in a highly contaminated (with Cd and Zn) sandy loam soil. Plants were cultivated consecutively three times in the same pots. After the third cultivation, soil samples were collected and analyzed by sequential extraction procedure into five operationally defined fractions (F1—exchangeable, F2—carbonate-bound, F3—oxides-bound, F4—bound with organic matter, and F5—residual). Addition of lherzolite to soil decreased 50% of exchangeable (F1) Cd but it increased the carbonate (F2), oxide (F3), and organic (F4) fraction Cd. For Zn, application of lherzolite resulted into the reduction of both F1 (87%) and F2 (33%) fractions but it increased the F3, F4, and F5 fractions. The reduction in exchangeable fraction of Cd and Zn in the soil resulted in higher plant growth and lower concentrations of both Cd (64% to 92%) and Zn (78% to 99%) in plant tissues of both plant species grown. We may thus conclude that application of lherzolite resulted into lower availability of these metals in the soil leading to lower uptake of Cd and Zn by plant roots, lower toxicity, and ultimately higher plant growth.

Geography, population growth, and politics combine to make the Gaza Strip a worst-case scenario for water resource planners. Potable water sources are shrinking while at the same time, the proportion of potable water used for irrigation is increasing. To assess whether water from wastewater treatment plants could be safely used for irrigation, this study collected 51 treated wastewater, 51 sludge, 44 soil, 30 alfalfa, and 24 oranges and lemon samples and analyzed the samples for major and trace elements. Both Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP/OES) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were used for the determination of Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Br, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Se, Sr, Zn, Zr, Th, and U in digested and solid samples, respectively. Treated wastewater characteristics showed a very good agreement with the guidelines of many developed countries. Moreover, none of the tested parameters in soil showed concentrations exceeding their corresponding background values. For alfalfa, both ICP/OES and XRF showed Zn concentrations in leaves (36-42 mg/kg, respectively) higher than in root (19-31 mg/kg, respectively). The Cu showed also the same trend as Zn. No significant variation was observed between the concentrations of Cr and Mn in plant parts; concentrations of Co and Pb were two times higher in roots than in leaves and stems. The findings confirm that treated wastewater is safe to use for irrigation in Gaza. Collecting and reclaiming this water can contribute to wise use of each drop of water available.

Sorption equilibrium of phenol and aniline onto the granular activated carbon and hyperreticulated un-functionalized polymeric resin (MN200) was investigated in single and binary component aqueous systems. Higher loading was obtained for aniline than phenol onto both sorbents, which is probably due to hydrophobic difference between both solutes and the greater electronic density of the aromatic ring of the aniline. Granular activated carbon reported larger uptake than resin MN200 for both solutes, which may be attributed to the better physical properties of the granular activated carbon, for instance, larger surface area. The experimental sorption could be properly described by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Five models for predicting the binary equilibrium sorption isotherm were compared in order to determine the best fit model to correlate binary experimental data: the extended Langmuir isotherm with and without a constant interaction factor, a simplified model based on the single equilibrium factors, the empirical extended Freundlich isotherm and the modified extended Langmuir equation, which considers the synergistic interactions between sorbate-sorbate and not only the competition between them defined by the extended Langmuir model. The modified extended Langmuir model provides the best agreement between predicted and experimental data indicating that the synergistic interactions between solutes play an important role in the binary phenol/aniline sorption system.

Pollutant concentrations and loads returned to the lower Murray River (South Australia) from flood-irrigated agriculture were monitored over a period of 2 years at six locations. This monitoring programme was designed to provide a baseline prior to environmental improvements being undertaken to reduce pollutant loads returned to the river. Pollutant (Escherichia coli, total nitrogen, oxidised nitrogen, total phosphorus, filtered reactive phosphorus and total organic carbon) concentrations were significantly (p < 0.01) higher in the drainage water than the river water and increased during the irrigation season. Salt concentrations were also significantly (p < 0.01) higher in the drainage water than the river inflow water but decreased during the irrigation season because of dilution of the saline groundwater inputs. Pollutant loads exported to the river were significantly higher (p < 0.01-0.05) during the irrigation season for all water quality parameters except oxidised nitrogen. Levels of oxidised nitrogen, filtered reactive phosphorus and E. coli increased in the river downstream of the where the agricultural pollutant inputs begin. Load calculations indicated that this increased water pollution is likely due to the pollutant contributions from the flood-irrigated areas and biogeochemical processing of dissolved nutrients in the river.

