The composition of tree rings and soils was studied at several locations affected by smelting and transportation in the vicinity of Kitwe (Copperbelt, Zambia). The contents of cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and lead (Pb) and the 206Pb/207Pb isotope ratios in the tree rings were interpreted in relation to potential sources of contamination such as smelter production, acidification of the environment, soil composition, raw material processing, and atmospheric suspended particulate matter (SPM). The highest Co contents in the tree rings correspond to maximum ore production in the mid-1970s. Acidification through SO2 emissions is documented in the increased Mn contents from the mid-1980s. The isotopic composition of the tree rings of the studied tree species varies in the interval 1.16–1.34 and the youngest parts of all the studied trees exhibit a low 206Pb/207Pb ratio (<1.17). The soil isotope composition varies in the range 206Pb/207Pb = 1.18–1.35. The Pb isotope composition in the soils and tree rings was formed by a combination of lithogenic Pb (206Pb/207Pb ∼ 1.3), Pb in processed ores (206Pb/207Pb ∼ 1.2), and SPM (automobile) Pb (206Pb/207Pb∼1.1). As the soils in the distant region have high 206Pb/207Pb ratios (>1.3) in the whole profile and simultaneously the youngest parts of the tree rings of tree species growing in this soil have a low 206Pb/207Pb ratio (<1.17), it can be assumed that the Pb in the youngest parts of the tree species is derived from absorption of SPM Pb through the bark rather than root uptake. The absence of Pb with a low 206Pb/207Pb ratio in soils in the distant area is probably affected by fires in the herbaceous and bush undergrowth and plant litter, which prevents Pb from biomass from entering the soil and mobilize it back into the atmosphere.

Assessment of native plants and laboratory-scale phytoextraction tests are fundamental and preliminary steps in checking the feasibility and practice of low-cost and low-impact phytoremediation. In this study, we investigated the absorption of B by plants as a tool to remove boron in sediments from different areas of the Cecina River basin in Tuscany, Italy. The investigation was performed analyzing total and available B fraction in sediment samples as well as the B content in different tissues of native plants colonizing the contaminated areas. In laboratory scale, a phytoextraction screening test was performed. Selected high biomass crops (Brassica juncea, Zea mays, and Helianthus annuus) were evaluated in the most contaminated sample in two consecutive growing cycles. Results from field survey showed no hyperaccumulator native plant was present in the investigated areas although, high accumulation levels were found in native species from Bulera dump (Rumex crispus—259 mg kg−1 and Poa spp—203 mg kg−1). Results from laboratory phytoextraction tests showed a higher ability of B. juncea which removed about 18.5 mg B kg−1 sediment in after the two consecutive growing cycles, representing on the whole 45% of the initial available B fraction. The sediment characteristics affected by the phytoextraction processes were also discussed.

Lake Mallusjärvi in the cultural landscape of Mallusjoki, southern Finland, suffers from algal blooms during summers and oxygen depletions during winters due to increased nutrient input resulting from extensive agricultural activities in the catchment. In this study, a sediment profile from the lake was studied using fossil midge (Diptera: Nematocera) analysis and a hypolimnetic oxygen transfer function was applied to establish baseline conditions of hypolimnetic oxygen. In addition, physical properties of the sediment were determined. The inferred late winter hypolimnetic oxygen content was elevated in the beginning of the sediment sequence, but decreased dramatically at ca. 200 cal BP, as the inferred values indicated frequently anoxic condition coinciding with increased agricultural use in the catchment. The results indicated that dramatic changes have occurred in the taxon composition. The high-oxygen Stempellina–Ablabesmyia monilis-type community first changed to moderate-oxygen Procladius–Stempellinella community, and finally to low-oxygen Microchironomus tener–Chironomus plumosus-type community, following the eutrophication process. These changes in macrobenthic faunal assemblages reproduced considerably higher inferred hypolimnetic oxygen reference condition values for hypolimnetic oxygen, compared to the present status.

