Eighteen (18) lactating she-camels and two mature male for mating were used to determine the effect of Management System on camel calving interval, The camels were maintained under semi-intensive (N = 9) and Traditional management system (N = 9) in North Kordofan State, western Sudan. The experimental females in each group kept together with the bull during 18 months. Blood samples were collected from jugular vein since 4-months post-partum and continue 14 successive months at monthly interval. The serum samples were separated and stored at -20°C and were analysed for progesterone concentration using progesterone specific radio immuno assay (RIA) kits. The results indicated that under semi-intensive system 77.8% of females had been pregnant in 5th - 8th month post-partum and the calving interval varying between 17 to 20 months. Under traditional system and during the experimental period 44.5% of females were pregnant in the 11th – 16th month and the calving interval varying between 23 to 28 months. The ratios of pregnant vs non-pregnant during experimental period in semi-intensive and traditional were 88.9% vs 11.1% and 44.5% vs 55.5%, respectively. Beside the behavioural signs progesterone level consider a good indicator for pregnancy in camels. In pregnant females Progesterone concentration increased significantly during early months. The range of Progesterone concentration varied between 1.10 – 5.76 ng/ml and 0.67 – 2.53 ng/ml in semi-intensive and traditional system, respectively. Our results allow quantifying this impact. With a supplemented diet including 2 Kg of concentrates and 5 kg of roughages per day, the fertility rate will be improved of 67%. It would be possible to expect more than two fold young camels in a year by supplemented 5 kg of concentrates. We conclude that under semi-intensive management dietary supplement during post-partum and early lactation period improves reproductive parameters for instance shortened calving interval. (Résumé d'auteur)

Eighteen (18) lactating she-camels and two mature male for mating were used to determine the effect of Management System on camel calving interval, The camels were maintained under semi-intensive (N = 9) and Traditional management system (N = 9) in North Kordofan State, western Sudan. The experimental females in each group kept together with the bull during 18 months. Blood samples were collected from jugular vein since 4-months post-partum and continue 14 successive months at monthly interval. The serum samples were separated and stored at -20°C and were analysed for progesterone concentration using progesterone specific radio immuno assay (RIA) kits. The results indicated that under semi-intensive system 77.8% of females had been pregnant in 5th - 8th month post-partum and the calving interval varying between 17 to 20 months. Under traditional system and during the experimental period 44.5% of females were pregnant in the 11th – 16th month and the calving interval varying between 23 to 28 months. The ratios of pregnant vs non-pregnant during experimental period in semi-intensive and traditional were 88.9% vs 11.1% and 44.5% vs 55.5%, respectively. Beside the behavioural signs progesterone level consider a good indicator for pregnancy in camels. In pregnant females Progesterone concentration increased significantly during early months. The range of Progesterone concentration varied between 1.10 – 5.76 ng/ml and 0.67 – 2.53 ng/ml in semi-intensive and traditional system, respectively. Our results allow quantifying this impact. With a supplemented diet including 2 Kg of concentrates and 5 kg of roughages per day, the fertility rate will be improved of 67%. It would be possible to expect more than two fold young camels in a year by supplemented 5 kg of concentrates. We conclude that under semi-intensive management dietary supplement during post-partum and early lactation period improves reproductive parameters for instance shortened calving interval.

This study aimed to determine the effects of the addition of different doses of Lactobacillus brevis to oat silage on the physical and chemical properties, aerobic stability, in vitro organic matter digestibility, and energy value of the silage.  In the study, the treatment groups were oat control (OC), 1x106 (Lb6), 1x108 (Lb8) and 1x109 cfu/kg dry matter (Lb9) L. brevis inoculated oats. Inoculation of L. brevis into oat silage increased the number of lactic acid bacteria and decreased the pH of the silage at the time of opening. This inoculation decreased the organic matter, acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber contents of the silages at opening compared to those of OC, while increasing the dry matter and crude protein contents. The L. brevis inoculation into oat silage decreased the pH values and yeast counts on the fifth day after opening the silages compared to OC, without affecting the amount of CO2 production and mold count. The inoculation did not affect the in vitro organic matter digestibility and metabolizable energy value of silage; but increased the net energy lactation value compared to OC. When the L. brevis doses are evaluated independently, it can be said that 1*108 and 1*109 cfu/kg DM doses contributed more effectively to oat silage, so any of these doses can be preferred.

