Vietnam aims to transform its food systems in a transparent, responsible and sustainable manner. To help achieve this, the new CGIAR research initiative “Sustainable Healthy Diets through Food Systems Transformation” (SHiFT) is working with the emerging multi-stakeholder platforms in the country in order to support the planning and implementation of specific activities. This article demonstrates success already achieved.

The phenomenon of global climate change holds utmost importance in its impact on forest ecosystems. To mitigate the effects of this phenomenon, several European countries have introduced non-native tree species into their forests. However, comprehensive ecological analysis is needed to assess the suitability of these non-native species. Pinus strobus is often considered a potential substitute for native species. Tree-ring analysis is a useful methodology for evaluating the relationship between tree growth and meteorological conditions, given the significant impact of these conditions on tree development. In this study, 25 core samples were collected from an experimental plantation of Pinus strobus located in the western part of Latvia for analysis. The plasticity of the tree-ring width of Pinus strobus was evaluated using a multiple additive regression model. The analysis revealed that the previous summer precipitation was a significant factor, indicating the drought sensitivity of the increment. Additionally, the temperature in the previous July and August was also found to be a significant meteorological parameter, suggesting some tradeoffs between growth and the formation of nutrient reserves. The estimated growth responses suggest that the radial increment of Pinus strobus growing outside its native range is highly weather-sensitive, implying uncertainty in its growth with anticipated climatic changes. These findings emphasize the need for further ecological analysis to determine the suitability of non-native tree species and their ability to withstand the climatic changes.

Mortality rates and co-morbidities are high in people with psychiatric disorders. These patients have unhealthy dietary habits, which include increased consumption of fast food, snacks, sweets, saturated fats, and reduced consumption of protein, fruits, vegetables, and legumes, which contributes to the risk of developing chronic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Unhealthy and monotonous eating habits lead to a significant lack of nutrients such as protein, omega-3 fatty acids, B-group vitamins, and fibre. The aim of the literature review is to investigate the main diet problems of patients with psychiatric disorders and, based on the studies on the nutritional value of legumes, to evaluate their suitability for the development of new products for patients with psychiatric disorders. Studies show the beneficial effects of legumes on the regulation of rapid fluctuations in cholesterol, blood pressure, excess body weight, and glucose levels, which in general delay the formation of inflammation and reduce the risk of psychiatric disorders. The benefits of legumes are due to their high protein and fibre content, low fat content, and content of iron, copper, magnesium, zinc, and B-group vitamins. In addition, legumes contain bioactive compounds that contribute to the prevention of chronic diseases.

Two recombinant influenza A virus vectors expressing the ESAT 6 and TB10.4 mycobacterial proteins from the non-structural (NS) gene were constructed via reverse genetics technique to develop a specific means of prophylaxis for bovine tuberculosis. We experimented to determine optimal conditions for growing recombinant vectors in Vero cell culture and chick embryos. This study established that the maximum amount of virus builds up in a Vero cell culture with the Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) serum-free medium. However, using cell culture to produce vector vaccines is labour-intensive and inefficient. An alternative way, a traditional, time-tested technique, is provided by growing samples in chick embryos. One of the advantages of this technique is its affordability and availability, enabling easy scale-up of vaccine production. In the optimization experiments, the FLU-ΔNS_ESAT 6 and FLU-ΔNS_ТВ10.4 viruses constructed were inoculated into 10-day-old chick embryos. It was determined that the optimal incubation temperature that led to the highest virus build-up was 37 ± 0.5 °С. And the infectious activity level of the FLU-ΔNS_ESAT 6 recombinant vector was at 8.95 ± 0.07 log10EID50 0.2 cmE−3, while that of the FLU-ΔNS_ТВ10.4 was at 9.20 ± 0.07 log10EID50 0.2 cmE−3, what was provided by infectious doses of 1000–10000 EID50 , which makes it possible to create a virus-containing material with a hemagglutination activity level of 1:64. The size of recombinant vector amplicons expressing proteins ТВ10.4 and ESAT 6 was 1170 bp and 1175 bp, respectively. Electron microscopy images confirm that the developed virions are morphologically similar to the avian influenza virus.

Not only does construction activity in the regions play a crucial role in the regional development, as it not only provides employment opportunities and thus contributes to the well-being of the population, but also creates favourable conditions for access to modern housing and requires the mobility of human resources to the regions. At the same time, construction in regions and rural areas often implies more difficult conditions than in urban environments, which are associated with both funding opportunities and working conditions. The availability of financial investments to the private sector is limited for the construction of housing outside Riga and Pierīga region, which significantly reduces construction opportunities in the regions of Latvia. The study evaluates the possibilities of obtaining new housing in the regions of Latvia, analyses the trends in construction volume and costs from 2015, modelling forecasts until 2026. The study looks at various economic instruments that could contribute to the development of construction and new housing in the regions. The study uses surveys of municipalities, entrepreneurs and experts in the field of construction, in-depth interviews, focus groups and statistical data processing methods. It has been concluded that Latvian entrepreneurs tend to postpone investments or invest only in the economically strongest moments, which further aggravates the gap between urban and rural areas. The trends identified in the study indicate a possible further direction of stagnation or recession in the construction sector of new housing in the regions of Latvia, which will directly affect regional development in the next five years. The study highlights the necessary interventions for more productive regional housing stock cohesion.

