The researches were carried out from 2002-2007 in the upper reaches of the Šušvė River, a Nevėžis tributary, at the pig enterprise Limited company (LTD) 'Litpirma' breeding near the township of Šiaulėnai. LTD 'Litpirma' has been operating since 1978 and produces 25 thousand fattening pigs per year, along with an associated 56 thousand m3 organic fertilizers (liquid manure, slurry and solid manure), which are spread on surrounding agricultural fields. This article presents the impact of a large pig breeding company on the river water quality and quantifies the leaching of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK). It is based on the water quality research data collected from an 11.6 km section of the Šušvė River, both upstream and downstream of Šiaulėnai, regarding the drainage water outflow from the fertilized fields and from Šiaulėnai domestic wastewater. Drainage water from 728 ha of fields that have been fertilized with organic fertilizers carry an average of 11.4 tons of nitrogen, 0.073 tons of phosphorus and 5.53 tons of potassium. Changes in NPK quantities carried by this section of the Šušvė were calculated as follows: total nitrogen increased by an average of 83 tons yrE–1 (58%), potassium by 51 tons yrE-1 (54%) and the smallest increase, for total phosphorus, by 1.2 tons yrE-1 (48%). All of these pollutants leached into the river during the cold season (to 60% total phosphorus and to 88% total nitrogen) when there was no vegetative growth. A wet year affects the quantities of leached NPK.

The article analyses the seasonal nitrogen variation in drainage water, when the plants in the field crop rotation are fertilized with slurry during different seasons. The investigations were carried out in 2001-2003 in Juodkiškis experimental site of the Lithuanian Water Management Institute. The investigations established that the largest amounts of nitrogen are leached out in spring and in winter. In the autumn fertilized variant 38.8% more of this element was leached out in winter and spring compared with the variant fertilized in spring. During autumn nitrogen leaching was also 21% higher from the variant fertilized in autumn. It was established that the fertilization rate and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) supply in soil have influence on the concentrations of this element. During the cold season nitrogen concentrations in drainage water, when plants had been fertilized with slurry in spring, were more affected by the supply of dissolved inorganic nitrogen in soil more compared with the rate of fertilization; and if fertilization had been performed in autumn - the concentrations were more affected by the fertilization rate. In warm season both the fertilization rate and the supply of dissolved inorganic nitrogen in soil had similar influence on the concentrations of nitrogen in the drainage water in both treatments. Meteorological conditions affect nitrogen leaching a lot. During the cold season a greater amount of nitrogen is leached out when the air temperature is higher and during the warm season - when more precipitation falls.

After a 16-m high dam was constructed and a 297-ha pond was arranged in the River Šušvė nearby Angiriai in 1980, the previous natural flow regime of the river has changed: 15500000 m3 of water accumulated above the dam is not discharged via a natural bed, but through two 1.5x1.5 m bottom orifices, and flood discharges (up to Q1% = 296 m3 sE-1) are directed into the lower reach through a 16-m high shaft spillway of floods. Such arrangement of the Angiriai dam ensured it to become an essential obstacle for migrating fish. In 2000, after the arrangement and operation of Angiriai hydro-electric power station, the water regime downstream the dam has been changed and new hydrological pulses as well as ecosystem biodiversity are to be adapted. Thus, the operation of Angiriai HPS on the River Šušvė generating hydroelectric power can have adverse effect on the river habitats and hydro ecological connectivity. To evaluate the effect, the eco-hydraulic water regime measurements in 2005 in a lower stretch with and without turbines operating were made. The study results showed that artificial water levels fluctuation (≈ 4 m hrE-1) induced by Angiriai hydro-electric power station as well as the discharge flowing through the bottom orifices due to high velocities (13–14 m sE-1) and temperature differences could create stressful situations for young fish in the lower bank. According to the data of soil texture of the Šušvė River, the bed armoring process is going on below the Angiriai HPS is quasistable and no impact of HPS operation is found.

