La croissance démographique et l'urbanisation engendrent une augmentation de la demande en produits d'origine animale alors que la disponibilité en ressources fourragères se réduit. Un système d'évaluation et de suivi pour estimer la quantité de biomasses fourragères disponibles est indispensable. Ainsi, une approche combinée de télédétection, modélisation et programmation informatique a été utilisée pour créer un tel outil cartographique. Pour cela, des mesures de données agronomiques sur le terrain sont couplées avec des données d'imagerie satellitaire pour élaborer des modèles de prédiction. Les modèles obtenus sont ensuite utilisés sur plusieurs images satellites archivées pour retracer le profil de disponibilité temporel des différentes espèces fourragères via la juxtaposition de 4 066 extraits d'indices de végétation (NDVI) obtenus à Madagascar. À chaque acquisition d'image satellite, les paramètres de l'équation du profil temporel sont modifiés, pour calculer de nouveaux rendements de biomasse, par l'assimilation dans les modèles de prédiction des données obtenues via l'imagerie satellite. L'état d'exploitation de la biomasse et la capacité de charge animale des différentes parcelles de pâturages, prédits par les modèles, constituent des données d'aide à la décision pour une gestion optimale de l'usage des parcelles. Les modèles sont ensuite implémentés et intégrés à une interface cartographique et de pilotage à partir d'une page Web. Ainsi, il est possible de dessiner une parcelle sur fond d'image satellite, puis de calculer les différents indicateurs pour cette parcelle. À travers la même interface Web, ces modèles peuvent aussi être utilisés comme outils de prospective permettant d'estimer la production fourragère sur plusieurs semaines après la date d'acquisition de l'image satellite. Cet outil a été conçu pour aider les acteurs du développement rural de Madagascar à conseiller les éleveurs sur la façon optimale de gérer les ressources fourragères.

En Algérie, l'élevage du dromadaire joue un rôle primordial dans l'optique de la sécurité alimentaire des communautés sahariennes et steppiques. Cet article a pour objectif d'étudier l'évolution des effectifs camelins dans les différents territoires correspondants aux Sahara, Atlas Saharien et Steppe et ce durant la période 2000-2015. Les données statistiques nationales recueillies auprès du Ministère de l'Agriculture, du développement Rural et de la pêche ont permis de localiser la distribution des effectifs camelins par zone agroécologique et de constater que les effectifs de dromadaires à l'échelle nationale ont connu une augmentation. La répartition des effectifs par zone bioclimatique a mis en exergue que les effectifs localisés au niveau des territoires Saharien et Atlas Saharien connaissent une évolution stable, voir une progression relativement lente. L'expansion des effectifs au niveau des territoires hyperarides s'explique d'une part par le développement des filières (lait et viande) liés à une forte demandes des populations autochtones et d'autre part par les politiques de subvention des aliments de bétail. Par contre, l'évolution dans les territoires steppiques permet d'observer une évolution en dents de scie. La conjonction des effets de sécheresses et des politiques agricoles semblent expliquer cette tendance à la régression. (Résumé d'auteur)

Four butter-making methods (3 traditional: clay pot - CP, 'mesbekia' - M - a wooden agitator with three to five finger like projections at one end, and a combination of the two - CP+M; and one improved internal wooden agitator fitted to the traditional clay pot - IWA) were evaluated for their efficiencies in terms of fat recovery and churning time at 12 smallholder milk producers in the central highlands of Ethiopia. About 21 litres of milk was needed to produce one kg of butter (83% total solids - TS). An average churning time of 222 min was recorded for the three traditional methods with a mean fat recovery of about 90%. Churning time was significantly reduced by 65% for the IWA as compared to the average of the 3 traditional methods. The effect of holding Ayib (Ethiopian cottage cheese) in whey for different time length (1 h, 2 h and overnight) on Ayib yield was compared. The mean Ayib-making time and temperature was respectively 48 min and 57°C. Weight of Ayib recovered significantly increased with increasing length of time Ayib stayed in whey before separation, amounting to 1266, 1475 and 1776 g per 9.2 litres of buttermilk for 1 h, 2 h and overnight, respectively. About 6 litres of buttermilk was needed to produce one kg of Ayib (20.4% TS). Besides, aerobic mesophylic bacterial count (AMC), counts of enterobacteria, and coliform bacterial count (CC) were performed. Average AMC, counts of enterobacteria and CC of butter samples were 8, 5.3 and 3.8 log cfu/g, respectively, while the counts for Ayib samples were 7.9, 5.1 and 4.4 log cfu/g, respectively. Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella and Klyuvera were the genera identified, while Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella gr. 47 are the species commonly isolated from both products. The knowledge on traditional butter- and Ayib-making efficiencies and their microbial properties is essential to increase yield and improve quality and preservation of the products. (Résumé d'auteur)

International audience

peer reviewed

International audience

peer reviewed | The feeding of ruminants in the Democratic Republic of Congo is based on the use of natural vegetation. This vegetation is characterised by grasses and rarely legumes. In addition to this, the lack of legumes in the southern part of the country means that the dry season becomes longer (over 6 months). This leads farmers with the financial means, to use commercial foods, most of which are imported. Grasses which form the basis of forage remain as straws in the dry season. They have a digestibility of less than 45%, and are very low in nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as other minerals, which further limits their feed intake (Chenost and Kayouli 1997; Jarrige 1987). The use of locally available protein banks to supplement poor foods is therefore essential. In the same region, soils are increasingly contaminated with heavy metals from mining activities. The choice of sustainable and high protein plant species should be dictated by their adaptation to environmental conditions, including high levels of heavy metals in soil. They must also be adapted to the long dry season and provide fodder throughout the year. Among the species encountered, Adenodolichos rhomboideus is the most resistant to drought and is widespread in the region (INEAC 1954). It grows on normal soil or that contaminated by heavy metals (Faucon 2009; Meerts 2008 and Tshibangu et al 2014c). Two other species, Leucaena leucocephala and Stylosanthes guianensis are durable and are used in ruminant diets, but are neither widespread nor adapted to the contaminated soil Tshibangu et al 2014ab. The objective of this study was to compare the use of A. rhomboideus, L. leucocephala and S. guianensis forage as a complement to grass hay on the growth of local goats at Lubumbashi.

peer reviewed

peer reviewed

peer reviewed | For the first time, the status of cavy culture in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is reviewed with emphasis on Sud-Kivu province. Cavy culture, as discussed in this paper, is the raising, production and utilization of the domestic cavy (i.e., Guinea pig, Cavia porcellus) for consumption. Many sources were used in the review, but published scientific research literature is extremely scarce. Nevertheless, it can be estimated that more than 2 million cavies are kept in DRC, contributing significantly to nutrition security, especially animal protein, and income generation of some hundreds of thousands of poor rural and urban households. The largest cavy populations are in the Kivu provinces, which is probably partly due to the inclusion of cavies in ‘rehabilitation kits’ of humanitarian NGOs and in the agricultural portfolio of development agencies who seek to address the challenges of widespread hunger and malnutrition in the area. The review covers the history of cavy culture in Sud-Kivu since colonial times based on oral tradition; it describes the current ‘cavy status’ in the country and identifies research and capacity building needs. We suggest that cavy culture in DRC is likely to become more widespread and important due to the activities of a new project on ‘Harnessing husbandry of domestic cavy for alternative and rapid access to food and income in Cameroon and the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo’. Given the dimension, cavies should be included in livestock census as well as research and development agenda, honoring their role in the livelihoods of less endowed people, especially women.