The aim of the study was to assess the ability of pathogens metabolic repair from injury within 10 days of refrigerated storage of milk after high pressure treatment. Two pathogenic strains – Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644 (LM) and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (EC) were inoculated in ultrahigh-temperature treated (UHT) milk at concentration of about 107 CFU mLE-1 and treated at 400, 500, 550, and 600 MPa for 15 min with inlet temperatures 20 °C, and then stored at 4 ± 2 °C to evaluate survival and growth of pathogens. By increasing the applied pressure, an increased rate of the pathogens’ inactivation was achieved. After 10 days of storage, milk treated at 400 MPa showed growth over 3.5 log CFU mLE-1 of L. monocytogenes and 1.7 log CFU mLE-1 of E. coli. In 550 MPa and 600 MPa treated milk samples after 8 and 10 days of storage colony formation occurred (3 CFU mLE-1 (550 LM) and 2 CFU mLE-1 (550 EC, 600 LM and 600 EC)). Although high pressure treatment is effective method for reducing of pathogenic bacteria, the metabolic repair from injury of bacterial cells in milk during storage should be considered.

High-pressure processing (HPP) is typically used for the microorganism inactivation, which provides safety and prolonged shelf life of meat and meat products. However, for consumers along with safety, it is important to have good sensory properties, which is a combination of tender and juicy meat with an intense meat flavour. These attributes may change because of the high pressure processing; therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of HPP on sensory and physical attributes of pork upon processing at 300 and 600 MPa at room temperature for 1 and 15 min. After HPP the processed pork samples were cooked within the package in a water bath. Colour of cooked pork did not differ among samples. Moisture content of samples decreased with the increased processing time. Sensory evaluation revealed that HPP treatment did not influence the colour and flavour of cooked pork irrespective of treatment parameters applied in the current study. The panellists indicated that increased pressure made pork samples drier and tougher, thus changing such sensory attributes as juiciness and chewiness, which are important for meat palatability. The correlation found between chewiness determined by sensory analysis and toughness determined by Warner-Bratzler shear device suggested this instrumental method as a better tool when compared to the instrumental texture profile analysis (TPA).

Lactobionic acid is a high value added compound industrially produced through energy intensive chemical synthesis, which uses costly metal catalysts, like gold and platinum. In the next years, biotechnological production of lactobionic acid can be supposed to take the full transition to the manufacturing stage. Productivity of lactobionic acid by microbial production can be affected by various factors – choice of microorganism and its concentration, supply of oxygen, temperature, substrate, cultivation method, pH and aeration rate. The aim was to review research findings for lactobionic acid production as well innovative and efficient technology solutions for self-costs reducing. Whey was recommended as a cheap and suitable substrate for the lactobionic acid production. Whey processing has been advised with Pseudonomas teatrolens in 28 °C and in pH 6 to 7 for yielding the highest productivity. The increasing commercial importance urges the progression of schemes for lactobionic acid biotechnological manufacturing.

The aim of this study was to detect radiodensity of a medial coronoid process of elbow joints with a medial coronoid disease and normal elbow joints in dogs. The study includes 91 large and giant breed dogs at the age from 6 to 30 months. Medial coronoid disease was diagnosed in 65 dogs and 26 dogs had normal elbow joints. Computed tomography was performed with Philips MX – 16 CT scanner and imaging data analysis performed using Horos v.2.2.0 software. CT technical data included 140 kVp, 250 mAs, 1 second rotation time and 0.75 slice thickness. The density of a medial coronoid process (MCP) was measured by two unrelated measurement methods. The study describes Hounsfield unit values in different areas of MCP in normal elbow joints and in medial coronoid disease affected joints. In 91.8% cases, MCP subchondral sclerosis observed with MCP fragmentation or fissure. We conclude that both bone density measurement methods are suitable for veterinary diagnostic imaging and can be used to evaluate canine elbow joints.

