High morbidity and mortality rate associated with pneumococcal infection globally is of major concern most especially among infant. This burden is equally worsened by multidrug resistance strains due to indiscriminate consumption of antibiotics. Hence, need for constant search for cheap and effective bioactive compounds as alternative antimicrobials for the treatment of pneumococcal infection. Bioactive compound profiling and in-vitro antibacterial activity of ginger methanol extract against two predominant pneumococcal agents; Streptococcus pneumonia and Haemophilus influenza were investigated. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) was used for the identification and quantification of bioactive compounds in the ginger methanol extract. The antibacterial activity and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the extract was determined using Agar well diffusion. Twenty-seven (27) matched bioactive compounds were detected in the sample. Zingerone (17.70%), α-zingiberene (13.30%), (6)-shogaol (10.84%), α-Farnesene (6.26%), β-Funebrene (5.61%), 6-gingerol (5.18%), α-curcumene (4.15%) were the major compounds present. All other identified compounds had less than 4% composition by peak area each. The antibacterial activity of the ginger crude methanol extract against S. pneumonia and H. influenza were 2.33 mm and 9.33 mm. MIC of the extract against the isolates was 10%. In conclusion ginger crude methanol extract contain an array of bioactive compounds and the extract exhibited antibacterial activity against predominant pneumococcal agents. Ginger extract can be harnessed for the production of new antimicrobials to combat pneumococcal infection.

Algae have been considered as a source of high value bioactive compounds including pigments, lipids, fatty acids, polysaccharides, antioxidants and minerals. These compounds serve as a source of nutrition for both humans and animals and as additives in food production. Conventional solvent and/or green extraction techniques are mostly applied to extract these compounds from algae biomass. In this review, paper the most frequently used green extraction techniques such as supercritical fluid extraction, microwave assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, subcritical water extraction and pulsed electric field extraction were investigated in terms of their process conditions, applications, advantages and disadvantages.

Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata was demonstrated to have a benefit healthy due to containing active pharmaceutical ingredients. However, A. formosanus is usually processed to produce tea bags which would destroy the bioactive compounds because of the processing procedure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of extracted methods including microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and fermentation by Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC-4356 to extract the active pharmaceutical ingredients from A. formosanus. The extracted liquid was analyzed total phenolics, total polysaccharide, and antioxidant activity. The results showed that three methods have a positive effect on the extraction of bioactive compounds of A. formosanus in which the fermentation showed the best result. The total phenolic content, total polysaccharide content and antioxidant capacity that extracted by the fermentation method were 11.762 mg GAE/g; 48.914 mg GE/g, and 1.582 mgVit C/g compare to MAE and UAE which were 7.818 mg and 8.128 GAE/g samples; 41.22 and 37.91mg GE/g samples; 1.032 and 1.163 mgVit C/g respectively. The A. formosanus fermentation method by L. acidophilus promotes bioactive compounds of high biological value. This study would suggest a novel use of lactic fermenting A. formosanus in the production of functional foods.

The aim of this review is to provide information concerning the types of chestnut shells (inner and outer), their compositions and bioactive compounds, as well as to mention industrial peeling applications. These shells are comprised of high-valued natural active compounds, such as polyphenols (phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, hydroxycoumarins -scopoletin, scoparone-), pigments (melanin) and minor compounds (minerals, dietary fiber, vitamin C and E, essential amino acids and fatty acids). The total phenolic acids and flavonoid content of C. sativa shell were ranged between 119.17-223.62 mg/kg db and 330 – 503 mg CE/g. It is also a good source of vitamin C with reported levels of 15.57 and 28.97 mg AA/100 mg db in water and ethanol extracts, respectively. The shells are used as food additives due to their colorant, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The shells are exposed by the peeling process applied to obtain the fruit without the shell which is mainly used. The most frequently used technique in chestnut peeling is the Brulage peeling method. However, in this technique, used peeling mechanism is insufficient to obtain both inner and outer shells separately at the same time. Moreover, further research is needed to obtain the shells individually, to analyse each shell in detail, and to increase the industrial use of shells.