The paper deals with monitoring results of nitrate nitrogen (NO3 --N) run-off in three small agricultural catchments in Latvia (Berze, Mellupite, and Vienziemite) during the period of 1995 - 2007. Continuous flow measurements and water sampling were carried out in two scales - catchment and drainage field. Water quality data was analyzed statistically to identify outliers at various intensity agricultural production systems. The results indicated that with increase of agriculture intensity outlying values are higher and scattered from the rest of the data set thereby the risk of NO3 --N leaching is higher. It can be explained by application of different rates of organic and inorganic fertilization. To analyze water discharge data, cumulative distribution was used. The results show that main part of the water discharge is observed from late autumn to spring, whereas in summer period it is low and stable. The dependence of NO3 --N concentrations on the discharge is expressed by Spearman's correlation coefficient - at catchment scale it is 0.37 in Vienziemite site, 0.39 - in Berze, and 0.44 in Mellupite. Calculated correlation coefficients are statistically reliable.

The pollution of the river water with organic matter deteriorates the chemical, biological and microbiological quality of the water and has a negative effect upon the biological variety of the water environment. The paper analyses the study period (1996-2000) seasonal change of organic matter in the upper reaches of the River Nevezis (study sites upstream and downstream Panevezys). The highest amount of organic matter (according to chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand) got into the river under the influence of concentrated pollution, the fewer amount - under the influence of agricultural pollution and in the course of natural processes. The concentration of organic substances in the river water had a seasonal character: rivers with a better ecological state (the Juosta) were more polluted with organic matter in spring, when water temperature was below 10 deg C, but rivers with a worse ecological state (the Nevezis upstream and downstream Panevezys) – in summer (water temperature was higher than 10 deg C). This may be related with fresh pollution; in the former case organic matter might have come from the environment together with the runoff, in the latter case - due to decomposition of water vegetation and fauna residues in the river itself. In all rivers water temperature was by 0.1-4.4 deg C higher in 1996-2000 in comparison to that in 1986-1989, a significant temperature increases were observed in winter and autumn. The water temperature arose mostly below the town.

A current investigation compared various intensive crop rotations (Norfolk, row crops, cereals, short term grass) grown on Cambisols. The study results showed significant effects of N-fertilization of the agroecosystem on mineral N concentration in drainage water and its leaching process. The highest N concentration in drainage water and leaching was determined in the conditions of cereals and row crops rotations. No major impact of the crop rotation on phosphates concentration in drainage water was determined. The average leaching of one by drainage did not exceed 100-140 g haE-1 within a 7 year study period. An experiment was arranged during 1997-2003 years in the Kėdainiai district, Lipliunai willage. A rational and well-considered fertilization ensures high crop productivity and profitable farming as well as steady, which is the main condition for reduced non-point source pollution of water.

The paper presents data on the water quality in drainage from manure-fertilized areas in a large livestock company (629 conditional livestock) from 2008 to 2012. The scheme of investigation consists of two field variants: manure fertilized and non-fertilized. Researches are carried out in drained areas, where the drainage water is drained away through outlets. The nitrogen rate 170 kg haE-1 is used annually to fertilize fields in spring. The aim of the research was to ascertain the impact of large livestock company fields fertilized annually with manure on the water quality in drainage. For the purpose of chemical investigations, water samples from drainage were taken once per month. Water analyses were carried out by the accredited Chemical Analytical Laboratory of the Water Management Engineering Institute of Aleksandras Stulginskis University according to specified methods. Investigation results have demonstrated that fields fertilized annually with manure raised the contents of Nmin and P2O5 in the soil by 1.5 and 2.2 times respectively in comparison to the non-fertilized ones. The increase in these contents was conditioned by the higher air temperature and the lower rainfall. The seasonality of Ntotal concentrations in drainage water was discovered: higher concentrations were identified in autumn and winter, lower concentrations – in spring and summer. Due to low dissolubility in the soil, low Ptotal concentrations were identified in drainage water. The highest concentrations were identified with the start of drainage operation.