Ambient concentrations of photochemical oxidants (Ox) averaged throughout all ambient monitoring stations in Japan have increased slightly during the past two decades despite decreasing emissions of oxidant precursors such as NOx and hydrocarbons. In the Kanto area of Japan, which is heavily populated and industrialized, Ox concentrations are often high, especially in late spring and summer, and a photochemical smog warning is frequently issued. Although the north Kanto area is about 150 km from the southern metropolitan area, and, moreover, local emissions of precursors are limited because of its agricultural and forested character, high Ox concentration levels (>120 ppbv (1-h average)) are often observed there. We analyzed the relationship between the occurrence of high Ox concentrations in the north Kanto and meteorological conditions. By combining the regional wind pattern and the presence of the inversion layer in the atmospheric boundary layer, we identified five distinct meteorological patterns. High Ox concentrations in the north Kanto area were associated with a southerly extended sea breeze accompanied by a subsidence inversion layer. We inferred that the transport of Ox from the southern urban area by southerly winds and restricted dispersion below the inversion layer can lead to high Ox concentrations in the north Kanto area. This meteorological condition is associated with the presence of a high pressure system centered in the southeastern or eastern sector offshore of the Kanto area. Thus, Ox concentrations in the north Kanto area, where emissions of precursors are relatively low, can easily increase to very high levels under favorable meteorological conditions.

The number of chemical compounds in sewage and consequently their release into the environment is increasing. Some of them are toxic and many of them are considered endocrine disrupters. Here, the capacity of three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to remove caffeine, hormones and bisphenol-A was investigated. Bisphenol-A and caffeine are highly water-soluble compounds, as opposed to hormones (estradiol, estriol, and ethynilestradiol) which are hydrophobic compounds. In the Sewage Treatment Plant (SWT)1 the sewage is treated by activated sludge process, in the second plant, SWT2, sewage is treated by upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors followed by dissolved air flotation, and in the third, SWT3 sewage is treated by stabilization lagoons. The first lagoon is 3.5 m deep, thus facultative and polishment processes occur. It was speculated that there was a difference in efficiency between the three plants in removing micropollutants. Small differences were found in the amounts removed, probably accounted for by retention time. The caffeine and bisphenol-A were almost completely removed, higher than 90% for both compounds (bisphenol-A and caffeine) in all WWTPs. The hormones, however, had a smaller rate of removal, between 70% and 87%. It is suspected that retention time is essential for removal efficiency, together with type of treatment. In fact, the hormones, caffeine, and bisphenol-A found in the environment definitely come from untreated sewage.

Streptomyces sp. MC1, previously isolated from sugar cane, has shown ability to reduce Cr(VI) in liquid minimal medium and soil samples. The objective of this work was to demonstrate the intracellular chromium accumulation by Streptomyces sp. MC1 under different culture conditions. This strain was able to accumulate up to 3.54 mg of Cr(III) per gram of wet biomass, reducing the 98% of Cr(VI) and removing 13.9% of chromium from the culture medium supernatants. Streptomyces sp. MC1 chromium bioaccumulation ability was corroborated by using Timm's reagent technique, a low-cost method, which has been used by first time to detect chromium deposits in bacteria. The results of atomic absorption spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis suggest that the mechanism of Cr(VI) resistance observed in Streptomyces sp. MC1 includes adsorption coupled with reduction to Cr(III), and finally, Cr(III) bioaccumulation. This mechanism have special relevance to remediation of Cr(VI) contaminated environments by Streptomyces sp. MC1.

