In the present research land use changes modeling in the Urmia city is considered in order to detect changes in agricultural lands. In this regard, Landsat satellite images were used and then the object base processing satellite images was performed by applying the process segmentation and in the next stage, the optimization of scale segmentation and image analysis to its constituent elements, the object basic algorithms according to the physical condition, geometric of each land-use classes were used. During images processing in addition to spectral data, the data in the form of homogeneous, shape and texture (GLCM) were used for land use extraction. The results show that the Urmia city had so many physical expand in the past 31 years so that its area has increased from 7.43% of the total study area in 1363 to 30.75 in 1394. This increase was rectify by the reduction of agricultural lands so that  large amount of agricultural lands have been used for construction purposes which has caused land degradation, particularly fertile lands in this area, particularly within the Shahr chay river, Mahabad road, Sero road, Darya road and the  road of Salmas.

In the recent decades, the effect of dry climate of Iran is due to expanding desertification in this country. The countryside of Kerman has selected for this survey. For investigating of amount of deserts generation around this city after geometric and radiometric studying، the image of Landsat ETM + 2009 and aerial photos at a scale of 1: 5000, preparing of basic maps of earth and vegetation covers maps. To estimate of the severity level of desertification in Kerman, The indicator of Urban and industrial development based on IMDPA , that including density of roads and mines, amount of green space and changing to pasture and forest land. After that giving score to this parameters did upon its affect for destroying and desertification.Finally, in GIS software, with using analytic functions required based on IMDPA. Land area were classified in terms of desertification. The results show that the effects of desertification land in Kerman city can be classified to three section، critical , medium and low.

The process of proposing solutions to solve the problems of the capital, after undergoing different stages has reached to the law of feasibility study of transmission of the political center of the country and reorganization and decentralization of Tehran. The aim of this study is to address Article one of this law, and offering reorganization and decentralization pattern. The research method is descriptive and analytical and it is an applied research. Data collection was conducted by documents, and survey research. The results suggest that we should discard the first part of this law and replace it with the reorganization and decentralization solutions. Also the results indicate that items including lack of strict enforcement of existing laws, point-wise look to Tehran and not considering the urban area as a whole, lack of attention to the problematic aspects of centralization (economic aspects), lack of simultaneous development of organization and decentralization policies have all weakened the organization and decentralization policies to some extent. In this regard, the list of strategies were derived from literature review extracted and were screened using the Delphi method. Finally, 30 key strategies in the template of reorganization and decentralization pattern of Tehran was approved by Delphi panel members.

One of the critical issues related to sustainable urban in twenty-first century, is the growth and development of the city in space and on this basis, the civil management was forced to think about urban development. Tehran metropolis with its growing, developing immersive and without physical, environmental instability surrounding the statue has arrived. One of the ways for decentralization and redistribution of the population and facilities thought in spatial planning is the, urban development and building new settlements around the metropolis which must meet the criteria of environmental, social, economic, physical, geographical distance, etc. be considered in studies not lead to environmental catastrophes. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and its target is applied using the K-means and FCM's clustering methods to check this important. To evaluate the quality of the environment and determine optimal sites for the development the new cities in Tehran province in 3 pm base (man-made environment, social environment, economic environment and the natural environment) with a total of 22 indexes are used. The analysis and processing of indices for the paper two environments Matlab2013 and Arc GIS software was done. The results of clustering using FCM and overlay in the form of maps showing which areas are suitable for urban development in the East and South of Tehran. Also the plan was prepared by K-means that we can be used to provide strategies and integrated management areas.