Social benefits are essential in providing support to families with children, especially in the first years of the child’s life as well as to families at risk of poverty (large families, parents raising a child alone). Social insurance benefits ensure parents with income while taking care of a child. Latvia’s strategic planning documents have defined social protection for families with children as one of the priority areas for several planning periods simultaneously emphasising the need to increase social security and promote the birth rate in the country. The research aim is to assess the social benefits system for families with children in Latvia. The research results allow concluding that the expenditure for social support for families with children as percentage of GDP in Latvia is lower than the average EU Member States indicator as well as it is the lowest one among the Baltic States. Support for families with children in Latvia is gradually growing; however, it is necessary to regularly increase the childbirth allowance taking into account inflation in order not to worsen the financial situation of these families as well as to allocate a larger proportion of GDP to support families with children in Latvia.

A review of the available literature revealed that there was no information about public opinions on start-ups; therefore, the authors set the main aim to theoretically examine the nature of start-ups and identify the opinions of residents on start-ups in Latvia. The specific research tasks were defined as follows: 1) to conduct a theoretical review of literature on start-ups and the ecosystem thereof in Latvia; 2) to identify the knowledge and opinions of residents aged 18 to 75 about start-ups in Latvia. As part of the present research, the authors conducted a survey in Latvia to identify the population’s knowledge of start-ups, differences between start-ups and other kinds of enterprises as well as the role of start-ups in entrepreneurship. The research employed the monographic and descriptive methods, the descriptive statistics method and a sociological method – an Internet survey using quota sampling. The survey was conducted in January 2023 and involved 1005 respondents throughout Latvia. The survey found that most of the respondents (73%) generally knew or had heard about start-ups and, according to the respondents, the main features that distinguished start-ups from other kinds of enterprises were innovation (54%), use of modern technologies (48%) and fast growth (41%). 63% of the respondents who had heard about start-ups noted that the start-ups, compared with other kinds of enterprises, were generally important for further development of the business environment in Latvia.

Late-life suicide is a significant public health concern that has been associated with a range of social and individual factors. Social factors, such as social isolation, lack of social support, and financial stress, regional differences can contribute to the risk of suicide in older adults. Individual factors, such as depression, anxiety, and other mental health disorders, as well as physical health problems and chronic pain, have also been associated with an increased risk of suicide in older adults. Understanding the social and individual factors that contribute to late-life suicide in both Latvia and Norway is essential for developing effective prevention and intervention strategies to address this issue. The novelty and aim of research on social and individual factors of suicide among older people lie in understanding the unique risk factors that contribute to late-life suicide both in urban and rural areas. While there is existing research on suicide in general, there are various factors that contribute to suicide risk in older adults. Regional differences are often different from those that affect younger populations. Therefore, research on social and individual factors of suicide among the older persons aims to identify these unique risk factors and develop tailored prevention and intervention strategies that address the needs of older adults. There is still a need for further research to understand the specific social and individual factors that contribute to this issue in rural and urban areas.

The energy-intensive timber industry enterprises have a significant role in Latvia’s manufacturing sector, contributing to the country’s sustainable economic development. They maintain the economic well-being of residents of Latvia’s rural regions and represent a substantial proportion of output value and export volume in the manufacturing sector and the state economy. Due to surging energy prices that negatively impact production costs, it is more difficult for enterprises to compete in foreign markets. The study aims to analyse energy consumption trends in timber industry enterprises in Latvia to propose activities for reducing energy costs, thus promoting the international competitiveness of timber industry enterprises. The analysis is based on data from Europe’s power market Nord Pool and databases of the Official Statistics Portal of Latvia. Methods used: statistical data analysis using time series analysis and expert interviews. The research results show that a significant threat to the competitiveness of enterprises is the increasing price of electricity, which is the second most consumed energy resource, accounting for nearly 15% of the total annual energy consumption of timber industry enterprises. To address high electricity costs, enterprises have the opportunity to install solar panels. Calculations show that, at an electricity price of 0.198 EUR per kWh, investments could lead to a five-year payback period with an ROI of 7.52%. At a lower electricity price of 0.13 EUR per kWh, the payback period would extend to ten years but still provide a reasonable ROI of 5.2%.

One of the most pressing problems of sustainable spatial development in Latvia is the existence of degraded areas. To address the issues of revitalization of degraded territories and to ensure sustainable development of the territory, Latvian municipalities could apply for support under the Specific Support Objective 5.6.2 (SSO 5.6.2) ‘Revitalization of territories through regeneration of degraded territories in accordance with integrated development program of municipalities’ during the European Union (EU) Structural Funds programming period 2014–2020. According to the Ministry of Finance (MF) data on project costs, it was found that during the implementation of the projects for revitalization of degraded territories, the local governments have not ensured an effective project management process in accordance with the implementation requirements of SSO 5.6.2, resulting in irregularities detected in the audits carried out on the projects, which have led to the decision on inappropriately performed expenses (IPE). Considering that the deadline for the implementation of projects under the 2014–2020 EU funds programming period is 31.12.2023, it is necessary to carry out an analysis of IPE to identify the reasons for the occurrence of IPE and to plan timely preventive actions to eliminate mistakes in the new programming period 2021–2027. The relevance and importance of the study lies in the analysis of the factors holding projects back - mistakes and irregularities and their prevention to ensure an efficient project management process.