The research was conducted during the period of 2007-2011 in the fields fertilized by manure of pig breeding complex. According to the fertilization value of manure, the following total nitrogen levels reached the fields each year: 2007 – 169, 2008 – 167, 2009 - 168, 2010 - 168, 2011 – 168 kg haE-1. Ptotal reached the fertilized fields accordingly: 2007 – 9.4, 2008 – 18.9, 2009 – 12.0, 2010 – 10.8, 2011 – 13.5 kg haE-1. The aim of the research was to explore the impact of manure fertilized fields of a pig breeding complex on the water quality of streams. Streams, flowing through fields fertilized with manure, are usually polluted with nitrogen. The increase in Ntotal concentrations in streams’ water below fertilized fields was affected by precipitation (r = -0.31), fertilization rate (r = 0.41) as well as mineral nitrogen reserves in the soil (r = 0.20). Phosphorus concentrations in streams’ water were low and corresponded to a very good streams’ water ecological condition, except in times, when the water inflowing into the fertilized fields was already contaminated with this element. It was determined that an extremely high impact on streams’ water quality below fertilized fields comes from Ptotal concentration in streams’ water above fertilized fields (r = 0.91) as well as from the drainage water inflowing from fertilized fields into the streams (r = 0.71). Neither Ntotal, nor Ptotal pollution was observed in drainage water, because the highest concentrations during the research period were lower than the maximum allowable concentrations by 1.1 and 6.5 times respectively.

Surface water runoff, formed in the company areas due to changing wastewater discharge and pollution fluctuations can be treated in retention ponds. Pollutants, released into the ponds, mineralize during complex natural biochemical processes in the aquatic environment. The paper presents the long-term observation data (2004 – 2016 m.) on the purification of surface wastewater, formed in the company’s production territory, in retention ponds. The aim of this work is to identify surface wastewater purification efficiency in retention ponds. Wastewater samples were taken before and after biological treatment. The samples were investigated in the Chemical Analysis Laboratory of the Water Research Institute of Lithuania University of Agriculture. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD7 ) was determined with titrometric method, suspended solids (SS) – with gravimetric method, having filtered the substance through a mid-thickness filter. Concentrations of oil pollutants were determined with the help of a spectrophotometric device of infrared rays IKAN-1 in the Analytical Department of Agrochemical Study Center of Lithuanian Agricultural Institute. Although the suspended solids, BOD7, and oil hydrocarbon concentrations, released into the natural environment, were below the MAC when they are collected from the company’s production areas, they are often contaminated; therefore, it is necessary to treat them. The purification efficiency of researched materials was satisfactory and reached 61, 64 and 91%.

Lake sediments have a broad range of elementary and organic substance content. Bottom sediments collect decaying organic debris of aquatic plants and animals mixed by water drift with mineral constituents - deposited in the bottom of the lake in anoxic conditions. Lake Alūksne is situated in Northeast Latvia and is of glacial origin. Its water and bottom sediments chemical content depends on formation conditions – influenced also by anthropogenic activities. In order to determine environmental quality for restoration purposes and sediment recovery, geochemical research is needed. This paper aims to study bottom sediments – texture, ash part, organic compounds and metals to pinpoint necessary steps that are crucial for distinguishing environmental quality of the lake through geochemistry research. Bottom sediments contain sapropel with large admixture of organic compounds and microelements that may significantly influence biota and human health if concentration exceeds natural background levels. When bottom sediments are recovered, it may improve oxygene conditions in the lake, extracted sapropel can be used as a fertilizer, therapeutic agents, supplements for farm foods. Generally, sapropel is improving the structure of agricultural soils, increasing the cation exchange capacity and serving as binding material for complexes formation; thus diminishing ecotoxicological exposure threats of heavy metals, increasing yields and albumen and protein quantity in plants cultivation products. As these sediments can be used for soil fertilizing and crop production improvement in agriculture, mechanisms of ecotoxicological impact to various soil types and agricultural plant ecology should be researched.