This article describes the results of a pre-clinical study of immunogenicity and effectiveness of an inactivated pandemic vaccine (Refluvac®) on model mice. Mice received two 0.5 ml intraperitoneal inoculations with an interval of 14 days in three doses: containing 10.0, 5.0 and 2.5 μg HA (hemagglutinin) per animal. As a comparator preparation, the study used a semi-finished product (SP) vaccine diluted with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to obtain HA concentrations of 5 μg and 10 μg. For a control group, the study used PBS as the negative control. We determined the vaccine’s protective effectiveness level by analysing its response in animals challenged with a pandemic А/California/7/09 (Н1N1) pdm09 virus. We assessed the immunogenicity of the vaccine by examining the mean geometric titre (GMT) of antibodies against the influenza virus as measured by hemagglutination-inhibition test (HAI). In the course of testing the GMT, we noted a dependence of the concentration of antibodies in serum on the vaccine’s antigen load. The highest GMT was observed in the group of mice vaccinated with a HA load of 10.0 μg – it amounted to 278.6 (95% CI, 135.6 to 572.4). We established a high tolerability of the vaccine tested. Our study shows that Refluvac® yields a high degree of protectivity against influenza A/H1N1 and prevents clinical signs, death or accumulation of influenza virus in the organs of vaccinated animals. There were deaths and clinical signs including general depression, hypodynamia and anorexia in the negative control group. The results of our study were used for the clinical study of the first Kazakhstan produced Refluvac® vaccine against pandemic A/H1N1 influenza virus.

The distribution and abundance of Barbarea arcuata (Opiz ex J. et C. Presl) Rchb. were investigated throughout the territory of Latvia. The field survey was carried out to estimate the abundance patterns, and the herbarium materials were used to compile a distribution map. In total 411 localities were recorded in the period from 2015 to 2017. The species has been commonly found on roadsides, which accounts for 66% of the localities. Seventeen percent of the localities occurred in grasslands, 10% – in croplands, 4% – in fallows, 2% – on road embankment slopes, and 1% – on railway embankments. The highest density of B. arcuata were found in new fallows where it forms large populations. Whole field localities account for 5% of the total localities. Medium-sized stands are found in about 20% of localities and are mostly found in grasslands, roadsides, as well as croplands which include cereal fields and oilseed rape fields. Individual specimens are mostly found on roadside habitats and grasslands and account for 75% of the total number of localities. As dominant weed species it is found on fields of oilseed rape, cereal fields and fallows. Herbarium data and the Institute of Biology, University of Latvia lists of species show that B. arcuata distribution was frequent during the period from 1970 to 2014.

The field studies were conducted in the years of 2011 and 2014 at the Experimental Station in Osiny, Poland. Triticale (Triticosecale) is a valuable fodder cereal with a high nutritional value of grains. It can also gain importance as a consumer cereal, providing the body with the necessary amino acids. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of precipitation and temperature conditions in the harvest year, agronomic factors (intensive or integrated type of production) and the percentage of cereals in crop rotation (50, 75 and 100%) on the amino acid content of two winter triticale cultivars (‘Pizarro’ and ‘Pigmej’) as well as to determine the nutritive value of the protein: chemical score (CS) and essential amino acid index (EAAI). Our studies have shown that although the amino acid content of winter triticale is strongly genetically determined, it also depends on weather and agrotechnical factors. Precipitation and temperature factors had the biggest effect on the tyrosine (Tyr) content. The contents of essential and non-essential amino acids in triticale grains and EAAI value were higher under intensive technology, with 50% of cereal grains in the crop rotation, and in the traditional cultivar ‘Pizarro’ as compared to the dwarf one ‘Pigmej’. The most important amino acids that limit the quality of protein in the grain are lysine (Lys) and tryptophan (Trp). Using intensive technology, reducing the cereal percentage of cereals in the crop rotation and selecting a proper cultivar, it is possible to maximize the content of the desired essential and non-essential amino acids in the triticale grains, and thereby improve their feed and consumer value.