The subject of the analysis was potato production, domestic consumption and foreign trade turnover (export and import) in Poland in 2001-2019. Based on the results of the analyzes, a medium-term projection (for 2025) was defined, covering production, directions of domestic use and foreign trade turnover of potatoes and their products. The analyzed data came from the Central Statistical Office and Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics- National Research Institute. Potato production in Poland in 2001-2019 was characterized by a downward trend. The slower drop in the harvest than in the area was due to the improvement in yield. There were various trends in domestic consumption: a decrease in total potato consumption, in the export of unprocessed potatoes, in processing in distilling and losses in storage, and an increase in food processing and other industrial processing. In foreign trade, an improvement in the positive balance of trade in potato products and a deepening of the negative trade balance in potatoes was observed. The development projection for 2025 shows that the production of potatoes in Poland may amount to 7,250,000- 7,540,000 thousand tonnes, and the demand – 7430 7570 thousand tonnes. The necessary import of fresh potatoes can amount to 30-180 thousand tonnes annually. / Przedmiotem analizy była produkcja ziemniaków, zużycie krajowe i obroty handlu zagranicznego (eksport i import) w Polsce w latach 2001-2019. W oparciu o wyniki analiz określono średniookresową projekcję (na 2025 r.) obejmującą produkcję, kierunki wykorzystania w kraju i obroty handlu zagranicznego ziemniakami i ich przetworami. Analizowane dane pochodziły z GUS oraz IERiGŻ-PIB. Produkcja ziemniaków w Polsce w latach 2001-2019 charakteryzowała się tendencją spadkową. Wolniejszy spadek zbiorów niż powierzchni wynikał z poprawy plonowania. W zużyciu krajowym występowały różnokierunkowe tendencje: spadkowa w spożyciu ziemniaków ogółem, w eksporcie ziemniaków nieprzetworzonych, w przetwórstwie w gorzelnictwie i w stratach w przechowalnictwie oraz wzrostowa w przetwórstwie spożywczym i pozostałym przemysłowym. W handlu zagranicznym zaobserwowano poprawę dodatniego salda handlu przetworami z ziemniaków oraz pogłębianie się ujemnego salda handlu ziemniakami. Z projekcji rozwoju na 2025 r. wynika, że produkcja ziemniaków w Polsce może wynosić 7250- 7540 tys. t, a zapotrzebowanie - 7430-7570 tys. t. Import niezbędny ziemniaków świeżych może wynosić rocznie 30-180 tys. t.

Phosphorus is essential for plant growth, but mishandling phosphorus-rich waste can harm the environment. This study assessed inorganic phosphorus from fruit and vegetable dumpsite soils and its relation to soil properties. Fifteen (15) soil samples were collected and homogenized into five (5) representative samples each from the dumpsites at depths of 0-15cm, 15-30cm, and 30-60cm and were analyzed for calcium-bound phosphorus (Ca-P), reductant soluble phosphorus (RS-P), Fe-bound Phosphorus (Fe-P), aluminium-bound phosphorus (Al-P), and Soluble/loosely bound P. The data obtained was analyzed using the student’s t-test to compare the different fractions in fruit and vegetable dumpsite soils. The results showed no significant differences between fruit and vegetable dumpsite soils in all the inorganic P fractions. However, vegetable dumpsite soils recorded higher soluble P, Al-P, Fe-P, RS-P, and Ca-P levels of 11.65, 36.29, 41.95, 40.75, and 41.35 mg/kg, respectively. These values were not significantly different from 9.75, 34.01, 39.28, 37.11 and 41.03 mg/kg recorded by fruit dumpsite soil for soluble P, Al-P, Fe-P, RS-P and Ca-P respectively. Results also revealed that reductant soluble P, Calcium bound P, and Na+ with an R2 value of 0.88 had a combined significant influence on the concentration of soluble P. However, the concentration of the inorganic P fractions for vegetable dumpsite soil is in the order; Fe-P> Ca-P>RS-P>Al-P>soluble P, while that of fruit dumpsite soil is in the order; Ca-P>Fe-P> RS-P>Al-P>soluble P. Soluble phosphorus significantly impacts eutrophication due to its rapid release into water. However, low levels of soluble P in fruit and vegetable dumpsite soils are not a major concern. In vegetable dumpsite soil, Fe-P would pose a greater threat during anoxic events while, in fruit dumpsite soil, Ca-P would contribute more to eutrophication due to its high concentration in this soil, especially in alkaline conditions.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect and Media Inhibitory Concentration (MIC50), of chitosans of different molecular masses on mycelial growth, hyphal diameter, structural changes, spore germination and fungal biomass production B. oryzae. The results indicated that the average molecular mass chitosan showed higher inhibitory effect (p≤0.05); however, the low molecular weight chitosan affected more hyphal diameter at the highest concentration used (4000 mg/l) Observations of hyphae through the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the fungus treated with chitosan at the concentration of 3000 mg/l achieved a high spore production. The average molecular mass chitosan had the lowest MIC value was 2182.9 mg/l. The germination of spores treated with CMI50 was affected and biomass production of the fungus. | En el presente trabajo se evaluó el efecto y la Concentración Media Inhibitoria (CMI50) de quitosanos de diferentes masas moleculares en el crecimiento micelial, el diámetro de las hifas, los cambios estructura-les, la germinación de esporas y la producción de biomasa del hongo Bipolaris oryzae. Los resultados mostraron que el quitosano de masa molecular media presentó mayor efecto inhibitorio (P ≤ 0.05); sin embargo, el quitosano de masa molecular baja afectó más el diámetro de las hifas a la mayor concentra-ción utilizada (4000 mg/l).  Las observaciones de las hifas realizadas por Microscopía Electrónica de Ba-rrido (MEB) mostraron que el hongo tratado con quitosano a la concentración de 3000 mg/l presentó una alta producción de esporas.  El quitosano de masa molecular media presentó el valor más bajo (2182.9 mg/l).  La germinación de las esporas tratadas con CMI50 y la producción de biomasa del hongo fueron afectadas por el quitosano.