Contamination of soil and water due to the release of light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) is a ubiquitous problem. The problem is more severe in arid and semi-arid coastal regions where most of the petroleum production and related refinery industries are located. Biological treatment of these organic contaminated resources is receiving increasing interests and where applicable, can serve as a cost-effective remediation alternative. The success of bioremediation greatly depends on the prevailing environmental variables, and their remediation favoring customization requires a sound understanding of their integrated behavior on fate and transport of LNAPLs under site-specific conditions. The arid and semi-arid coastal sites are characterized by specific environmental extremes; primarily, varying low and high temperatures, high salinity, water table dynamics, and fluctuating soil moisture content. An understanding of the behavior of these environmental variables on biological interactions with LNAPLs would be helpful in customizing the bioremediation for restoring problematic sites in these regions. Therefore, this paper reviews the microbial degradation of LNAPLs in soil–water, considering the influences of prevailing environmental parameters of arid and semi-arid coastal regions. First, the mechanism of biodegradation of LNAPLs is discussed briefly, followed by a summary of popular kinetic models used by researchers for describing the degradation rate of these hydrocarbons. Next, the impact of soil moisture content, water table dynamics, and soil–water temperature on the fate and transport of LNAPLs are discussed, including an overview of the studies conducted so far. Finally, based on the reviewed information, a general conclusion is presented with recommendations for future research subjects on optimizing the bioremediation technique in the field under the aforesaid environmental conditions. The present review will be useful to better understand the feasibility of bioremediation technology, in general, and its applicability for remediating LNAPLs polluted lands under aforesaid environments, in particular.

A fixed-bed photocatalytic reactor equipped with a cylindrical parabolic light concentrator was studied to remove organic dyes from water using natural volcanic ashes particles and nanostructured titania supported on volcanic ashes as photocatalytic materials. The influences of flow rate, photocatalyst and photocatalytic material adsorption capacity were studied. A fixed-bed photocatalytic reactor was designed and built in the laboratory; a methylene blue aqueous solution, used as model compound for dye contaminated water, was fed into the reactor. Methylene blue destruction efficiencies were monitored spectrophotometrically. Combined effects of dye adsorption and photodecomposition on photocatalyst were studied and compared by infrared spectroscopy.

The detailed characterization of the organic composition of industrial effluents discharged from various industrial branches and the distribution of the emitted pollutants in the surface waters in North Rhine-Westphalia have been done with the use of non-target screening analyses. Based on the characterization of molecular structures of wastewater constituents, their quantification as well as the available information on their origin and industrial applications, the identification of typical organic representatives for petrochemical and food effluents has been performed. Among a wide range of hydrocarbons detected in the petrochemical effluents, several novel organic wastewater constituents have been found for the first time. In the effluents from paper production plant, potential industrial indicators were distinguished, such as resin acids (abietic and dehydroabietic acids) and photoinitiators (Irgacure 184). The monitoring of the behaviour of certain environmentally relevant and newly described pollutants in the contaminated river systems allowed the identification of several industrial site-specific markers. Particularly, 2-(chloromethyl)-1,3-dioxolane, an unknown contaminant, exclusively found in the effluents from a chemical production complex, was present in the river under discharge at high concentrations downstream the contamination source. The comprehensive and detailed evaluation of the anthropogenic markers in the industrial effluents is a promising tool for the environmental assessment of industrial emissions, especially if accompanied with toxicological and ecotoxicological investigations of novel environmental contaminants.

This paper describes the presence of 33 pharmaceuticals and hormones in waters from two sewage treatment plants (STPs) situated in Catalonia, in northeastern Spain. The target compounds were one psychoactive stimulant, one antiepileptic, four analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, one lipid regulators, two anti-ulcer agents, nine antibiotics (sulfonamides and macrolides), two beta-blockers, two metabolites, and 11 hormones (free and conjugates). The determination was performed using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry after enrichment by solid-phase extraction with Oasis HLB sorbent. Most of the pharmaceuticals were found in both influent and effluent samples from the two STPs. The most frequently detected were caffeine, acetaminophen, carbamazepine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, sulfamethoxazole, sulfapyridine, sulfathiazole, ranitidine, omeprazole, estrone 3-sulfate, and estradiol 17-glucuronide. Specifically, the highest concentrations found in influents were 19,850 ng/L (acetaminophen), 9,945 ng/L (caffeine), 4,215 ng/L (ibuprofen), 5,695 ng/L (sulfamethoxazole), and 5,140 ng/L (sulfathiazole). Most of the pharmaceuticals present in influent waters were found in effluents at lower concentrations. The highest concentrations in effluents were 970 ng/L (caffeine), 670 ng/L (sulfamethoxazole), 510 ng/L (bezafibrate), and 1,032 ng/L (diclofenac).