The greatest interest in the cultivation of spring wheat is in regions with an increased intensity of late fallow. However, there are also stronger tendencies to limit the area of its cultivation (similarly to other spring cereals), which is mainly due to a lower level of yielding. Farmers decide on the sowing date of varieties mainly after plants that leave the field late, e.g., potatoes, beets and maize. That is why these varieties are usually called „alternative wheat”. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of autumn sowing date on the yield and the technological value of the grains of selected spring wheat varieties. A two-factor field experiment was established using a split-plot design at the Experimental Station of Cultivar Testing (ESCT) in Bezek (51°12′06″N 23°16′06″E), the Lubelskie Voivodeship, Poland (2008/2009, 2009/2010, 2010/2011). Experimental factors were as follows: A) sowing date – I – October, II – November, III – spring, B) spring wheat variety: ‘Tybalt’, ‘Cytra’, ‘Bombona’, ‘Monsun’, ‘Parabola’. It was found that grain yields of spring wheat sown in the autumn were higher than those sown in the spring term. Without regard to the sowing term, the highest grain yields were obtained from ‘Tybalt’ cultivar.

The field experiments were conducted at the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – State Research Institute Experimental Station in Osiny in the years of 2015 – 2016. The aim of the study was to compare spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield depending on an integrated and intensive technology. The used production technologies differed as regards the nitrogen fertilization level, chemical protection against weeds, diseases, pests and the way of straw utilization. The following cultivars were selected for the research: ‘Arabella’ and ‘KWS Torridon’. The weather conditions differentiated the yield of spring wheat in individual years. A higher effectiveness of intensive technology, expressed with a higher grain yield compared to the integrated one, was recorded in 2015 – on average by 18.0%. The yield increase between intensive and integrated technologies resulted from a higher 1000 grain weight. Spring wheat cultivars showed a varied response to the production technologies used. Under the intensive technology, a significant yield increase was recorded for the cv. ‘KWS Torridon’, while the production technologies did not differentiate the yield of cv. ‘Arabella’. The quantity and quality of protein substances and the activity of amylolitic enzymes in grains were more dependent on the cultivar than on the production technique used. In the case of spring wheat cultivars ‘Arabella’ and ‘KWS Torridon’, the integrated production technology ensures obtaining grains of the quality suitable for processing.

Yellow rust caused by Puccinia striiformis is a significant wheat disease in cereal growing areas worldwide. On average, yellow rust can cause 50% big yield damages resulting in economic losses. Yellow rust damages wheat leaves, leaf sheaths, awns, and glumes. Puccinia striiformis is divided into four lineages – P. striiformis sensu stricto, P. pseudostriiformis, P. striiformoides, P. gansensis. Different races of yellow rust have been determined. After 2000 three new aggressive races – ‘Warrior’, ‘Kranich’ and ‘Triticale aggressive’ have been identified. New races are characterized by shorter latent period, extended spore germination and tolerance to a high temperature in comparison with the races determined before 2000. These characteristics allowed the new races to replace races dominant before 2000. Yellow rust is a biotrophic heteroecious fungus with a complicated life cycle. For successful development, Puccinia striiformis requires cereals as primary hosts and Berberis spp. as alternate hosts. The history of studies regarding yellow rust is more than two hundred years old but only in 2010 the ecidiospores of yellow rust were found on the alternate host Berberis spp. Two types of resistance – seedling (or all-stage) resistance and adult plant resistance (APR) were discovered. Since 2000 multiple severe epidemics of yellow rust have been observed in cereal growing areas with warmer climate. In recent years, the incidence of yellow rust in Latvia has increased. Particular studies about the biology, distribution, and races of Puccinia striiformis in Latvia are necessary. This article summarizes the information about the classification, biology and harmfulness of the yellow rust.