An ozone forecasting system has been developed based on the CALGRID photochemical dispersion model. The system is implemented as an experimental operational web service at the LaMMA Consortium to forecast ozone pollution over Tuscany region, Italy. It takes advantage of two daily forecasts, one reproducing the meteorology over Tuscany and the other providing chemical boundary conditions. Meteorological forecasts are performed by the Weather Research and Forecasting Nonhydrostatic Mesoscale Model (WRF-NMM) mesoscale model, which is operative at LaMMA for the daily forecasting service. Calculated at a 10-km resolution, WRF-NMM outputs are downscaled to the 4-km system's final resolution through the CALMET diagnostic model. Daily boundary conditions are forecast by the CHIMERE dispersion model of the PREV'AIR European air quality forecasting system. Since CHIMERE uses the MELCHIOR chemical mechanism, a suitable species conversion was required to the SAPRC-90 mechanism implemented in CALGRID. Emission data are provided by the Regional Inventory of the Sources of Emissions of the Tuscan Regional Authority. Each day, a 96-h simulation is run starting from 00 UTC of the preceding day, used to merely initialize the system, resulting in a 3-day forecast of ozone from today issued to the web in terms of ozone daily mean and maximum concentrations over Tuscany. The system was experimentally run over May to September 2007, resulting in a good accuracy compared to station observations.

The increasing number of degraded soil areas caused by open cast mining activities has brought about a critical damage to the environment. The mine spoil must be ameliorated with anthropogenic interferences which consist of revegetating soils after organic matter amendment and provision of microbial diversity, to guarantee basic conditions for a sustainable soil biological activity. Five woody species, Acacia mangium Willd., Inga edulis Mart., Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth, Parkia multijuga Benth., and Schinus terebinthifolia Schlecht. & Cham were cultivated under greenhouse conditions to evaluate the potential of plant establishment on cassiterite mining waste, considering the contribution of mycorrhizal fungi inoculation, organic compost, and thermophosphate amendment. The shoot height, dry weight, and nitrogen and phosphorus shoot contents were determined. Three species of nodulating legumes, A. mangium, M. caesalpiniaefolia, and S. terebinthifolia showed a great positive response to organic compost, termophosphate, and mycorrhizal inoculation, increasing the plant height and the shoot dry weight. Plants inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and fertilized with organic compost also increased their nitrogen and phosphorus shoot contents. The addition of organic compost and mycorrhizal fungi were essential for plant development and the reforestation of mining areas should be initiated with mycotrophic and nodulating legumes.

The article presents results of a case study in northeastern Germany, where magnetic susceptibility assessment was carried out at grid-wise field measurements. The measurements were clustered into three different depth levels, which represent the humus layer, the transition zone between humus layer and mineral horizon, and the mineral horizon. Taking these three depth levels, a multiple regression-based regionalization approach was applied, testing and using additional environmental parameters derived from geology, topography, and stand type with the aim to develop a comprehensive model for spatial variability of magnetic susceptibility. Spatial variation of magnetic susceptibility was predicted with a high precision by the multiple linear regression models. A slightly differing set of model parameters was selected for the single depth levels. In tendency, magnetic susceptibility values in depth level 6-10 cm were best explained by the distance to Bitterfeld and by soil properties. In depth level 11-15 cm, variables which describe the orographic conditions and stand properties gain in importance. In depth level 21-25 cm, variables indicating soil and site properties disappear completely. Here, aspect and land surface characteristics play a major role together with stand properties. A spatial stratification of the model for a distance of up to 25 km to the former emitters provided a further improvement of the model quality considering the prediction of small-scale variations of magnetic susceptibility.

Atmospheric and sea sediment concentrations were measured for eight nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) and three unsubstituted PAHs in a suburban area and sea sediments in the Hiroshima Bay watershed area, Japan, from July to December, 2006 (atmospheric particulate matter) and in September and November, 2004 (sea sediments). Atmospheric concentration was higher in winter than summer for both nitro-PAHs and PAHs. Concentrations in sea sediments were less than 10%, and pattern was similar to those of atmospheric particles. Several combustion emission sources were also measured, and the 1-NP/Pyr ratio was compared to environmental values. The ratio of atmospheric and sea sediments were significantly lower than diesel particulate matters. Further, the vehicle emission loading and sea sedimentation loading was evaluated in this watershed area, and from the comparison, the existence of other important sources PAHs were suggested.